scholarly journals Introduction to Migration and Refugee Flows: New Insights

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Martínez-Zarzoso
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Migrant Population ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration

Population movements between countries and continents are not recent phenomena. What is new today is that migration flows are increasingly linked to the globalization process and to environmental degradation. Most of the migrants leave their homes for economic reasons, but also due to the higher frequency of natural disasters. Of the total migrant population, those who escape from conflicts or persecution still represent a smaller fraction and are entitled to obtain refugee status. This thematic issue includes eight articles that analyse migration flows and migration governance from different analytical perspectives. Five of the eight contributions examine the role that several factors play in explaining international migration flows and its effects, namely cultural diversity, information technology tools, governance, terrorism, and attitudes towards immigration. The remaining three articles are country studies that analyse the socio-economic causes/effects of migration flows to Portugal, Spain, and Germany, devoting special attention to forced migration and refugees.

Migration, Immigration, and Refugees

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Solimano
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration

The international mobility of people and migration flows are critically influenced by differences in per capita incomes, real wages, job opportunities, institutional capacities and living standards across nations and cities. Its dynamics are shaped by social networks and regulated by the migration policies of receiving countries. International migration represents around 3.3% of world’s population; up from 2.7% in 1995. It is composed mainly of working-age people, with men and women migrants being in roughly equal numbers. Historically, the globalization process of the late 19th and early 20th centuries was also accompanied by large migration flows, mostly, from the “Old World” (Europe) to the “New World” (United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and other countries in the Global South). Starting in the 1980s migration has increased relative to a rise in total population, although the share of international migration to total population was, on average, higher in the first wave of globalization of the 1870–1914 period. Main substantive topics and new themes in the field of international migration include: (a) the motivations and determinants of the international mobility of the wealthy (High-Net Worth Individuals, HNWIs), a largely unexplored topic in the literature of international migration; (b) the international migration of talent (high-skills, educated, and gifted people), (c) the linkages between the mobility of talent and the mobility of capital and their evolution over time affected by macro regimes and international conditions, (d) The relation between macroeconomic and financial crises (e.g., the 2008–2009 crisis), stagnation traps and immigration flows, (e) the influence of international migration on inequality within and between countries, and (f) forced migration, displaced population and humanitarian crises, following war, violence, persecution, and human rights violations.

scholarly journals Global dynamics of international migration systems across South–South, North–North, and North–South flows, 1990–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego F. Leal ◽  
Nicolas L. Harder
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Migration Dynamics ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Systems

AbstractEvidence from 184 countries over the span of 25 years is gathered and analyzed to understand North–North, South–South, and North–South international migration flows. Conceptually, the analysis borrows from network theory and Migration Systems Theory (MST) to develop a model to characterize the structure and evolution of international migration flows. Methodologically, the Stochastic Actor-oriented Model of network dynamics is used to jointly model the three types of flows under analysis. Results show that endogenous network effects at the monadic, dyadic, and triadic levels of analysis are relevant to understand the emergence and evolution of migration flows. The findings also show that a core set of non-network covariates, suggested by MST as key drivers of migration flows, does not always explain migration dynamics in the systems under analysis in a consistent fashion; thus, suggesting the existence of important levels of heterogeneity inherent to these three types of flows. Finally, evidence related to the role of political instability and countries’ care deficits is also discussed as part of the analysis. Overall, the results highlight the importance of analyzing flows across the globe beyond typically studied migratory corridors (e.g., North–South flows) or regions (e.g., Europe).

scholarly journals Syrian Refugees and the Digital Passage to Europe: Smartphone Infrastructures and Affordances

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 205630511876444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Gillespie ◽  
Souad Osseiran ◽  
Margie Cheesman
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
European Policies ◽  
Iraqi Refugee ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Regular Contact

This research examines the role of smartphones in refugees’ journeys. It traces the risks and possibilities afforded by smartphones for facilitating information, communication, and migration flows in the digital passage to Europe. For the Syrian and Iraqi refugee respondents in this France-based qualitative study, smartphones are lifelines, as important as water and food. They afford the planning, navigation, and documentation of journeys, enabling regular contact with family, friends, smugglers, and those who help them. However, refugees are simultaneously exposed to new forms of exploitation and surveillance with smartphones as migrations are financialised by smugglers and criminalized by European policies, and the digital passage is dependent on a contingent range of sociotechnical and material assemblages. Through an infrastructural lens, we capture the dialectical dynamics of opportunity and vulnerability, and the forms of resilience and solidarity, that arise as forced migration and digital connectivity coincide.

