Are the chilling temperatures the only climatic factor to overcome endo-dormancy in the temperate fruit trees? Which other climatic factors can affect the endo-dormancy and the effect of the chilling temperatures?

2020 ◽  
pp. 421-436
Author(s):  
G. Finetto
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Climatic Factor ◽  
Chilling Temperatures

Characterization of climatic factors affecting chilling injury in field-grown ratoon cotton

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Sachs ◽  
S. Zilkah
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Chilling Temperatures ◽  
Germinating Seeds

text abstractThe response of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to chilling temperatures has been documented mainly for germinating seeds and young seedlings (Christiansen, 1963; Christiansen & St John, 1981; Guinn, 1971; Sellschop & Salmon, 1928). Ratoon (known also as stub or biennial) cotton offers an opportunity to study the chilling injury of mature plants under field conditions. Observations showed that ratooning plants suffer stand loss during the winter. However, the surviving plants recover and start growing vigorously when temperatures rise, early in the following spring (Ellern, 1966; Evenson, 1970; McClintic, 1981).

scholarly journals Review on the ecophysiology of important Andean fruits: Passiflora L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Fischer ◽  
Diego Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Passiflora Edulis ◽  
Bud Induction ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Purple Passion Fruit ◽  
Yellow Passion Fruit

The development of Andean fruit crops is viewed as an important and healthy contribution to global food consumption but ecophysiological studies on these fruit trees are scarce. 96% of approximately 520 Passiflora L. species are distributed in the Americas, especially in Colombia and Brazil. Many of these species originated on the edges of humid forests in tropical valleys. The four species: yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener), sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.), purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims) and banana passion fruit (Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels & P.M. Jørg) are widely cultivated in Colombia, and their ecophysiological findings are described in this review. The demands, in terms of temperature (°C) and altitude (masl) are, for yellow passion fruits: 15-28 °C and 0-1,300 masl; sweet granadillas: 15-23 °C and 1,800-2,600 masl; purple passion fruits: 15-22/12-14 °C (day/night) and 1,600-2,300 masl; and banana passion fruit: 13-16 °C and 1.800-3.200 masl; all of them have high requirements for solar radiation, a minimum of 7 h of sunshine per day, to encourage flowering and fruit quality. Cloudy days decrease growth, flower bud induction and flower opening. Temperature and photosynthetic active radiation are the climatic factors that have the greatest effect on plant development. Relative humidity between 60 and 80% supports effective pollination and fecundation. Passiflora L. crops do not support long periods of waterlogging, with a maximum of 4 days for yellow passion fruit. Climatic events such as prolonged rain, intense droughts, strong winds and hail are harmful for these plants.

scholarly journals Can climatic factors explain the differences in COVID-19 incidence and severity across the Spanish regions?: An ecological study

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Muñoz Cacho ◽  
José L. Hernández ◽  
Marcos López-Hoyos ◽  
Víctor M. Martínez-Taboada
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Climatic Factor ◽  
Geographical Pattern ◽  
Autonomous Communities ◽  
Spanish Regions ◽  
Seasonal Epidemics ◽  
Official Sources

Abstract Background Environmental factors play a central role in seasonal epidemics. SARS-CoV-2 infection in Spain has shown a heterogeneous geographical pattern This study aimed to assess the influence of several climatic factors on the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and the severity of COVID-19 among the Spanish Autonomous Communities (AA.CC.). Methods Data on coronavirus infectivity and severity of COVID-19 disease, as well as the climatic variables were obtained from official sources (Ministry of Health and Spanish Meteorological Agency, respectively). To assess the possible influence of climate on the development of the disease, data on ultraviolet radiation (UVR) were collected during the months before the start of the pandemic. To analyze its influence on the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, data on UVR, temperature, and humidity were obtained from the months of highest contagiousness to the peak of the pandemic. Results From October 2019 to January 2020, mean UVR was significantly related not only to SARS-CoV-2 infection (cumulative incidence -previous 14 days- × 105 habitants, rho = − 0.0,666; p = 0.009), but also with COVID-19 severity, assessed as hospital admissions (rho = − 0.626; p = 0.017) and ICU admissions (rho = − 0.565; p = 0.035). Besides, temperature (February: rho = − 0.832; p < 0.001 and March: rho = − 0.904; p < 0.001), was the main climatic factor responsible for the infectivity of the coronavirus and directly contributed to a different spread of SARS-CoV-2 across the Spanish regions. Conclusions Climatic factors may partially explain the differences in COVID-19 incidence and severity across the different Spanish regions. The knowledge of these factors could help to develop preventive and public health actions against upcoming outbreaks of the disease.

scholarly journals Calculation of Agro-Climatic Factors from Global Climatic Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1245
Author(s):  
Karel Jedlička ◽  
Jiří Valeš ◽  
Pavel Hájek ◽  
Michal Kepka ◽  
Martin Pitoňák
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Climatic Factor ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Representative Point ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
In Situ Sensors

