Lumpy Skin Disease in Calves: The Association Between Clinical Signs and Biochemical Alterations

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a severe viral transboundary disease of mostly cattle caused by LSD Virus (LSDV). This epidemiological survey of LSD amongst herds of cattle in Bokkos Local Government Area (LGA) of North Central Nigeria was carried out in 2019 as a response to farmers’ reports of repeated outbreaks of LSD in their herds of cattle. A focused group discussion with cattle farmers purposefully selected was used for the disease investigation and data collection. Twelve skin scab samples were collected from suspected cases within the study area. The viral attachment protein gene of the LSDV was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Analysis of the focus group discussion revealed that all farmers interviewed practiced extensive farm management system and claimed that their animals shared same communal water points and grazing area. Furthermore, 47% (7/15) of the farmers have experienced LSD twice in their herds, while 27% (4/15) have had the outbreak thrice on their farms. The morbidity rates of LSD were 3% – 49% and mortality rates were 1% – 6%. Sixty percent of farmers claimed that incidence of LSD is related to season of the year. All farmers sell off their sick animals in the livestock market and confirmed LSD affects market price of their animals. PCR results revealed that in 91.6% (11/12) samples analysed, LSDV was detected. This study confirms LSD outbreaks based on PCR result and clinical signs and symptoms in Butura, Daffo and Kunduk of Bokkos LGA, North Central Nigeria.

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Mechanical Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Stomoxys spp. (Stomoxys calsitrans, Stomoxys sitiens, Stomoxys indica), Diptera: Muscidae

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10030477 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 477

Author(s):

Arman Issimov ◽

Lespek Kutumbetov ◽

Mukhit B. Orynbayev ◽

Berik Khairullin ◽

Balzhan Myrzakhmetova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Severe Case ◽

Mechanical Transmission ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽

First Time

Samples collected for PCR from recipient animals tested positive in 5 out of 6 cases, while the virus was isolated from 4 of 6 animals. The clinical signs exhibited by recipient animals were mostly moderate in nature with only one severe case. To our knowledge, this is the first time that transmission of LSDV by three Stomoxys species has been demonstrated, and their role as mechanical vectors of LSDV is indicated.

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Molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) emerged in Bangladesh reveals unique genetic features compared to contemporary field strains

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02751-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shukes Chandra Badhy ◽

Mohammad Golam Azam Chowdhury ◽

Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli ◽

Giovanni Cattoli ◽

Charles Euloge Lamien ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Molecular Characterization ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Sequence Alignments ◽

Multiple Sequence ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Abstract Background Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious viral disease of cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). LSD has recently spread in Asia following outbreaks in the Middle East and Europe. The disease emerged in Bangladesh in July 2019 in the Chattogram district, then rapidly spread throughout the entire country. We investigated six LSD outbreaks in Bangladesh to record the clinical signs and collect samples for diagnostic confirmation. Furthermore, we performed the molecular characterization of Bangladesh isolates, analyzing the full RPO30 and GPCR genes and the partial EEV glycoprotein gene. Results Clinical observations revealed common LSD clinical signs in the affected cattle. PCR and real-time PCR, showed the presence of the LSDV genome in samples from all six districts. Phylogenetic analysis and detailed inspection of multiple sequence alignments revealed that Bangladesh isolates differ from common LSDV field isolates encountered in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, as well as newly emerged LSDV variants in Russia and China. Instead, they were closely related to LSDV KSGP-0240, LSDV NI2490, and LSDV Kenya. Conclusions These results show the importance of continuous monitoring and characterization of circulating strains and the need to continually refine the strategies for differentiating vaccine strains from field viruses.

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An investigation of possible routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (Neethling)

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800052067 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 114 (1) ◽

pp. 219-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

V. M. Carn ◽

R. P. Kitching

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Intravenous Route ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽

Clinical Scoring ◽

Intravenous Inoculation

SUMMARYBritish cattle were infected with the South African (Neethling) strain of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and their clinical signs monitored over a 3-week period. Different routes of infection were assessed for effect on the clinical characteristics of the disease by using a clinical scoring system. Neither of 2 animals inoculated onto the conjunctival sac showed clinical signs or seroconverted. The intradermal route produced local lesions in 21 of 25 animals, and generalized infection in 4. In contrast the intravenous route produced generalized lesions in 8 of 11 animals. Seven uninfected animals were housed in contact with infected animals for 1 month. None developed clinical signs or produced detectable serum neutralizing antibodies. Six of seven of these animals were then challenged and were fully susceptible to infection. The results suggest that the transmission of LSDV between animals by contagion is extremely inefficient, and that parenteral inoculation of virus is required to establish infection. The high proportion of animals with generalized disease following intravenous inoculation implies that naturally occurring cases of generalized LSD may follow spread by intravenously feeding arthropods.

