Anthropological Methods for Malaria Interventions

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenore Manderson ◽  
Irene Agyepong ◽  
Bertha Aryee ◽  
Helen Dzikunu
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Environmental Interventions ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Malaria Interventions

Anthropological interest in health and illness has taken on a far stronger applied edge in the past two decades, as anthropologists have gained employment in government ministries of health and with disease control programs, joined nongovernment organizations involved in the delivery of health care and community development, and accepted government consultancies with clear, practical outcomes in mind. In the field of disease control, one aim has been to determine areas for behavioral and other social, biological, and environmental interventions which minimize risk of infection. A second aim has been to identify means of implementation, maintenance, and evaluation of interventions that are both cost effective and sustainable in the long term. Such interventions typically involve the community.

Biologics registries

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Isenberg ◽  
Angela Zink
Keyword(s):  
Life Experience ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Side Effect Profile ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Biologic Drugs ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
The Past

Double-blind controlled trials undertaken over the past two decades have established the short-term effectiveness and side-effect profile of biologic drugs for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. However, the development of biologics registers to capture 'real-life experience' and explore long-term effectiveness and complications is equally important. In this chapter, we demonstrate how these registers have identified long-term joint benefits, a reduction in cardiovascular mortality, reassurance concerning fears about cancer development, and a balanced view of the risk of infection.

Assessing Change in Biogenic Structures is Essential for Understanding Long-Term Community Development

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 166-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Byers ◽  
Molly F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
The Past ◽  
Patterns Of Distribution ◽  
Biogenic Structures ◽  
Community Evolution ◽  
Combine Information

In the fossil record of the Paleozoic, epifauna are typically shelly, whereas infauna are typically soft-bodied; the two groups have tended to be studied in isolation from one another, and commonly by different specialists. We believe that the understanding of patterns of distribution and evolution of epifauna cannot proceed in the absence of data on infauna. Over the past decade, several workers have attempted to combine information about the two groups into models of community evolution.

scholarly journals Inappropriate inhaler use: assessment of use and patient preference of seven inhalation devices

2005 ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
J. Lenney ◽  
J. A. Innes ◽  
G. K. Crompton
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Patient Preference ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Dose Inhaler ◽  
Inhaler Technique ◽  
Metered Dose ◽  
Good Technique ◽  
Inhaler Devices

Inefficient inhaler technique is a common problem resulting in decreased disease control and increased inhaler use. The aim of this study was to assess patients' use of different inhaler devices and to ascertain whether patient preference is indicative of ease of use and whether current inhaler use has any influence on either technique or preference. We also wished to define the most appropriate method of selecting an inhaler for a patient, taking into account observed technique and device cost. One hundred patients received instruction, in randomized order, in the use of seven different inhaler devices. After instruction they were graded (using predetermined criteria) in their inhaler technique. After assessment patients were asked which three inhalers they most preferred and which, if any, they currently used. Technique was best using the breath-actuated inhalers; the Easi-Breathe and Autohaler, with 91 % seen to have good technique. The pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) fared poorly, in last position with only 79 % of patients showing good technique, despite being the most commonly prescribed. The Easi-Breathe was by far the most popular device with the patients. The Autohaler came in second position closely followed by the Clickhaler and Accuhaler. The majority of patients (55 %) currently used the pMDI but the pMDI did not score highly for preference or achieve better grades than the other devices. Only 79 % of patients tested could use the pMDI effectively even after expert instruction yet it continues to be commonly prescribed. This has important repercussions for drug delivery and hence disease control. Prescribing a patient's preferred device increases cost but can improve efficiency and therefore be cost effective in the long term. Using an inexpensive device (pMDI) when technique is good and the patient's preferred inhaler device when not is one way to optimize delivery and may even reduce cost.

Promoting Community and Economic Development

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Green
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Community Development ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Community Schools ◽  
South Bronx ◽  
The Past ◽  
Outcomes For Children ◽  
Washington Heights

The previous five chapters describe major program components of Children’s Aid Society (CAS) community schools, all designed to contribute to the learning and healthy development of individual children and their families. This chapter describes a different kind of programmatic focus—one that moves beyond individual child and family well-being to influence the health and welfare of the entire community. The central questions to be addressed in this chapter are: How do community schools contribute to community and economic development? How is the community schools strategy both intentional and responsive in making these broader kinds of contributions? How has CAS’s community and economic development work evolved over the past decade in response to changing needs and opportunities? According to John P. Kretzmann, a leading scholar and advocate of community development, schools are ideal partners for community development because they have tremendous assets. They have facilities for meetings and neighborhood celebrations and space for incubating small businesses; they have materials and equipment, purchasing power, the ability to raise funds, employment power, learning opportunities, skilled staff, energetic young people with ideas, and the capacity to attract adult involvement. This analysis is consistent with CAS’s original vision about the potential of community schools to achieve broader outcomes and also consistent with our experience over the past decade in implementing a wide variety of community and economic development strategies, first in the Washington Heights area and more recently in the South Bronx. The central idea of contributing to community and economic development in specific neighborhoods requires a long-term vision and commitment. Just as the early Progressive Era reformers understood the importance of “settling” into neighborhoods to achieve maximum impact, CAS’s leadership perceived the value of committing the organization’s resources to specific neighborhoods over a long term. In another similarity to the Progressive Era, CAS understood the importance of working on several levels or dimensions of activity at the same time. It is true that the original vision of community schools focused on improving outcomes for children and youth by addressing non-academic needs in the context of schools, families, and communities.

