STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA IN ISRAEL AND OCCURRENCE OF FIRE BLIGHT IN PEAR ORCHARDS IN THE AUTUMN

1999 ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Manulis ◽  
D. Zutra ◽  
F. Kleitman ◽  
O. Dror ◽  
E. Shabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Streptomycin Resistance

Investigating the distribution of strains of Erwinia amylovora and streptomycin resistance in apple orchards in New York using CRISPR profiles: a six-year follow-up

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wallis ◽  
Isabella Magna Yannuzzi ◽  
Mei-Wah Choi ◽  
John Spafford ◽  
Matthew Siemon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New England ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Streptomycin Resistance ◽  
Management Recommendations

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most important diseases of apple. The antibiotic streptomycin is routinely used in the commercial apple industries of New York and New England to manage the disease. In 2002, and again from 2011 to 2014, outbreaks of streptomycin resistance (SmR) were reported and investigated in NY. Motivated by new grower reports of control failures, we conducted a follow-up investigation of the distribution of SmR and E. amylovora strains for major apple production regions of NY over the last six years (2015-2020). Characterization of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) profiles revealed that a few ‘cosmopolitan’ strains were widely prevalent across regions, while many other ‘resident’ strains were confined to one location. In addition, we uncovered novel CRISPR profile diversity in all investigated regions. SmR E. amylovora was detected only in a small area spanning two counties from 2017 to 2020, and always associated with one CRISPR profile (41:23:38), which matched the profile of SmR E. amylovora discovered in 2002. This suggests the original SmR E. amylovora was never fully eradicated and went undetected due to several seasons of low disease pressure in this region. Investigation of several representative isolates under controlled greenhouse conditions indicated significant differences in aggressiveness on ‘Gala’ apples. Potential implications of strain differences include the propensity of strains to become distributed across wide geographic regions and associated resistance management practices. Results from this work will directly influence sustainable fire blight management recommendations for commercial apple industries in NY State and other regions.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Streptomycin-Resistant Erwinia amylovora in New York Apple Orchards

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 802-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Tancos ◽  
S. Villani ◽  
S. Kuehne ◽  
E. Borejsza-Wysocka ◽  
D. Breth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
The United States ◽  
Streptomycin Resistance ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Wayne County ◽  
The Past ◽  
Shoot Blight

Resistance to streptomycin in Erwinia amylovora was first observed in the United States in the 1970s but was not found in New York until 2002, when streptomycin-resistant (SmR) E. amylovora was isolated from orchards in Wayne County. From 2011 to 2014, in total, 591 fire blight samples representing shoot blight, blossom blight, and rootstock blight were collected from 80 apple orchards in New York. From these samples, 1,280 isolates of E. amylovora were obtained and assessed for streptomycin resistance. In all, 34 SmR E. amylovora isolates were obtained from 19 individual commercial orchards. The majority of the resistant isolates were collected from orchards in Wayne County, and the remaining were from other counties in western New York. Of the 34 resistant isolates, 32 contained the streptomycin resistance gene pair strA/strB in the transposon Tn5393 on the nonconjugative plasmid pEA29. This determinant of streptomycin resistance has only been found in SmR E. amylovora isolates from Michigan and the SmR E. amylovora isolates discovered in Wayne County, NY in 2002. Currently, our data indicate that SmR E. amylovora is restricted to counties in western New York and is concentrated in the county with the original outbreak. Because the resistance is primarily present on the nonconjugative plasmid, it is possible that SmR has been present in Wayne County since the introduction in 2002, and has spread within and out of Wayne County to additional commercial growers over the past decade. However, research is still needed to provide in-depth understanding of the origin and spread of the newly discovered SmR E. amylovora to reduce the spread of streptomycin resistance into other apple-growing regions, and address the sustainability of streptomycin use for fire blight management in New York.

scholarly journals Effects of Consecutive Streptomycin and Kasugamycin Applications on Epiphytic Bacteria in the Apple Phyllosphere

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Tancos ◽  
K. D. Cox
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Streptomycin Resistance ◽  
Epiphytic Bacteria ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Fluorescent Pseudomonas ◽  
Epiphyte Community