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Lumpy skin disease in cattle: Frequency of occurrence in a dairy farm and a preliminary assessment of its possible impact on Egyptian buffaloes

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1393 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mahmoud M. Elhaig ◽

Abdelfattah Selim ◽

Mohamed Mahmoud

Keyword(s):

Skin Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Dairy Farm ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Bubalus Bubalis ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Polymerase Chain

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an endemic infectious disease of cattle in Egypt. This survey aimed to define the prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical LSD virus (LSDV) infection among cattle and investigate their contact with water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in order to improve the understanding of LSD epidemiology. Cattle and buffalo were examined owing to the appearance of skin lesions. Because clinical signs were consistent with LSDV infection, samples from cattle in a non-grazing dairy farm (n = 450) were submitted for LSDV testing together with those from the in-contact buffaloes (n = 100). Results revealed that the intra-herd percentage of cattle infected with LSDV varied with the detection method. This ranged from 22.4% to 65.4% by virus isolation (VI) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively, in clinical cattle samples, compared to 0% and 10% by VI and PCR in non-clinical cases. Using the neutralising index (NI), LSDV antibodies were found in 100% (n = 100) of the tested cow’s sera (NI = > 2.0 and ≥ 3.0), whereas buffalo’s sera (n = 34) displayed little increase in antibody level (NI ≥ 1.5). None of the buffalo were positive for LSDV by VI and PCR. In addition, there were no significant differences in LSD prevalence among the cattle with regard to age and sex. In conclusion, the occurrence of LSD in cattle warrants a further epidemiological study of the spread of the disease in the area and adoption of control and prevention strategies. In addition, the PCR assay was confirmed to be useful in the diagnosis of LSDV and for wider epidemiological studies.

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The Application of Ferritin-Tagged Antibodies in Viral Diagnosis by Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100065316 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 252-253

Author(s):

S. S. Breese ◽

A. H. Dardiri

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Tissue Culture ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Bovine Serum ◽

Herpes Virus ◽

Kidney Tissue ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Late Summer ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Herpès Virus

In the late summer of 1970, blood and excised skin nodules from an outbreak of disease in cattle in northern Minnesota were received for diagnosis. Clinical signs in a herd of 17 dairy cattle suggested the possibility of lumpy skin disease, a viral infection found primarily in South Africa.Lesion material and blood samples were passed in primary calf kidney tissue culture. Examination of third passage cultures showed typical herpes virus particles. Bovine herpes virus has been described in England as bovine herpes mammillitis and in South Africa as Allerton virus. These exotic strains of bovine herpes virus and the pox virus (Neethling) presumed to be the causative agent of lumpy skin disease, were also grown in calf kidney tissue culture.Relationships between these viruses were demonstrated by cross-tagging using specific bovine antisera to each virus and rabbit-anti-bovine serum conjugated with ferritin. Infected tissue cultures in 4-oz. prescription bottles were scraped from the glass and collected in conical tubes in a clinical centrifuge. The cell pellets were gently resuspended first with 0.2 ml of a suitable dilution (1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8) of each bovine antiserum and allowed to react at room temperature for 30-40 min. They were then washed 3 X with phosphate buffer (PB) and resuspended a second time in a suitable dilution (1, 1/2, 1/4) of rabbit-anti-bovine serum conjugated to ferritin. Antiserum to duck plague (an avian herpes virus) was used as a control.