This manuscript aims to create large-scale calculations of agro-climatic factors from global climatic data with high granularity-climatic ERA5-Land dataset from the Copernicus Climate Change Service in particular. First, we analyze existing approaches used for agro-climatic factor calculation and formulate a frame for our calculations. Then we describe the design of our methods for calculation and visualization of certain agro-climatic factors. We then run two case studies. Firstly, the case study of Kojčice validates the uncertainty of input data by in-situ sensors. Then, the case study of the Pilsen region presents certain agro-climatic factors calculated for a representative point of the area and visualizes their time-variability in graphs. Maps represent a spatial distribution of the chosen factors for the Pilsen region. The calculated agro-climatic factors are frost dates, frost-free periods, growing degree units, heat stress units, number of growing days, number of optimal growing days, dates of fall nitrogen application, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff sums together as water balance and solar radiation. The algorithms are usable anywhere in the world, especially in temperate and subtropical zones.

scholarly journals Can Climatic Factors Explain The Differences In Covid-19 Incidence And Severity Across The Spanish Regions?: An Ecological Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Muñoz-Cacho ◽  
Jose Luis Hernandez ◽  
Marcos Lopez-Hoyos ◽  
Víctor M. Martínez-Taboada
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Climatic Factor ◽  
Geographical Pattern ◽  
Autonomous Communities ◽  
Spanish Regions ◽  
Seasonal Epidemics ◽  
Official Sources

Abstract Background: Environmental factors play a central role in seasonal epidemics. SARS-CoV-2 infection in Spain has shown a heterogeneous geographical pattern This study aimed to assess the influence of several climatic factors on the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 severity among the Spanish Autonomous Communities (AA.CC.).Methods: Data on coronavirus infectivity and severity of COVID-19 disease, as well as the climatic variables were obtained from official sources (Ministry of Health and Spanish Meteorological Agency, respectively). To assess the possible influence of climate on the development of the disease, data on ultraviolet ration (UVR) were collected during the months before the start of the pandemic. To analyze its influence on the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, data on UVR, temperature, and humidity were obtained from the months with the highest contagiousness to the pandemic peak.Results: From October 2019 to January 2020, mean UVR was significantly related not only to SARS-CoV-2 infection (cumulative incidence -previous 14 days- x105 habitants, rho=-0.0,666; p=0.009), but also with COVID-19 severity, assessed as hospital admissions (rho=-0.626; p=0.017) and ICU admissions (rho=-0.565; p=0.035). Besides, temperature (February: rho=-0.832; p<0.001 and March: rho=-0.904; p<0.001), was the main climatic factor responsible for the infectivity of the coronavirus and directly contributed to a different spread of SARS-CoV-2 across the Spanish regions. Conclusions: Climatic factors may partially explain the differences in COVID-19 incidence and severity across the different Spanish regions. The knowledge of these factors could help to develop preventive and public health actions against upcoming outbreaks of the disease.

Temperature is the major driver of distribution patterns for C4 and C3 BEP grasses along tropical elevation gradients in Hawai‘i, and comparison with worldwide patterns

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney L. Angelo ◽  
Curtis C. Daehler
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Climatic Factor ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Transition Temperatures ◽  
Elevation Gradients ◽  
Fire Cycle ◽  
Relative Dominance ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation

The distribution patterns of C4 and C3 grasses in relation to climate have attracted much attention, but few studies have examined grass distributions along tropical elevation gradients. Previous studies identified either temperature, precipitation, or both variables as the major climatic factor(s) driving these distributions. Here we investigated relative dominance of C4 grasses in relation to climate along five elevation gradients in Hawai‘i. The transition temperature between C4 and C3 BEP (Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pooideae) grasses (where their relative dominance is equal) was determined; in our study, the subfamily Bambusoideae was not included. A worldwide synthesis of previous studies testing climatic factors and transition temperatures associated with C4 and C3 grass distributions was also carried out. Mean July maximum temperature was significantly correlated with C4 dominance along all elevation transects in Hawai‘i, while precipitation was only correlated along three transects when precipitation was correlated with temperature. A spatially explicit multiple regression model indicated that C4 relative cover was best explained by temperature. Temperature appears to be the major climatic factor shaping distribution patterns of C4 and C3 BEP grasses in Hawai‘i. According to the worldwide analysis, temperature primarily influenced grass distribution patterns more often in temperate studies (70%) than in tropical studies (45%). Degree of correlation or covariance between temperature and precipitation was rarely reported in previous studies, although this can strongly affect conclusions. C4-C3 BEP transition temperatures (mean July maximum) ranged from 18 to 21 °C in Hawai‘i; these transition temperatures are lower than those reported in temperate localities (26–31 °C), but similar to transition temperatures for other localities at tropical latitudes (21–22 °C). A warming climate is likely to shift C4 grass dominance upward in elevation, threatening higher elevation native communities by perpetuating a grass–fire cycle.

scholarly journals Is Xylella fastidiosa a serious threat to European forests?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau ◽  
Yilmaz Balci ◽  
Daniele Cornara ◽  
Paolo Gonthier ◽  
Cécile Robin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Vector Ecology ◽  
European Forests ◽  
Recent Emergence