Antibiotic applications are essential for fire blight management in the eastern United States. Recently, streptomycin-resistant Erwinia amylovora strains were found in New York. There are growing concerns that streptomycin resistance may develop from postbloom streptomycin applications in local orchards. Our goal was to investigate the impacts of increasing streptomycin and kasugamycin applications on bacterial epiphyte community composition and antibiotic resistance in the phyllosphere of ‘Idared’ apple plantings in 2014 and 2015. Rinsate samples from leaves treated with 0, 3, 5, and 10 applications of streptomycin and kasugamycin were collected to isolate, enumerate, and identify epiphytic bacterial species. The majority of isolated epiphytic bacteria were identified as Pantoea agglomerans and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., whereas E. amylovora was rarely found. Overall, postbloom streptomycin use did not result in an increased recovery of streptomycin-resistant E. amylovora. However, other streptomycin-resistant epiphytes (P. agglomerans and Pseudomonas spp.) did increase with increasing streptomycin applications. Increasing kasugamycin applications reduced the overall number and percentage of streptomycin-resistant epiphytes in the phyllosphere, which has important implications regarding the use of kasugamycin in orchards where streptomycin resistance is a concern.

scholarly journals Isolation of Streptomycin-Resistant Isolates of Erwinia amylovora in New York

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole L. Russo ◽  
Thomas J. Burr ◽  
Deborah I. Breth ◽  
Herb S. Aldwinckle
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
New York State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Streptomycin Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Wayne County ◽  
Unintentional Movement ◽  
Growing Region

Streptomycin is currently the only antibiotic registered for the control of fire blight, a devastating disease of apple (Malus), pear (Pyrus), and other rosaceous plants caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. Resistance of E. amylovora to streptomycin was first identified in California pear orchards in 1971 and is currently endemic in many parts of the United States. The Northeast remains the only major U.S. apple-growing region without streptomycin-resistant isolates of E. amylovora. In 2002, during a routine survey for streptomycin resistance, isolates from two neighboring orchards in Wayne County, NY were found to be highly resistant to streptomycin at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. This constitutes the first authenticated report of streptomycin resistance in New York State. Infected trees were shipped at the same time from a single nursery in Michigan. Resistance was caused by the acquisition of the strA-strB gene pair, inserted into the ubiquitous nontransmissible E. amylovora plasmid pEA29. Previously, streptomycin-resistant E. amylovora populations from Michigan were described with a similar mechanism of resistance, although the strA-strB genes are not unique to Michigan. These findings illustrate how unintentional movement of nursery material could undermine efforts to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant E. amylovora.

scholarly journals Changes in the Sensitivity of Erwinia amylovora Populations to Streptomycin and Oxolinic Acid in Israel

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 650-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Manulis ◽  
F. Kleitman ◽  
D. Shtienberg ◽  
H. Shwartz ◽  
D. Oppenheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Streptomycin Resistance ◽  
Oxolinic Acid ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Fruit Orchards

A survey of streptomycin resistance in the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, conducted in pear, apple, and quince orchards in Israel during 1998 to 2001 revealed a decrease in the frequency of locations with streptomycin-resistant strains, from 57% in 1998 to 15% in 2001. In 2001, streptomycin-resistant strains were detected in only five locations in two restricted areas in western Galilee and the Golan Heights, compared with 16 locations found in 1998 throughout the northern part of the country. Since the use of streptomycin for fire blight control was terminated in 1997, this antibiotic has been replaced with oxolinic acid (Starner) in commercial orchards. Strains resistant to oxolinic acid were isolated from two pear orchards in the northern part of Israel in 1999. In a nationwide survey conducted during the spring and winter of 2000 and 2001, 51 and 47 pome fruit orchards, respectively, were sampled. Oxolinic acid-resistant strains were detected in several orchards located in two restricted areas in northern Galilee. Strains with resistance to both streptomycin and oxolinic acid were not found during 2000 to 2001. Results of this survey are used in managing fire blight with bactericides.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Erwinia amylovora in Illinois Apple Orchards to Streptomycin, Oxytetracyline, Kasugamycin, and Copper

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 1484-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Jurgens ◽  
M. Babadoost
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Luria Bertani ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Streptomycin Resistance ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

