scholarly journals Trichinosis and Nervous System Symptoms

1929 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
M. A. Khazanov
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Electrical Excitability ◽  
Cranial Cavity ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tendon Reflexes

The works of Zenker'a, Virchow'a, Stubli, Munk, Thager, Brown and others have adequately described the symptomatology, etiology, pathology and hemogram of trichinosis in humans. Comparatively, little attention was paid only to the phenomena of damage to the nervous system. Most of the authors are inclined to attribute a number of symptoms, such as the absence of tendon reflexes, electrical excitability disorder, Kernig's symptom, etc., due to exceptional muscle damage. Even severe cases of trichinosis with cerebral phenomena are interpreted by many authors (Trounner, Flurу, Nonne and Noerfner, etc.) as phenomena of a secondary order caused by the influence of toxic products. Meanwhile, the latest research by Gamrer and Gruber proved the presence of juvenile Trichinella in the meninges. In the cranial cavity under the dura mater they found copious amounts of fluid in which numerous juvenile Trichinella were found; they were also found in the pia mater and brain tissue. These data show that the nervous system is directly exposed to the invasion of Trichinella and a number of clinical phenomena are due exclusively to the damage to the nervous system. Already Stubli, in his classic monograph on trichinosis, cites 2 cases in which meningeal phenomena prevailed at the onset of the disease, and which, in his opinion, were caused by "acute cerebral edema or hydrocephalus". His in some of his cases of trichinosis observed clonus of the foot and Babinsky's symptom. Matthes believes that the excruciating headaches, paresthesia and neuralgia of trichinosis depend on the damage to the nervous system. Decastello notes that the absence of tendon reflexes is due to a violation of the motor pathways of the nerve, system. The opinion of these authors is confirmed by the data of pathological and anatomical studies. Knorr found small meningo-encephalitic foci during the autopsy of one case of trichinosis, although the patient had no meningitis during her lifetime. Gamper and Gruber also found numerous degenerative and proliferative foci in the brain and membranes in one patient who died of trichinosis.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

Experiments on the ‘Overgrowth’ Phenomenon in the Brain of Chick Embryos

Development ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-127
Author(s):  
Harry Bergquist
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Cranial Cavity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rostral Part ◽  
Exact Term

Patten (1952) described ‘a curious distortion of the central nervous system’ in human embryos measuring 5, 7, 12·5, 20, and 30 mm. in length, as well as in some pig embryos. The malformation was called ‘overgrowth of the neural tube’. Instead of the indecisive word ‘overgrowth’ the present writer suggests the more exact term ‘hypermorphosis’ should be used for this malformation. Patten described it in the following way: ‘the neural tube epithelium had started to grow wildly so that it became folded, and refolded on itself, as if it was crowded into a cranial space fairly normal in size and shape’. The phenomenon was most distinctly developed in the rostral part of the neural tube. In some cases the cranial cavity was expanded by the process, giving rise to a high-crowned skull. In other cases an encephalocoel was formed. In later papers (1953, 1957) Patten discussed this phenomenon further.

Consequences of Anoxia and Ischemia to the Brain

2019 ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Fugate
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
Neurologic Manifestations ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Electrolyte Disturbances ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Systemic illness can have an abrupt and sometimes profound effect on the central nervous system. Organ failure and acute electrolyte disturbances may cause neurologic manifestations that are often accompanied by a decline in consciousness. Secondary injury is characterized by demyelination, cerebral edema, and anoxic-ischemic brain injury.

scholarly journals Connectomes across development reveal principles of brain maturation in C. elegans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Witvliet ◽  
Ben Mulcahy ◽  
James K. Mitchell ◽  
Yaron Meirovitch ◽  
Daniel R. Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Wiring Diagram ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Section Electron ◽  
Synaptic Changes ◽  
Serial Section Electron Microscopy ◽  
Synaptic Change ◽  
The Brain

AbstractFrom birth to adulthood, an animal’s nervous system changes as its body grows and its behaviours mature. However, the extent of circuit remodelling across the connectome is poorly understood. Here, we used serial-section electron microscopy to reconstruct the brain of eight isogenic C. elegans individuals at different ages to learn how an entire wiring diagram changes with maturation. We found that the overall geometry of the nervous system is preserved from birth to adulthood, establishing a constant scaffold upon which synaptic change is built. We observed substantial connectivity differences among individuals that make each brain partly unique. We also observed developmental connectivity changes that are consistent between animals but different among neurons, altering the strengths of existing connections and creating additional connections. Collective synaptic changes alter information processing of the brain. Across maturation, the decision-making circuitry is maintained whereas sensory and motor pathways are substantially remodelled, and the brain becomes progressively more modular and feedforward. These synaptic changes reveal principles that underlie brain maturation.

