scholarly journals Employment Returns to Tertiary Education for Immigrants in Western Europe: Cross-Country Differences Before and After the Economic Crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaele Guetto
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Employment Gaps ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Immigrant Men

This article contributes to the literature on the models of immigrants’ labour market incorporation in Western Europe by analysing the employment returns to tertiary education for both natives and immigrants. By using yearly EU-LFS data (2005–2013) for a selection of Western European countries, cross-country differences in the employment returns to tertiary education are analysed separately by immigrant status and gender. In Continental Europe, where immigrant-native employment gaps before the crisis were much larger than in Southern Europe, immigrants are found to benefit more from tertiary education, and their returns are also higher than for natives, while the opposite holds in Southern European countries. The same pattern is found irrespective of gender, but cross-country differences are more pronounced among women. The article also documents that the crisis contributed to a cross-country convergence, although limited to men, in the degree of immigrant employment disadvantage, which increased substantially in Southern Europe while remaining unchanged or slightly declining in all other countries. Nevertheless, although immigrant-native employment gaps grew as high as in Continental Europe, immigrant men in Southern Europe are still found to benefit from lower returns to tertiary education than their native counterparts.

scholarly journals Homicide clearance in Western Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Liem ◽  
Karoliina Suonpää ◽  
Martti Lehti ◽  
Janne Kivivuori ◽  
Sven Granath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Homicide Clearance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Event Based

This study provides an overview of homicide clearance in four West European countries: Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. Using data from the European Homicide Monitor, employing similar definitions and uniform coding schemes, this study allowed for unique cross-country comparisons in factors influencing differences in homicide clearance rates. Findings based on homicides occurring in the period 2009–14 revealed overall low homicide rates in all countries, with a wide variety in homicide clearance rates, ranging from 77 percent in the Netherlands to 98 percent in Finland. Results further showed that both event-based as well as victim-based characteristics significantly influenced the likelihood of homicide clearance, suggesting that homicide clearance rates can, for a large part, be attributed to the prevalent types of homicide in each of these European countries.

State Policies toward Islam in Twenty Countries in Western Europe: The Accommodation of Islam Index

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
State Policies ◽  
The State ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
Halal Food ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Western European ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
Regional Governments

AbstractThis study creates an index that reveals the extent to which Western European countries accommodate Islamic traditions and practices. The index covers six realms in which Muslim communities seek accommodation: (1) education, (2) chaplaincy services, (3) mosques, (4) cemeteries, (5) Islamic attire, and (6) halal food. The study examines and quantifies the state policies in twenty Western European countries on both national and municipal levels with a particular focus on actual implementation. Results indicate that Western European countries vary widely in terms of their accommodation of Islam. There are also notable within-country differences, due in part to regional governments, as they also make and/or implement policy decisions. Both between- and within-country variations in the accommodation of Islam reveal a variety of nuances, and blur dual categories, such as ethnic-civic and assimilationist-integrationist.

scholarly journals Predicting Entrepreneurial Career Intentions

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan J. Gorgievski ◽  
Ute Stephan ◽  
Mariola Laguna ◽  
Juan Antonio Moriano
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Career Intentions ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country

Integrating predictions from the theory of human values with the theory of planned behavior (TPB), our primary goal is to investigate mechanisms through which individual values are related to entrepreneurial career intentions using a sample of 823 students from four European countries. We find that openness and self-enhancement values relate positively to entrepreneurial career intentions and that these relationships are partly mediated by attitudes toward entrepreneurship, self-efficacy, and, to a lesser extent, by social norms. Values and TPB constructs partially mediated cross-country differences in entrepreneurial intentions. Spanish students showed lower entrepreneurial intentions as compared to Dutch, German, and Polish students, which could be traced back to lower self-enhancement values (power and achievement), less positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship, and differences in social norms.

scholarly journals Employment protection and gender wage gap in Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Perugini
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Permanent Workers ◽  
Wage Disparities

In this paper we investigate gender wage disparities in 25 EU countries before and after the crisis, focusing on the role employment protection legislation played in shaping the gap across the wage distribution. Results of quantile regressions reveal a remarkable cross-country diversity in the size of the gap and confirm the widespread existence of glass-ceiling effects. Stricter rules for temporary contracts mitigate the gender gap, especially at the top of the distribution; stronger protection for permanent workers is found to increase the gap at the bottom of the distribution and to decrease it at the middle and at the top.