Abstract The recent emergence of Olive Quick Decline Syndrome in Italy, caused by Xylella fastidiosa, has drawn attention to the risks posed by this vector-borne bacterium to important crops in Europe (especially fruit trees and grapevine). Comparatively very little is known on actual and potential impacts of this pathogen in forests, in the native (North American) and introduced (European) regions, respectively. The present review aims to address important questions related to the threat posed by X. fastidiosa to European forests, such as the following: What are the symptoms, hosts and impact of bacterial leaf scorch caused by X. fastidiosa on trees in North America? Which forest tree species have been found infected in the introduction area in Europe? How does X. fastidiosa cause disease in susceptible hosts? Are there any X. fastidiosa genotypes (subspecies and sequence types) specifically associated with forest trees? How is X. fastidiosa transmitted? What are the known and potential vectors for forest trees? How does vector ecology affect disease? Is the distribution of X. fastidiosa, especially the strains associated with trees, restricted by climatic factors? Is disease risk for trees different in forest ecosystems as compared with urban settings? We conclude by pointing to important knowledge gaps related to all these questions and strongly advocate for more research about the Xylella-forest pathosystems, in both North America and Europe.

scholarly journals Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) assemblage in a feijoa orchard in Santa Catarina State, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Joatan Machado da Rosa ◽  
Marcelo Zanelato Nunes ◽  
Mari Inês Carissimi Boff ◽  
Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia ◽  
Pedro Boff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
South American ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Acca Sellowiana ◽  
Santa Catarina State

Fruit flies cause economically important damage on several cultivated and native South American fruit trees. Hence, it is important to understand the population dynamics of these insects. This study aimed to characterize the assemblage and population fluctuations of fruit flies in a feijoa (Acca sellowiana) orchard in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil from September 2009 to May 2012. Captures of flies were made with McPhail traps baited with hydrolyzed protein. Evaluations and bait change were performed weekly. A total of 2,197 flies were captured (957 males and 1,240 females). Analysis of abundance, constancy, dominancy and frequency showed that Anastrepha fraterculus was the main species captured; it was considered to be very frequent, constant and highly dominant throughout the study period. The orchard presented low equitability, low diversity, and high dominance of A. fraterculus during the three fruit seasons evaluated. No correlation was found between climatic factors and population levels of A. fraterculus.

scholarly journals Impact of Climatic Factors on Dengue Incidences in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
K. A. N. K. Karunarathna ◽  
J. Sriranganesan
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Climatic Factor ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Health Practices ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Dengue Disease ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rainy Days

Introduction: Health sector is one of the most important sectors of any country. Many aspects such as diseases, health practices, and institutions are associated with health. Among different infectious diseases, dengue has become a major health issue for human in most tropical and subtropical regions. It is a viral disease originated and spread from mosquito and it is in several forms. Since, this seriously affects human life, taking necessary measures, including policies, rules, regulation and best practices to bring this menace into a minimum level, is essential. Such actions require proper background about the disease including factors that this disease depends on. Several factors may be associated with dengue fever and climatic variables take a greater place. Effect of these variables may vary from area to area. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the impact of climatic variables for progression of dengue disease in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka, which is consisted of three districts: Batticaloa; Trincomalee and Ampara. Study Design: Number of dengue incidences and climatic variables such as rainfall, temperature, number of rainy days, day time humidity, night-time humidity, number of sunny days, and UV Index were obtained for each month in the period from 2009 to 2017 from Meteorology Department and statistical abstracts of Sri Lanka. Analysis was carried out by using the statistical techniques: correlation analysis; regression analysis; principle component analysis and a graphical technique, contour maps. Results: Only a few climatic factors affect dengue incidences in these three districts. However, no any regular pattern could be observed. Impact of each climatic factor varies from district to district. In Batticaloa district, a number of rainy days and day time humidity affect dengue incidences negatively and positively respectively meanwhile wind speed positively affects dengue incidences in Ampara district. No any climatic variables in Trincomalee district show a relationship with dengue incidences in the district. In general, moderate humidity creates a favourable situation for the spread of dengue disease irrespective of districts. Heavy rainfall does not show a relation with dengue incidences as people believe. Conclusion: It is difficult to investigate the impact of each climatic factor alone on dengue incidences because there are inter correlated. Number of dengue incidences may depend on many other variables such as population density, geographical location, health practices, personal health status, knowledge, policies of different institutes and organizations. It is essential to incorporate these sorts of variables also to have a proper understanding of the dengue disease and its spread.

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC FACTORS OF NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN ON THE FORMATION OF THE CENTERS OF SOCIAL ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. KARAKOVA ◽  
Gani A. KARABAEV
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Climatic Factor ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Northern Kazakhstan ◽  
Continental Climate

The article reveals the significance of the influence climatic factors of Northern Kazakhstan on the functioning centers of social activity of the population, the importance creating a favorable and comfortable architectural environment of urban space. The analysis of the climatic factor of the northern region of Kazakhstan, analysis of the characteristics of a sharply - continental climate and its effect on the physical and psychological state of the population. On the basis of the obtained results, one of the methods forming comfortable centers of social activity of the population by creating a covered architectural environment is determined, which is integrated into the urban structure and provides a favorable internal microclimate.

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