scholarly journals Problems and contradictions of international migration statistics

Upravlenie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
B. B. Loginov
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Population Census ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Internal Migrant ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Moment ◽  
New Phenomena

Analysis of problems and trends in the field of international migration development is impossible without reliable statistical data. Particular economic importance for any country including Russia are data on the flows of labor migrants, which have a great impact on the domestic labor market, gross domestic product, balance of payments. International organizations, including United Nations bodies, haven’t worked out single recommendations on proceeding migration statistics, stratification of migration flows. The universal worldwide technique with border and internal migrant calculation principles regarding flows and stocks of labor migrants is absent at the moment.The author focuses on key discrepancies of national migration statistics in different countries and widely practiced flexible interpretation of it by Western politicians and mass media, therefore, the acuteness of migration problems in the Western countries (first, in the European Union) is overestimated and, on the contrary, migration difficulties of such countries as Russia, Iran, Turkey are downgraded or fully ignored. The difficulties in the calculation of international migration, arising from the ambiguous interpretation of the concept of “migrant”, have been indicated. Three approaches – residence outside the country of birth, citizenship, place of usual daily rest – often conflict with each other, when it is necessary to establish the true country of origin of the migrant.The shortcomings of the main sources of information about immigrants: population census, administrative records, population surveys have been also analyzed in the article. New phenomena in international migration flows, such as “cross-motivation” of migrants and migration without going abroad, require their understanding.

Voluntary International Migration

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette Money ◽  
Sara S. Kazemian ◽  
Timothy W. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
International Migrants ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Dividing Line

Although migration has been a human phenomenon from time immemorial, international migration in the contemporary sense is usually dated from the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), which created a state system and the concept of state sovereignty with the associated power to control borders. Migration is usually divided into two categories, “forced” and “voluntary.” This is a useful dividing line, even though it is widely acknowledged that migrants have multiple reasons for moving and that there is often no clear dividing line to distinguish “forced” versus “voluntary” migrants. This article covers only voluntary international migration, both short term and long term. It does not cover the research on forced migration flows (refugees and asylum seekers) as defined in the United Nations Convention and Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (1951 and 1967). International migration—defined as individuals living outside their country of origin for more than one year—remains the exception rather than the rule. The decline of transportation and communication costs has increased human mobility, with international travel expanding exponentially since the Second World War. Although the absolute number of migrants continues to increase, as a proportion of the population, international migration has remained relatively stable, running around 3 percent of the global population. International migrants travel in all directions, with at least half moving within the Global South. However, the distribution of international migrants is not uniform; typically migrants move from poorer, more unstable states to wealthier, more stable states. And international migration has become a salient political issue virtually everywhere: in receiving societies, in sending societies, and even in transit societies. So a bibliographical article on the various dimensions of international migration is timely. In this second edition, updated through June 2019, the citations in each section have expanded and sections have been added to reflect the breadth and depth of contemporary research. Subsequent to the overview of international migration and migration processes, the literature is organized around six themes: the economic consequences of immigration; immigration control and enforcement; specific migration flows; immigrant incorporation; migration governance, including migrant rights; and linkages between international migration and other international issues, such as security, trade, aid, and development. This article reflects scholarship on international migration produced in the Global North and/or published in globally prominent scholarly journals. Additional resources, in regional or national journals and books, are often referenced in the articles and books cited in this bibliography.

Byron’s Ambivalent Modernity: Touring and Forced Migration in Don Juan

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-50
Author(s):  
Betsy Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Don Juan ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Political Agents ◽  
The Voice

The first chapter argues that Byron’s Don Juan (1819-1824) anticipates current conversations of refugee status and migration. Byron’s revision of the epic form suggests that modern epic must operate in a world ruled by what Cindi Katz calls “vagabond capitalism,’ a world in which human beings are disabled as moral and political agents. Byron’s epic satire presents migration through a split lens, juxtaposing the aristocratic narrator’s witty sophistication with Juan’s hapless, erotic physicality. The forced migration of the poem’s hero, Juan, is presented through the voice of Byron’s aristocratically urbane narrator—a voice that appears to eschew the vulnerability of the slave or refugee. Over the course of the epic, their differences dissolve, as both figures suffer from precarity. Ultimately, Byron’s satire undermines distinctions between tourists and vagabonds, and unravels the imagined independence of the nation-state along with the aristocrat’s imagined freedom from exile and forced migration.