Biologics registries

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Isenberg ◽  
Angela Zink
Keyword(s):  
Life Experience ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Side Effect Profile ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Biologic Drugs ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
The Past

Double-blind controlled trials undertaken over the past two decades have established the short-term effectiveness and side-effect profile of biologic drugs for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. However, the development of biologics registers to capture ’real-life experience’ and explore long-term effectiveness and complications is equally important. In this chapter, we demonstrate how these registers have identified long-term joint benefits, a reduction in cardiovascular mortality, reassurance concerning fears about cancer development, and a balanced view of the risk of infection.

Physical and Psychological Benefits of Written Emotional Expression

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Kállay
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Expressive Writing ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract. The last several decades have witnessed a substantial increase in the number of individuals suffering from both diagnosable and subsyndromal mental health problems. Consequently, the development of cost-effective treatment methods, accessible to large populations suffering from different forms of mental health problems, became imperative. A very promising intervention is the method of expressive writing (EW), which may be used in both clinically diagnosable cases and subthreshold symptomatology. This method, in which people express their feelings and thoughts related to stressful situations in writing, has been found to improve participants’ long-term psychological, physiological, behavioral, and social functioning. Based on a thorough analysis and synthesis of the published literature (also including most recent meta-analyses), the present paper presents the expressive writing method, its short- and long-term, intra-and interpersonal effects, different situations and conditions in which it has been proven to be effective, the most important mechanisms implied in the process of recovery, advantages, disadvantages, and possible pitfalls of the method, as well as variants of the original technique and future research directions.

Antithrombotic Therapy for DVT/PE

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 161-162
Author(s):  
Thomas Hyers
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Long Term Therapy

SummaryProblems with unfractionated heparin as an antithrombotic have led to the development of new therapeutic agents. Of these, low molecular weight heparin shows great promise and has led to out-patient therapy of DVT/PE in selected patients. Oral anticoagulants remain the choice for long-term therapy. More cost-effective ways to give oral anticoagulants are needed.

Regulatory and sustainability initiatives lead to improved polyaminopolyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet-strength resins and paper products

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 519-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Crisp ◽  
Richard Riehle
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consumer Safety ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Sustainability Initiatives ◽  
The Impact

Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins are the predominant commercial products used to manufacture wet-strengthened paper products for grades requiring wet-strength permanence. Since their development in the late 1950s, the first generation (G1) resins have proven to be one of the most cost-effective technologies available to provide wet strength to paper. Throughout the past three decades, regulatory directives and sustainability initiatives from various organizations have driven the development of cleaner and safer PAE resins and paper products. Early efforts in this area focused on improving worker safety and reducing the impact of PAE resins on the environment. These efforts led to the development of resins containing significantly reduced levels of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), potentially carcinogenic byproducts formed during the manufacturing process of PAE resins. As the levels of these byproducts decreased, the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) profile of PAE resins and paper products improved. Recent initiatives from major retailers are focusing on product ingredient transparency and quality, thus encouraging the development of safer product formulations while maintaining performance. PAE resin research over the past 20 years has been directed toward regulatory requirements to improve consumer safety and minimize exposure to potentially carcinogenic materials found in various paper products. One of the best known regulatory requirements is the recommendations of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), which defines the levels of 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD that can be extracted by water from various food contact grades of paper. These criteria led to the development of third generation (G3) products that contain very low levels of 1,3-DCP (typically <10 parts per million in the as-received/delivered resin). This paper outlines the PAE resin chemical contributors to adsorbable organic halogens and 3-MCPD in paper and provides recommendations for the use of each PAE resin product generation (G1, G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3).

Strategic planning in grassland farming: Principles andapplications

1997 ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
W.J. Parker ◽  
N.M. Shadbolt ◽  
D.I. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Farm Business ◽  
Pastoral Farming ◽  
Financial Environment

Three levels of planning can be distinguished in grassland farming: strategic, tactical and operational. The purpose of strategic planning is to achieve a sustainable long-term fit of the farm business with its physical, social and financial environment. In pastoral farming, this essentially means developing plans that maximise and best match pasture growth with animal demand, while generating sufficient income to maintain or enhance farm resources and improvements, and attain personal and financial goals. Strategic plans relate to the whole farm business and are focused on the means to achieve future needs. They should be routinely (at least annually) reviewed and monitored for effectiveness through key performance indicators (e.g., Economic Farm Surplus) that enable progress toward goals to be measured in a timely and cost-effective manner. Failure to link strategy with control is likely to result in unfulfilled plans. Keywords: management, performance

Enabling Community Well-being Self-Monitoring in the Context of Mining: The Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Klinck ◽  
Ben Bradshaw ◽  
Ruby Sandy ◽  
Silas Nabinacaboo ◽  
Mannie Mameanskum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Aboriginal Community ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Community Engaged Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mineral Development ◽  
Iron Deposits ◽  
Term Monitoring

The Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach is an Aboriginal community located in northern Quebec near the Labrador Border. Given the region’s rich iron deposits, the Naskapi Nation has considerable experience with major mineral development, first in the 1950s to the 1980s, and again in the past decade as companies implement plans for further extraction. This has raised concerns regarding a range of environmental and socio-economic impacts that may be caused by renewed development. These concerns have led to an interest among the Naskapi to develop a means to track community well-being over time using indicators of their own design. Exemplifying community-engaged research, this paper describes the beginning development of such a tool in fall 2012—the creation of a baseline of community well-being against which mining-induced change can be identified. Its development owes much to the remarkable and sustained contribution of many key members of the Naskapi Nation. If on-going surveying is completed based on the chosen indicators, the Nation will be better positioned to recognize shifts in its well-being and to communicate these shifts to its partners. In addition, long-term monitoring will allow the Naskapi Nation to contribute to more universal understanding of the impacts of mining for Indigenous peoples.

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