How Does Communicating Herd Immunity Affect Immunization Intentions?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Sandro Stoffel ◽  
Benedikt Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Vignette Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Definition Of

While previous studies have shown that communicating herd immunity can increase immunization intentions, it is unclear how the definition of the beneficiaries influences intentions. In a vignette study, using a new hypothetical influenza virus, 4,172 participants from five European countries (Bulgaria, N=873; Denmark, N=896; England, N=873; Estonia, N=916; and Italy, N=745) were randomized to one of three experimental conditions: (1) control (no mention of herd immunity), (2) society (social benefit of immunization for overall society mentioned), and (3) friends (social benefit for friends and family members mentioned). While the study did not find that communicating herd immunity influenced overall immunization intentions across the five countries, it found substantial cross-country differences in the effect of the communication. In England, friends increased intentions, while society increased intentions in Denmark but decreased it in Italy. While communicating the social benefit of immunization can influence intentions, its contrasting effects highlight the importance of empirically testing.

scholarly journals Didn’t Plan One but got One: Unintended and sooner-than-intended Parents in the East and the West of Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Brzozowska ◽  
Isabella Buber-Ennser ◽  
Bernhard Riederer
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Childbearing Intentions ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
East West

AbstractThe realisation rates of short-term childbearing intentions are known to be consistently lower in post-socialist countries than in the rest of Europe. However, the East–West differences in the outcomes of intentions to postpone or forego (further) childbearing have not been previously examined. We employ two panel waves of the Generations and Gender Survey in six countries (three from Eastern and three from Western Europe), and, based on the short- and long-term fertility intentions expressed by respondents at the first survey wave, we classify the births occurring between two waves as intended, sooner-than-intended, or unintended. We find that in our study population of non-teenage respondents who had the same partner at both survey waves and a child between the two survey waves, between around 10% (Western European countries) and 30% (Eastern European countries) experienced an unintended or a sooner-than-intended birth. The East–West divide is largely driven by the share of unintended parents which is clearly higher in the post-socialist countries. However, the geographical pattern fades away once we control for the anticipated costs of having a child. Our study gives insight into East–West differences in attitudes to childbearing and into how they affect reproductive behaviour. It also offers methodological improvements of cross-national panel surveys designed to examine childbearing intentions that would allow for a more accurate assessment of childbearing intendedness.

scholarly journals The Digital Divide in Western Europe: Problems and Prospects

10.28945/2456 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod Carveth ◽  
Susan B. Kretchmer
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Internet Penetration ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Public Partnerships

This paper reviews the digital divide in Western Europe, as well as policy options for combating that divide. While age, income and gender are significant predictors of the digital divide in Western Europe, geography plays a crucial role. The countries in Southern Europe have less computer and Internet penetration than their Northern European counterparts. The paper then discusses four policy options for combating the divide, suggesting that the most effective solution would be private/public partnerships.

scholarly journals Well-being in Europe: decompositions by country and gender for the population aged 50+

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Reiter ◽  
Sonja Spitzer
Keyword(s):  
Good Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Population Heterogeneity ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Good State ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Older Populations ◽  
Older Europeans

