Disciplinary identities and crossing boundaries: The academization of speleology in the first half of the twentieth century

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Mattes
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Art History ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper examines the development and legitimization of the study of caves as an academic scientific discipline from the end of the 19th century to World War II. It discusses the function of history and related methodological and epistemological practices used to define and legitimize speleology as an academic discipline. It also discusses the political and social context involved in this process of academization. In this context, special attention is paid to the formation of disciplinary identities and transdisciplinary cooperation. The role of individuality and community in science goes hand-in-hand with the construction of combined memory, which gives an identity to each researcher and attributes significance and legitimization to his or her activity. At the turn of the 20th century, the term ‘speleology’ was introduced for this newly developed interdisciplinary study of caves. Speleology was regarded as a ‘group’ or ‘synthetic science’, linking different branches of the humanities and natural sciences, such as geology, geography, mineralogy, hydrology, meteorology, paleontology, zoology, botany, anthropology, archeology, prehistory, and art history. The claim that speleology was a new academic scientific discipline also involved an enforced differentiation between cave study as a science and exploration for leisure purposes. This led to the foundation of the first chair and university institute of speleology in Vienna in 1929.

scholarly journals Psychiatry at the end of the 20th century

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Heimann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Tunnel Vision ◽  
Psychopathological Disorders

SummaryThe political role psychiatry plays in mental health strategies in the 20th century is discussed as well as the dangers of abuse when totalitarian ideologies rule supreme. The author comments on positive developments in the sectors of applied psychiatry and psychotherapy after World War II and the implementation of uniform requirements for the classification of psychopathological disorders as well as their limitations. Psychiatry as a scientific discipline relies on two fundaments: the conclusions drawn from the collective, present and past experience of psychiatric medicine and the impulses given by neighbouring disciplines such as neurobiology, psychology and sociology. These influences are necessary for the advancement of psychiatry, but can be restrictive in that they lead to tunnel vision by giving simple explanations for mental disorders of complex or unknown etiology. A multidimensional approach is required for the elaboration of adequate therapies and research must avoid dogmatism and short-sightedness.

The Political Role of the Peasantry in the Weimar Republic

1959 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner T. Angress
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Weimar Republic ◽  
English Word ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Distinct Class ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Professional Pride

The English word “peasantry” today evokes visions of humble tillers of the soil who dwell in hovels which they share with their families, pigs, goats, and sheep. But translated into German, “peasantry” becomes Bauernschaft, a term which for at least a century and a half has carried an emotional connotation of professional pride. All agrarian producers, whether they cultivate a five-acre plot or a thousand acre estate, belong to the Bauernschaft which sets them off from the rest of the nation. Yet until the end of World War II very distinct class lines existed within the Bauernschaft and divided German farmers into roughly two groups, Gutsbesitzern—(proprietors of estates) and Bauern (peasants). To avoid confusion, “peasantry” will refer hereafter only to the latter, while “farmers” will apply to all German landowners.

scholarly journals Swedish non-public diplomacy during World War II on the example of the activities of M. Wallenberg Jr.

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Anton B. Gekht
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Industrial Group

This article examines the role of Marcus Wallenberg Jr., a prominent financier and industrialist, one of the leaders of the financial and industrial group of the Wallenberg family, in the foreign policy of Sweden on the eve of and during World War II. Having concentrated in his hands the main threads of influence on the industry and the financial sphere of the kingdom, Marcus Wallenberg was unofficially involved in the development of the foreign policy of the kingdom, which sought to be out of direct involvement in the war. The article examines various contacts with representatives of the opposing sides, carries out with the active participation of this banker and industrialist, both as part of official delegations and as individuals – the main focus is on establishing interaction between the USSR and Finland in 1943-1944, as well as cooperation with the Allies – Britain and the United States. The article also analyses the non-institutionalised regular contacts of Marcus Wallenberg Jr. with the political leadership of Sweden during 1938-1945, including the difficulties faced by the financial and industrial group under his control in the period immediately after the end of World War II.

Eclipsing council housing

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Lund
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Housing Form ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World ◽  
Council Housing

This chapter examines the politics involved in local authority housing supply. It records hostility to the idea, especially to subsidised council housing, at the end of the 19th century and Lloyd-George’s crucial role in securing its acceptance in 1918. It charts Conservative attempts to direct state help towards needs arising from slum clearance and its implications for housing form. The politics involved in the growth of council housing in the post Second World War period are examined in relationship to the Conservative revival of the sanitary approach, the protection of rural Britain, high- rise construction and the role of the architectural profession. The political implications of the residualisation of council housing are explored with reference to the image of council housing and attitudes towards its tenants.

