Hodges a. Berger X-ray therapy of some infectious skin diseases (J sm. M. Ass. V. 107, No. 19, 7 / XI, 1936)

1937 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 642-644
Author(s):  
V. Dembskaya

The authors divided infectious diseases to be treated with X-rays into two groups, guided not by the etiological moment, but by their sensitivity and receptivity in relation to radiant energy. From this point of view, the first group included: early localized forms of erysipelas in adults, boils, granulomas, infected hemangiomas, a certain type of cellulitis and lymphangitis, Mikulich's disease, parotitis and rhinophyma. The second: carbuncles, blastomycosis and sporotrichosis.

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 941-946
Author(s):  
M. I. Goldstein

Of the skin diseases amenable to the action of X-rays, malignant neoplasms deserve special attention. The powerful radiant energy of X-rays often brings a complete cure even in those severe, far advanced, non-operable cases where all other treatment methods are powerless. Some favorable reports of this kind date back to the beginning of the X-ray era, when the technique of irradiation was far from being perfect. Since then, the literature on the subject has grown considerably. Nevertheless, we still think it is worthwhile to share the results of our observations, because until very recently, there is far from being a unified, established view both on the biological effect of x-rays and on the method of their application.


2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (S329) ◽  
pp. 369-372
Author(s):  
C. L. Fletcher ◽  
V. Petit ◽  
Y. Nazé ◽  
G. A. Wade ◽  
R. H. Townsend ◽  
...  

AbstractRecent spectropolarimetric surveys of bright, hot stars have found that ~10% of OB-type stars contain strong (mostly dipolar) surface magnetic fields (~kG). The prominent paradigm describing the interaction between the stellar winds and the surface magnetic field is the magnetically confined wind shock (MCWS) model. In this model, the stellar wind plasma is forced to move along the closed field loops of the magnetic field, colliding at the magnetic equator, and creating a shock. As the shocked material cools radiatively it will emit X-rays. Therefore, X-ray spectroscopy is a key tool in detecting and characterizing the hot wind material confined by the magnetic fields of these stars. Some B-type stars are found to have very short rotational periods. The effects of the rapid rotation on the X-ray production within the magnetosphere have yet to be explored in detail. The added centrifugal force due to rapid rotation is predicted to cause faster wind outflows along the field lines, leading to higher shock temperatures and harder X-rays. However, this is not observed in all rapidly rotating magnetic B-type stars. In order to address this from a theoretical point of view, we use the X-ray Analytical Dynamical Magnetosphere (XADM) model, originally developed for slow rotators, with an implementation of new rapid rotational physics. Using X-ray spectroscopy from ESA’s XMM-Newton space telescope, we observed 5 rapidly rotating B-types stars to add to the previous list of observations. Comparing the observed X-ray luminosity and hardness ratio to that predicted by the XADM allows us to determine the role the added centrifugal force plays in the magnetospheric X-ray emission of these stars.


Author(s):  
Marco Aurélio Clemente Gonçalves ◽  
Mariele Regina Pinheiro Gonçalves ◽  
Pablo Eduardo Ortiz

