Cognitive Skill and Economic Inequality: Findings from the National Adult Literacy Survey

1998 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Raudenbush ◽  
Rafa Kasim
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Adult Literacy ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Literacy Survey ◽  
And Gender ◽  
National Adult Literacy Survey

Few would deny that the civil rights and women's movements have substantially changed U.S. society. Yet ethnic and gender inequality in employment and earnings remain large. Even when comparisons are confined to persons of similar educational attainment, African Americans and Hispanic Americans earn less than European Americans, women earn less than men, and African Americans suffer a substantially elevated risk of unemployment. One prominent explanation for ethnic differences in earnings and employment is that, holding constant access to schooling, differences in economic outcomes reflect differences in cognitive skills that have become decisive in the modern labor market. A prominent explanation for the gender gap emphasizes gender differences in occupational preference, with women choosing occupations that are lower paying. Based on an intensive analysis of data from the U.S. National Adult Literacy Survey, the authors find that these two explanations are only partly successful in illuminating ethnic and gender inequality in employment and earnings. Alternative explanations emphasizing labor market discrimination and residential segregation cannot be ignored. In this article, Stephen Raudenbush and Rafa Kasim consider the implications of this new evidence for current debates about affirmative action and educational reform.

scholarly journals Closing the Gender Gap

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-363
Author(s):  
Dale J. Cohen ◽  
Sheida White ◽  
Steffaney B. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Adult Literacy ◽  
National Assessment ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Literacy Gap ◽  
Current State ◽  
Literacy Survey ◽  
National Adult Literacy Survey

This study analyzed the current state of the gender literacy gap and the change in the gender literacy gap between 1992 and 2003, using the 1992 National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) and the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL). The results revealed that although there were significant gender literacy gaps in 1992, virtually all male-paramount literacy gaps (males obtaining higher scores than females) disappeared in the 2003 survey. Much of this gain can be ascribed to more women participating in higher education. Variations in literacy gap changes by race (Black and White) and educational attainment were also investigated.

scholarly journals Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Kleven ◽  
Camille Landais ◽  
Jakob Egholt Søgaard
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Childhood Environment ◽  
Long Run ◽  
And Gender

Using Danish administrative data, we study the impacts of children on gender inequality in the labor market. The arrival of children creates a long-run gender gap in earnings of around 20 percent driven by hours worked, participation, and wage rates. We identify mechanisms driving these “child penalties” in terms of occupation, sector, and firm choices. We find that the fraction of gender inequality caused by child penalties has featured a dramatic increase over the last three to four decades. Finally, we show that child penalties are transmitted through generations, from parents to daughters, suggesting an influence of childhood environment on gender identity. (JEL D63, J13, J16, J22, J31, J71)

African Americans and the Crisis of Modernity

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Eric S. King
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Black People ◽  
Black Family ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Crisis Of Modernity

This article examines Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun by exploring the conflict between a traditionally Southern, Afro-Christian, communitarian worldview and certain more destabilizing elements of the worldview of modernity. In addition to examining the socio-economic problems confronted by some African Americans in the play, this article investigates the worldviews by which these Black people frame their problems as well as the dynamics within the relationships of a Black family that lives at the intersection of racial, class, and gender inequality in Chicago during the latter 1950s.

scholarly journals Institutional determinants of regional diversity of labor market in Poland

Equilibrium ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Beata Woźniak-Jęchorek
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Regional Diversity ◽  
Institutional Determinants ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

The article focuses on regional diversity of the Polish Labor Market from institutional perspective. The Polish Labor Market is geographically diverse in terms of unemployment and employment rates, and also in terms of economic development. At the end of 2013 the difference between the lowest and the highest unemployment rate in the Polish regions was 12.1% (Wielkopolska located in the West Poland has unemployment rate of 9.6% and Warmia - Mazury in the East has unemployment of 21.7%). The question arises whether this difference comes from the structural or institutional sources. The paper describe the character of Polish Labor Market, whereas in the second part, it traces the impact of institutional variables such as real wage, Kaitz index and Gender gap on the regional unemployment rate in 2002–2012 in Poland.

Rethinking Double Jeopardy: Differences in the Gender Disadvantage between Organizational Insiders and Outsiders in Korea

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1082-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Mi Kim
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Structural Condition ◽  
Secondary Market ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Segmented Labor Market

This study examines the distinctive patterns of gender inequality in the primary and secondary labor markets in Korea. Previous studies that analyzed multiple disadvantages in the labor market tended to focus on comparing the gender wage gap between groups. By failing to distinguish the gender gap from discrimination, these studies often underestimate the severe within-job discrimination that women in minority positions experience. Using the wage gap decomposition method, this study analyzes the gender wage gap according to separate labor market positions. The results indicate that the size of the gender wage gap is greater in the primary labor market than in the secondary market, but that a sizable amount of the gap in the primary market can be explained by demographic differences between male and female workers. In the secondary labor market, the gender wage gap is relatively small, but mostly caused by within-job wage discrimination against women. The divergent pattern of gender inequality—large gap-small discrimination among organizational insiders and small gap-large discrimination between organizational outsiders—shows how the segmented labor market provides a structural condition to create the complexity of gender inequality, in which women experience different forms of disadvantage depending on their positions in the labor market.

scholarly journals Gender inequality and national gender gaps in overconfidence

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249459
Author(s):  
Hayk Amirkhanyan ◽  
Michał Wiktor Krawczyk ◽  
Maciej Wilamowski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Weak Relationship ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific

Using a large dataset of marathon runners, we estimate country- and gender-specific proxies for overconfidence. Subsequently, we correlate them with a number of indices, including various measures of gender equality. We find that in less gender-equal countries both males and females tend to be more self-confident than in more equal countries. While a substantial gender gap in overconfidence is observed, it only correlates with some sub-indices of gender equality. We conclude that there is likely a weak relationship between OC gender gap and gender inequality.

Hidden gender dimensions of the brain drain: the case of Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 33-59
Author(s):  
Adem Yavuz Elveren ◽  
Gülay Toksöz
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Duration Of Stay ◽  
Return Intentions ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Push Factor ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThis study examines the gender dimension of the brain drain in Turkey, drawing on the results of an online survey to argue that the gender inequality present in sending countries can serve as a push factor in women's decisions to migrate and return or not return. The results indicate that the gender gap in the labor market in Turkey is an important factor in shaping the return intentions of female Turkish professionals and students living abroad. The findings reveal a gender gap in return intentions independent of other main factors, such as age, field of study/occupation, or duration of stay.

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