The well-being of older Europeans is of increasing importance given the substantialageing of the population. This paper comprehensively analyses well-being forthe population aged 50+ in 26 European countries, using the newly proposedindicator “Years of Good Life” (YoGL), which measures the remaining yearsof life that an individual can expect to live in a “good” state. The indicatorenables the decomposition of well-being into various dimensions, thereby revealingimportant heterogeneities between regions and genders. Results show that numbersof YoGL at age 50 vary considerably between European countries. They are highestin Northern and Western European countries and lowest in Central and EasternEuropean countries, where many “good” years are lost due to low life satisfaction.Interestingly, the high life expectancy levels in Southern Europe do not translate intohigher numbers of YoGL, mainly due to the low levels of physical and cognitivehealth in this region. While women and men can expect to have similar numbersof YoGL, women are likely to spend a smaller proportion of their longer remaininglifetime in a good state. These results demonstrate the importance of using wellbeingindicators that consider population heterogeneity when measuring humanwell-being, especially for older populations.

scholarly journals TENDENCJE KONSUMPCJI WYROBÓW ALKOHOLOWYCH W EUROPIE W LATACH 2016-2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-304
Author(s):  
Izabela Surtel ◽  
Piotr Jałowiecki
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Average Volume ◽  
Pure Alcohol ◽  
Total Alcohol ◽  
Double Smoothing ◽  
Territorial Division

The paper presents the results of research on the determination of the trend of consumption of pure alcohol per one person in the years 2017 - 2019 and an analysis of the appropriateness of applying the division of Europe into regions according to the UN M49 classification. The study was conducted for European countries, divided into Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Europe and Eastern Europe. Holt's exponential double smoothing method was used in the forecasting process. As a result of the conducted research, general downward trends of the phenomenon in the discussed period were demonstrated, as well as the possibility of using territorial division according to the average volume of total alcohol consumption in individual European countries.

scholarly journals Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marília Silva Paulo ◽  
Noor Motea Abdo ◽  
Rita Bettencourt-Silva ◽  
Rami H. Al-Rifai
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Glucose Levels

BackgroundGestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as the type of hyperglycemia diagnosed for the first-time during pregnancy, presenting with intermediate glucose levels between normal levels for pregnancy and glucose levels diagnostic of diabetes in the non-pregnant state. We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze studies of prevalence of GDM in European countries at regional and sub-regional levels, according to age, trimester, body weight, and GDM diagnostic criteria.MethodsSystematic search was conducted in five databases to retrieve studies from 2014 to 2019 reporting the prevalence of GDM in Europe. Two authors have independently screened titles and abstracts and full text according to eligibility using Covidence software. A random-effects model was used to quantify weighted GDM prevalence estimates. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria was used to assess the risk of bias.ResultsFrom the searched databases, 133 research reports were deemed eligible and included in the meta-analysis. The research reports yielded 254 GDM-prevalence studies that tested 15,572,847 pregnant women between 2014 and 2019. The 133 research reports were from 24 countries in Northern Europe (44.4%), Southern Europe (27.1%), Western Europe (24.1%), and Eastern Europe (4.5%). The overall weighted GDM prevalence in the 24 European countries was estimated at 10.9% (95% CI: 10.0–11.8, I2: 100%). The weighted GDM prevalence was highest in the Eastern Europe (31.5%, 95% CI: 19.8–44.6, I2: 98.9%), followed by in Southern Europe (12.3%, 95% CI: 10.9–13.9, I2: 99.6%), Western Europe (10.7%, 95% CI: 9.5–12.0, I2: 99.9%), and Northern Europe (8.9%, 95% CI: 7.9–10.0, I2: 100). GDM prevalence was 2.14-fold increased in pregnant women with maternal age ≥30 years (versus 15-29 years old), 1.47-fold if the diagnosis was made in the third trimester (versus second trimester), and 6.79- fold in obese and 2.29-fold in overweight women (versus normal weight).ConclusionsIn Europe, GDM is significant in pregnant women, around 11%, with the highest prevalence in pregnant women of Eastern European countries (31.5%). Findings have implications to guide vigilant public health awareness campaigns about the risk factors associated with developing GDM.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/], identifier CRD42020161857.

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