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Incidence of lumpy skin disease virus with its characterization in vaccinated pregnant Holstein cows in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt

Turkey Diseases, Production and Management - German Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.51585/gjvr.2021.4.0027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 23-33

Author(s):

Samah M. Mosad ◽

Nesma Rasheed ◽

Hanaa S. Ali ◽

Khaled A. S. El-Khabaz ◽

Eman A. M. Shosha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽

Conclusive Evidence ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽

Two Samples

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious economically important viral disease of cattle. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is still circulating in Egypt, despite the annual mass vaccination with sheep pox virus vaccine recommended by the Egyptian authorities. This study was carried out on two farms of pregnant Holstein cows vaccinated with Bovivax LSD-N® Vaccine (farm I) and Servac Capri-C vaccine® (farm II). After 40-60 days post-vaccination, mild clinical signs were detected in 3% of cows on the farm I whereas a more severe clinical infection was developed in 40% of cows on farm II. LSDV was isolated on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 11 days old embryonated chicken egg (ECEs) and Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) tissue culture. LSDV was identified in collected skin tissues by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and histopathological examination. Finally, LSDV was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification at 192 base pair (bp) of the P32 gene and two samples were selected for DNA sequencing. LSDV developed characteristic pock lesions in inoculated ECEs. MDBK cell culture developed a prominent LSDV cytopathic effect at the 3rd passage. Viral particles were detected in the cytoplasm of both epidermal cells and dermal macrophages by TEM. Histopathological examination revealed different lesions correlated withLSDV infection age. LSDV was confirmed in all tested samples by PCR. Our strains (Dakahlia- 2020-1 and Dakahlia- 2020-2) were closely related to other Egyptian LSDV strains on GenBank with 98.2%-100% identity. The present study proved conclusive evidence that the live attenuated sheep poxvirus vaccine poorly protects Egyptian cattle against LSDV, while the LSDV Neethling strain vaccine gave a promising and sufficient protection rate

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Lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Egypt during 2017-2018 among sheeppox vaccinated cattle: Epidemiological, pathological, and molecular findings

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0258755 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. e0258755

Author(s):

Sherin R. Rouby ◽

Nesreen M. Safwat ◽

Khaled H. Hussein ◽

Aml M. Abdel- Ra’ouf ◽

Bahaa S. Madkour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Pcr Amplification ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Protein Coding ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

P32 Gene ◽

Skin Nodules ◽

General Organization

The General Organization of the Veterinary Services in Egypt has adopted a sheeppox vaccination policy to control lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle. Over the course of the last two years, recurrent outbreaks were reported, with animals showing severe clinical signs and consequentially higher fatalities than that of cases reported in previous LSD outbreaks. A total of 1050 cattle showing typical clinical signs suggestive of LSD were clinically and pathologically investigated during 2017–2018. Skin nodules were collected and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was screened in collected skin samples using PCR for the RPO-30 gene. Furthermore, the entire P32 protein coding gene was sequenced. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the skin nodules were also conducted. The obtained results showed an overall mortality rate of 6.86%. LSDV was confirmed in all the examined nodules as evidenced by immunohistochemistry and positive PCR amplification of the RPO30 gene. Sequencing analysis of the P32 gene revealed a highly conserved nature and genetic stability of the LSDV. The results of the present study show that the current vaccination protocol was not effective for a multitude of reasons. These results also serve as evidence for a strong recommendation of an amendment of homologous vaccine use aside from a complete coverage of cattle populations in order to reduce the incidence of LSD among cattle population in Egypt.

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Trial of a capripoxvirus-rinderpest recombinant vaccine in African cattle

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268896007200 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 118 (1) ◽

pp. 63-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

C. K. NGICHABE ◽

H. M. WAMWAYI ◽

T. BARRETT ◽

E. K. NDUNGU ◽

D. N. BLACK ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusion Protein ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Recombinant Vaccines ◽

Rinderpest Virus ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Recombinant Viruses ◽

African Cattle ◽

Prior Infection

Cattle were vaccinated with differing doses of an equal mixture of capripox-rinderpest recombinant viruses expressing either the fusion protein (F) or the haemagglutinin protein (H) of rinderpest virus. Animals vaccinated with 2 × 104 p.f.u. or greater of the combined viruses were completely protected against challenge, 1 month later, with both virulent rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses. Vaccination with any of the doses did not induce any adverse clinical response in the animals or transmission of the vaccine virus between animals. All cattle challenged 6 or 12 months after vaccination with 2 × 105 p.f.u. of the mixture of recombinant viruses were protected from severe rinderpest disease. Ten out of 18 were completely protected while the remaining 8 developed mild clinical signs of rinderpest. Cattle vaccinated with the recombinant vaccines after prior infection with the parental capripox virus showed more marked clinical signs of rinderpest after challenge with virulent rinderpest, but 9 out of 10 recovered, compared with 80% mortality in the unvaccinated controls.

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