In 2008 and 2009, severe fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) occurred in Illinois apple orchards, leading to speculation that streptomycin-resistant strains of E. amylovora might be present in some orchards. Statewide surveys were conducted in 2010, 2011, and 2012, and 117, 129, and 170, E. amylovora isolates were collected, respectively, from 20 counties. None of the 416 E. amylovora isolates tested were resistant to streptomycin (Agri-Mycin 17WP) at 50 mg/liter. Seven non-E. amylovora bacterial isolates were collected from E. amylovora-infected shoots that contained both a strA-strB streptomycin resistance gene and IS1133 on transposon Tn5393, which could be a potential source of streptomycin resistance for E. amylovora in Illinois in the future. Colony development of all 84 E. amylovora isolates tested was inhibited on Luria-Bertani medium amended with oxytetracycline at 50 mg/liter and kasugamycin (Kasumin 2L) at 100 mg/liter. Similarly, colony development of the 84 E. amylovora isolates was inhibited on casitone-yeast extract medium amended with copper sulfate at 0.16 mM. In 2011 and 2012, field trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of oxytetracycline (Mycoshield 17WP), kasugamycin (Kasumin 2L and ARY-4016-06), copper hydroxide (Kocide-3000 41.6DF), Bacillus subtilis (Serenade Max, QST713), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Blight Ban A506) for management of fire blight in an apple orchard. Only kasugamycin (Kasumin 2L and ARY-4016-06) reduced blossom infection significantly. There was a significant interaction of kasugamycin (Kasumin 2L) with prohexadione calcium (Apogee 27.5DF) in reducing shoot blight incidence in the field in 2012.

Fire Blight Susceptibility in Pyrus Germplasm from Eastern Europe

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 566-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. van der Zwet ◽  
R.L. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Plant Germplasm ◽  
Plant Exploration ◽  
Moderately Resistant

During 1976-1980, three plant exploration trips were made throughout eastern Europe in search of native Pyrus germplasm. A total of 384 accessions (231 from Yugoslavia, 86 from Romania, 43 from Poland, and 12 each from Hungary and Czechoslovakia) were collected as budwood and propagated at the National Plant Germplasm Quarantine Center in Glenn Dale, Md. Following 8 years of exposure to the fire blight bacterium [Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al.], 17.49” of the accessions remained uninfected, 11.2% rated resistant, 6.8% moderately resistant, and 64.6% blighted severely (26% to 100% of tree blighted). Some of the superior accessions have been released for use in the pear breeding program.

scholarly journals Isolation and efficacy of two bacterial strains antagonists of Erwinia amylovora and Pectobacterium carotovorum

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M’hamed BENADA ◽  
Boualem BOUMAAZA ◽  
Sofiane BOUDALIA ◽  
Omar KHALADI
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Pectobacterium Carotovorum ◽  
Bacterial Strains

Abstract Background The development of ecofriendly tools against plant diseases is an important issue in crop protection. Screening and selection process of bacterial strains antagonists of 2 pathogenic bacterial species that limit very important crops, Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of the fire blight disease, and Pectobacterium carotovorum, the causal agent of bacterial potato soft rot, were reported. Bacterial colonies were isolated from different ecological niches, where both pathogens were found: rhizosphere of potato tubers and fruits and leaves of pear trees from the northwest region of Algeria. Direct and indirect confrontation tests against strains of E. amylovora and P. carotovorum were performed. Results Results showed a significant antagonistic activity against both phytopathogenic species, using direct confrontation method and supernatants of cultures (p<0.005). In vitro assays showed growth inhibitions of both phytopathogenic species. Furthermore, results revealed that the strains of S. plymuthica had a better inhibitory effect than the strains of P. fluorescens against both pathogens. In vivo results on immature pear fruits showed a significant decrease in the progression of the fire blight symptoms, with a variation in the infection index from one antagonistic strain to another between 31.3 and 50%, and slice of potato showed total inhibition of the pathogen (P. carotovorum) by the antagonistic strains of Serratia plymuthica (p<0.005). Conclusion This study highlighted that the effective bacteria did not show any infection signs towards plant tissue, and considered as a potential strategy to limit the fire blight and soft rot diseases.

Isolation and characterization of Hena1 – a novel Erwinia amylovora bacteriophage

2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya V Besarab ◽  
Artur E Akhremchuk ◽  
Maryna A Zlatohurska ◽  
Liudmyla V Romaniuk ◽  
Leonid N Valentovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Lytic Phage ◽  
Trna Genes ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

ABSTRACT Fire blight, caused by plant pathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most important diseases of Rosaceae plants. Due to the lack of effective control measures, fire blight infections pose a recurrent threat on agricultural production worldwide. Recently, bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages, have been proposed as environmentally friendly natural antimicrobial agents for fire blight control. Here, we isolated a novel bacteriophage Hena1 with activity against E. amylovora. Further analysis revealed that Hena1 is a narrow-host-range lytic phage belonging to Myoviridae family. Its genome consists of a linear 148,842 bp dsDNA (48.42% GC content) encoding 240 ORFs and 23 tRNA genes. Based on virion structure and genomic composition, Hena1 was classified as a new species of bacteriophage subfamily Vequintavirinae. The comprehensive analysis of Hena1 genome may provide further insights into evolution of bacteriophages infecting plant pathogenic bacteria.

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