Problems in art history documentation in Japan

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itsuo Okubo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
Round Table ◽  
World War ◽  
National Project ◽  
National Institutions ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study of art history in Japan, and its documentation, have developed since the end of the 19th century, very largely (especially prior to World War II) as a national project dependent on national institutions, development of a kind which, while making considerable achievements possible, has been subject to certain limitations and which has failed to produce co-operative networks involving museums and art libraries which now exist in greater variety. In particular, some categories of material tend not to be acquired by either museums or libraries. These are problems which must be resolved if art history scholarship is to continue to flourish in Japan, and if Japan is to contribute as fully as it might to scholarship worldwide.A paper presented to the Art Libraries Round Table at the IFLA General Conference, Manila, 1980.

scholarly journals Population Trends on the Territory of the Czech Republic

Geografie ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Pavlík
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Czech Lands ◽  
The 19Th Century

The process of demographic revolution had specific features on the territory of the Czech Republic. It started in the first half of the 19th century and ended between Two World Wars. The course of this process corresponded with the geographical position of Czech Lands in Europe. The demographic situation after the World War II was affected unfavourably by the political appurtenance of former Czechoslovakia to the Soviet block, especially in the field of mortality.

The Role of World War II and the European Theater of Operations in the Development of Anesthesiology as a Physician Specialty in the USA

2001 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 907-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Waisel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Physician Specialty ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The 19Th Century

World War II was a time of growth and development of anesthesia as a physician specialty. Wartime training exposed neophyte physician-anesthetists to role models who showed the potential of anesthesiology and to the richness of practicing anesthesia. Wartime anesthesia required dexterity, imagination, and pluck, and surgeons and other physicians were suitably impressed. Drawing historical conclusions about cause and effect is hazardous. Recognized and unrecognized biases, preconceived notions, and the quality and type of resources available affect writers. With this in mind, consider how the effects of World War II on the growth of physician anesthesia loosely parallel the growth of anesthesia in Great Britain during the 19th century. Anesthesia became a medical profession in Great Britain because of the interest and support of physicians and the complexity of administering chloroform anesthesia. Similarly, World War II physician-anesthetists showed they could provide complex anesthesia care, such as pentothal administration, regional anesthesia, and tracheal intubation, with aplomb and gained the support of surgical colleagues who facilitated their growth within a medical profession. They returned to a medium ready to support their growth and helped to establish the medical profession of anesthesiology in the United States.

The shadow of fascism over the Italian Republic

Human Affairs ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Amyot
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Silvio Berlusconi

AbstractThe Italian Republic was created at the close of World War II by the political forces that had taken part in the Resistance, with an explicitly anti-fascist ideological foundation. However, the official commitment to anti-fascism and democracy was belied by the continuing role of neo-fascist parties and organizations in the political system. This role was firstly as a potential alternative source of support for the ruling Christian Democrats, and secondly as the key element of a hidden network ready to use violent and undemocratic means to condition the normal political process. This network moved into action at the height of the “strategy of tension” (1969–80). Analysis of this period leads us to reassess the nature of postwar Italian democracy. In the “Second Republic” (post-1994) Silvio Berlusconi has promoted a revisionist approach to Fascism and the Resistance as part of his own strategy to maintain himself in power, while also espousing a plebiscitarian conception of democracy that presents certain analogies with the methods and style of the Fascist regime.

In Search of Catharsis. Theatre in Serbia in the 1990s

Südosteuropa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Šentevska
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Present State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Crisis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Chief Interest

Abstract This paper discusses various points about the response of the Serbian theatre to the social crisis of the 1990s. The focus here is on publicly-funded theatres and their role in pacifying or mobilizing theatre audiences either to participate in or revolt against the political projects which accompanied the dissolution of Yugoslavia. The Serbian theatre system in the 1990s entered a clear process of transformation of its models of management, production, financing, public relations and, naturally, the language and forms of expression inherited from the socialist 1980s. The chief interest of this study is the transformation of the theatre system since the end of World War II, theatrical interpretations of the historical and literary past in Serbia, the role of theatre in the identity ‘makeovers’ that followed the demise of Yugoslavia, and stage interpretations of contemporary crises. Consideration is also given to the present state of the theatre in Serbia.

scholarly journals What Was the Impact of Zionism on Displaced Jewish Refugees in Germany in the Aftermath of the Second World War?

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Francesco Bruno
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

This paper explores the birth of the state of Israel with particular emphasis on the role of the Zionist ideology. Zionism as an ideology can be seen not only as a singular ideological view, but as a confluence of multiple ideas that trace back to the 19th century and even earlier to the diaspora of the Jewish people. The final product of the Zionist idea is the state of Israel. Great emphasis in this paper Is given to the role of Zionism after the end of World War II, which saw the mass murder of over 6 million Jewish. Zionism posed the dilemma to the Jewish people in the following terms: the creation of a state where Jewish people could have been represented as the majority with their own rules and legislation and the complete assimilation within other countries. In other words, Zionism aimed to give the Jewish people a nationalistic identity and remains a strong factor that influenced the Jewish people within the DP camps in the aftermath of the Second World conflict. The paper begins with the analysis of Zionism as an ideology from the 19th century onward and the conditions of the Jewish people in the aftermath of World War II. These two points are then analysed to demonstrate two main points. The first is the resiliency and adaptability of the Zionist ideology as the only way forward for the Jewish people and second, the status of the Jewish people as “victims” and this idea gave them the freedom to approach the creation of a new society with a general “benevolence” from the international community.

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