scholarly journals AN INCLUSIVE ANALYSIS OF DETERMINANTS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION. THE CASE OF EUROPEAN RICH AND POOR COUNTRIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio MIHI-RAMÍREZ ◽  
Vilmantė KUMPIKAITĖ-VALIŪNIENĖ ◽  
Eduardo CUENCA-GARCÍA
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Inclusive Analysis ◽  
Year 2000

This work aims to integrate defragmented migration perspectives in order to better understand and explain reasons of contemporaneous migration. Accordingly, international migration flows are explained with various socio-economic determinants which address different sources of migration, reinforced by the best-known theories and conceptual frameworks. A panel data analysis is performed at the level of rich and poor countries of the European Union to measure migration flows from the year 2000 until 2013. The results provide evidence indicating that there are some structural similarities and discrepancies between European rich and poor countries. These similarities (or discrepancies) make them responding similarly to certain economic conditions and changes. Thus, the association of earnings, inequalities (measured by the Gini Index) and poverty line could be positive or negative depending on wealth level of countries. Moreover, unemployment is a supply-push factor, but its importance is much higher in rich countries, diminishing in poorer countries. Economic freedom has a very strong positive effect on migration for all countries, but its relevance turned out to be the highest in the group of the poorest countries. Also, the association between Foreign Direct Investment and migration is negative, but it is more significant in the case of poorer countries.

Does Aid Drive Migration? Evidence from a Shift-Share Instrument∗

2022 ◽  
pp. 019791832110693
Author(s):  
Hamish Fitchett ◽  
Dennis Wesselbaum
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Bilateral Aid ◽  
Global North ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Relationship

Foreign aid payments have been a key policy response by Global North countries to reduce increased migration flows from the Global South. In this article, we contribute to the literature on the relationship between aid and international migration flows and estimate the contemporaneous effect of bilateral aid payments on bilateral, international migration flows. The fundamental problem in analyzing this relationship is endogeneity, or reverse causality. To address this issue and achieve causal inference, we use a shift-share, or Bartik, instrument. Examining migration flows between 198 origin countries and 16 OECD destination countries over 36 years (1980−2015), we find a positive relationship between aid and migration. A ten-percent increase in aid payments will increase migration by roughly 2 percent. We further document non-linearity in the relationship between aid and migration and find an inverted U-shaped relationship between aid and migration flows. The findings presented here have implications for the design of bilateral and multilateral aid policies and for achieving various United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by stressing the importance of a better coordination between aid and immigration policies.

Natural Disasters, Forced Migration, and Conflict: The Importance of Government Policy Responses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara McLaughlin Mitchell ◽  
Elise Pizzi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Environmental Migration ◽  
Intrastate Conflicts ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Post Disaster

Abstract Understanding the connections between environmental change, migration, and conflict is urgent as natural disasters increase in frequency and intensity. Countries that experience natural disasters face greater risks for intrastate conflicts, especially for rapid-onset disasters. Migration is one response to these environmental changes. Existing literature suggests that environmental migration can cause violent conflict as migrants lose livelihoods, move to new areas, or compete over scarce resources. However, the path through which migration leads to conflict—and the policy responses that either fuel conflict or promote stability—is not well understood. Some countries develop adequate proactive (e.g., infrastructure) and reactive post-disaster (e.g., reconstruction) policies to mitigate grievances and conflict risks from forced migration. Other countries fail to respond adequately to disasters, opening the door for insurgent groups to garner support. We argue that we must analyze government policies related to relocation programs, restrictions on movement, and post-disaster reconstruction to identify trigger situations where disasters and migration are most likely to produce violence.

scholarly journals Applying Concepts and Tools in Demography for Estimating, Analyzing, and Forecasting Forced Migration

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-196
Author(s):  
Raya Muttarak
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Component ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Policy Planning ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Migration Data ◽  
Demographic Methods ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration

Among demographic events (birth, death, and migration), migration is notably the most volatile component to forecast accurately. Accounting for forced migration is even more challenging given the difficulty in collecting forced migration data. Knowledge of trends and patterns of forced migration and its future trajectory is, however, highly relevant for policy planning for migrant sending and receiving areas. This paper aims to review existing methodological tools to estimate and forecast migration in demography and explore how they can be applied to the study of forced migration. It presents steps towards estimation of forced migration and future assessments, which comprise: (1) migration flows estimation methods using both traditional and nontraditional data; (2) empirical analysis of drivers of migration and migration patterns; and (3) forecasting migration based on multidimensional population projections and scenarios approach. The paper then discusses how these demographic methods and tools can be applied to estimate and forecast forced migration.

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