The discovery of x-rays, one of the most beautiful experiments ever carried out, generates numerous controversies and these, in turn, can trigger a series of counterproductive information regarding not only the History of Science but also the teaching  activity. The aim of this article is to resolve these controversies concerning what ocurred and highlight the important role of the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, highlighting not only his genius but, especially in this case in particular, his condition of second-order observer. It is not uncommon to find information in various media refering to this discovery under the claim that it was the result of a fortuitous event, and this denotes a profound lack of knowledge about the facts or a disrespect for the renowned discoverer. Such allegations about the event depreciate the extraordinary discovery that impacts humanity, from the deed  to the present. Thus, through a brief historical reconstruction, it was tried to present here what had happened judiciously. With this respect, the brilliant scientist is given the status of a second-rate observer, from the philosophical point of view. This condition resonates with the diachronic aspect of the History of Science, according to the perspective presented here, and it is also supported by the time taken by the discoverer from the beginning of his research until the end of it. Keywords: X-Ray. Second-Order Observer. History of Science. ResumoO descobrimento dos raios-x, um dos mais belos experimentos já realizados, gera inúmeras controvérsias e essas, por sua vez, podem desencadear uma série de informações contraproducentes no tangente não só a História da Ciência como também à atividade de ensino. O presente artigo tem como objetivo dirimir tais polêmicas com respeito ao ocorrido e destacar o importante papel do físico alemão Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, destacando não só sua genialidade, mas sobretudo, neste caso em particular, a sua condição de observador de segunda ordem. Não é raro encontrar em diversos meios de comunicação informações com respeito a referida descoberta sob a alegação de que a mesma fora fruto de um caso fortuito e isso denota profundo desconhecimento sobre os fatos, ou então, desrespeito com o renomado descobridor. Tais alegações sobre o sucedido depreciam a descoberta extraordinária que impacta a humanidade, desde o feito até a atualidade. Assim, através de breve reconstrução histórica, buscou-se aqui apresentar o ocorrido criteriosamente. Com este respeito passa-se a atribuir ao brilhante cientista a condição de observador de segunda ordem, do ponto de vista filosófico. Tal condição encontra ressonância no aspecto diacrônico da História da Ciência, segundo a perspectiva aqui apresentada e está amparada, também, pelo tempo empreendido pelo descobridor desde o início de sua pesquisa até a finalização da mesma. Palavras-chave: Raios-x. Observador de Segunda Ordem. História da Ciência.


2019 ◽  
pp. e2020003
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Piccolo

Nowadays, dermoscopy is a global worldwide diffuse diagnostic tool supporting clinicians in their daily hard task of correct orientation among dermatological diseases. Born to be an instrument for early diagnosis of skin cancer, the dermatoscope is now considered the dermatologist’s stethoscope, as it can be routinely used to support diagnosis in general dermatology, so spreading its utility in cutaneous inflammatory and infectious diseases, as adjuvant and not substitute to histology and potassium hydroxide examination. As concerns the latter, plenty of papers have been published since the first description of dermoscopic findings of scabies. The aim of this review is to give the clinician a practical approach to dermoscopic parameters of cutaneous infectious diseases with a focus on the latest updates in this topic.


It is now well established that from the point of view of the theory of X-ray reflection, the majority of crystals can be divided into those which are relatively perfect and those which are relatively imperfect or mosaic. The intensity of reflection of X-rays by the former has been much less extensively studied than by the latter and hitherto no really satisfactory agreement appears to have been found between the observed intensities of reflection from highly perfect crystals such as diamond and the results predicted by the theoretical treatment of the subject. It will be shown in what follows that this lack of agreement is very largely removed when the atomic scattering factor, f , which plays such an important part in the theory of reflection by mosaic crystals, is taken into account for perfect crystals.


2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shara Regina dos Santos Borges ◽  
Patricia Pereira da Silva ◽  
Fernando Santos Araújo ◽  
Flívia Fernandes de Jesus Souza ◽  
Warley Marcos Nascimento

Abstract: The seed physiological potential has been directly related to normal formation process under morphological, structural and functional point of view. The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal morphology of ‘BRS Nagai’ tomato hybrid seeds at different stages of development and maturation, through the X-ray image analysis and relate the results with the seed germination and vigor. Seeds were extracted from fruits harvested at 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days after pollination (DAP). Subsequently, seeds were x-rayed with their images analyzed visually for the embryo morphology classification; also, the measurement of clearance between the embryo and endosperm was performed with the help of the ImageJ software. These results were compared with the seed physiological quality by germination. The correlations involving the analysis of X-ray showed that the seeds have embryos classified as normal tend to have higher vigor and produce normal seedlings. On the other hand, seeds with higher internal free area tend to have low vigor and higher percentage of abnormal seedlings. The image analysis using X-rays is efficient for the study of physiological maturity of tomato seeds. The analysis of X-rays may predict seed performance by means of the embryo morphology, permitting the selection of high quality seeds. Tomato seeds of fruits with up to 40 days after pollination have low morphophysiological quality when compared to seeds extracted from fully mature fruits, from 60 days after pollination.


1970 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
A. P. Willmore

It was proposed that the COS payload should include an experiment to study cosmic γ-rays and one for cosmic X-rays. From a scientific point of view the association of these experiments is clearly valuable, the more so in view of Ogelmann's suggestion that the γ-rays observed by Clark, Garmire and Kranshaar and by Hutchinson represent the high energy extension of the spectra of galactic X-ray sources. It may, however, be argued that the X-ray sources can independently be studied and that, in any case, the most important sources near the galactic plane will be well enough known by the launch date of the COS satellite. This argument may not be valid in view of the observed variability of X-ray sources, but in any case a strong case can be made for the proposed kind of experiment.


Author(s):  
Heinz-Peter Schlemmer

Roentgen’s photographs with the “new kind of rays” triggered a worldwide storm of enthusiasm in all social circles. It was a stroke of luck that the photographic dry plates available to him were also sensitive to invisible X-rays. The discovery, research and utilization of X-rays are based on methods for making them visible, from fluorescent screens to photographic plates and digital X-ray detectors. From this point of view, this paper aims to outline the 125-year success story of X-ray imaging from its discovery to the recent development of photon-counting detectors. The scientific-historical view during the transition from the 19th to the 20th century reveals an impressive period of profound scientific and social upheaval in which revolutionary discoveries and technological developments led to enormous progress in medicine. The cross-fertilization of physics and medicine and their combination with inventiveness, engineering and entrepreneurial spirit created the impressive possibilities of today’s imaging diagnostics. This contribution accompanies the Roentgen Lecture the author gave on November 13, 2020 in Roentgen’s birth house as part of its inauguration and the closing ceremony of the 101st Congress of the German Roentgen Society in Remscheid-Lennep. Key Points: Citation Format


In a paper published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ in 1908, the writer described some experiments on the X-rays emitted by a variety of metals when used as anticathodes in an X-ray bulb. Among the results established was the homogeneity of a large proportion of the X-rays when the bulb was very “soft.” The absorption curves of the several homogeneous radiations revealed their identities with the characteristic “secondary” radiations which Barkla and Sadler had then recently discovered. The experiments described in the present paper are an extension of the above, and were carried out partly at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1908 and partly at the National Physical Laboratory just prior to the war. The writer’s military duties have prevented the continuation of the work, and the results are now put on record in the hope that they may help to further the progress of the subject, to which the more precise method of the crystal-spectrometer has given a great impetus from a different point of view.


Recently, many compounds, having as the basis of their structure a long chain of carbon atoms, have been investigated by means of X-rays. Although the complete solution of the crystal structure of these compounds presents great difficulties, certain measurements, which can readily be made, appear capable of a simple interpretation in terms of the molecular structure. It is found, for example, that there is one plane in the crystal which has a very much larger spacing than any of the others, and the magnitude of this spacing is very simply related to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. In any series, as the molecular chain is increased by the continued addition of CH 2 groups, this spacing increases uniformly. This must mean that the molecules are oriented lengthwise between such planes, so that an increase in the length of the molecule results in a corresponding increase in the spacing. It does not follow that the molecules are so arranged that the direction of their length is perpendicular to these planes ; but, for any one series, the angle which this direction makes with the normal to the plane must remain very nearly constant; in certain series the molecules appear to be very nearly at right angles to the planes. A consideration of the results of many such measurements led to the conclusion that, from an X-ray point of view, the various series may be divided into two groups, ( a ) those in which the planes are separated by the length of a single molecule, ( b ) those in which the spacing corresponds to the length of two molecules. It is possible to predict with considerable certainty to which of these two classes a series will belong. If, at the end of the molecule, there is a group which is chemically active as in the cases of the fatty acids, alcohols, etc., series, it seems reasonable to conclude that, where the double length is found, the two molecules will be arranged end-to-end in opposite directions, the active group of the one molecule being oriented towards the active group of the other.


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