The Morbid Changes in the Cerebro-Spinal Nervous System of the Aged Insane

1894 ◽  
Vol 40 (171) ◽  
pp. 638-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred W. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Arachnoid Membrane ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Great Excess ◽  
The Right ◽  
Pial Vessel ◽  
The Brain

Of recent years a considerable amount of study has been devoted to the nerve changes which are to be found in sane patients dying during the senile epoch, but comparatively little has been written concerning the alterations which occur in the nervous system of aged insane individuals. The object of this communication is to attempt from the pathologist's standpoint to elucidate some of these characteristic senile phenomena. I propose to briefly describe the morbid changes, both macroscopical and microscopical, which in my experience occur in aged insane persons, and to conclude by offering some remarks on the pathology of certain of these phenomena which I have particularly investigated. Before proceeding further, I would mention that the entire material for my observations has been afforded by the Lancashire County Asylum, Rainhill, and to Dr. Wiglesworth, the Medical Superintendent of that institution, I am indebted for permission to make use of that material and the asylum records in the compilation of this paper. My investigations have extended over a period of 18 months, and comprise the partial examination of the nervous system of all patients over 60 years of age who have died since my appointment as pathologist to the asylum. Of such cases θere have been 22 males and females their average age bone a matter of difficulty. In cases where no adhesion exists and the calvarium is readily removed, a slackness and dimpling of the dura mater—particularly of the frontal area—is generally seen, and proclaims an atrophy of the enclosed parts. The subdural hæmatoma or so-called pachymeningitis interna hæmorrhagica, so frequently met with in general paralysis of the insane, is not uncommon in senile insanity. Of 54 cases of that affection observed by Dr. Wiglesworth1 in this asylum, 12 occurred in patients over 60 years of age, while in a series of subdural hæmatomata collected by Sir J. Crichton-Browne and Dr. Bevan Lewis2 at the Wakefield Asylum, nine per cent, occurred in cases of “pure senile atrophy” of the brain, and 26·5 per cent. in cases of “chronic disorganization of the brain” (which, I take it, includes many senile cases); and, lastly, of the 50 cases of senility which I have examined, four presented this condition. The subdural fluid is invariably increased in quantity. The arachnoid membrane, particularly that covering the sulci and meningeal veins, is generally opaque, and the pacchionian bodies hypertrophied. A subarachnoid hæmorrhage I have only seen in one case, viz., in a demented female, æt. 78, who a few days before death suddenly became partially paralyzed in the extremities of the right side. At the autopsy an extremely wasted brain with a great excess of cerebro-spinal fluid was found, and lying in a hugely dilated subarachnoid space, situated at the point of junction of the horizontal limb of the intra-parietal sulcus with the post-central sulcus on the surface of the left hemisphere, was about 1½ ounces of dark, clotted blood and sanious serum. This was obviously pressing upon subjacent parts of the ascending parietal, superior parietal, and supramarginal convolutions—hence the paresis. The source of the hæmorrhage was not discovered, but that it issued from a ruptured, small pial vessel was doubtless. Further, that the hæmorrhage had actually occurred into the subarachnoid space was undeniable, as the stretched arachnoid membrane was clearly distinguishable confining it, and on the surface of the underlying cortex, which, by the way, was not lacerated, the delicate pia mater could be plainly traced. in fact, can often be detached in one sheet, but it does happen in some cases, especially if the brain be somewhat decomposed, that its removal is accompanied by a decortication exactly similar to that which is described as characteristic of general paralysis. In all the senile brains which I have examined there has been more or less atrophy and decrease in weight, and in some cases it has reached an extreme degree, leaving thin convolutions, and wide, shallow, gaping sulci. The frontal segment invariably suffers most, and the cerebellum and the mesencephalon participate in the wasting. The following table shows the average weight of the various parts of the brain in the cases I have examined:—

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Ultrastructural morphology of neurosecretory neurons in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Grazia Tagliafierro ◽  
Cristiana Crosa ◽  
Marco Canepa ◽  
Tiziano Zanin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Balanus Amphitrite ◽  
Neurosecretory Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Dense Core Granules ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ocellar Nerve

Barnacles are very specialized Crustacea, with strongly reduced head and abdomen. Their nervous system is rather simple: the brain or supra-oesophageal ganglion (SG) is a small bilobed structure and the toracic ganglia are fused into a single ventral mass, the suboesophageal ganglion (VG). Neurosecretion was shown in barnacle nervous system by histochemical methods and numerous putative hormonal substances were extracted and tested. Recently six different types of dense-core granules were visualized in the median ocellar nerve of Balanus hameri and serotonin and FMRF-amide like substances were immunocytochemically detected in the nervous system of Balanus amphitrite. The aim of the present work is to localize and characterize at ultrastructural level, neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in the VG of Balanus amphitrite.Specimens of Balanus amphitrite were collected in the port of Genova. The central nervous system were Karnovsky fixed, osmium postfixed, ethanol dehydrated and Durcupan ACM embedded. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Ultrastructural observations were made on a Philips M 202 and Zeiss 109 T electron microscopy.

Complex Trauma and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Clinical Implications

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvette D. Hyter
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Complex Trauma ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Complex trauma resulting from chronic maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure can significantly affect child development and academic outcomes. Children with histories of maltreatment and those with prenatal alcohol exposure exhibit remarkably similar central nervous system impairments. In this article, I will review the effects of each on the brain and discuss clinical implications for these populations of children.

TONIC ACTIVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL CONTROL OF THE POSTURAL MUSCLE

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 58-72
Author(s):  
B.S. Shenkman ◽  
◽  
T.M. Mirzoev ◽  
I.B. Kozlovskaya ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Postural Muscle ◽  
Continuous Work ◽  
Tonic System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Almost Continuous ◽  
Fundamental Conclusion ◽  
Sensory Mechanisms

The review is an attempt to describe and give a meaning to the accumulated data about the mechanisms controlling the structure and functionality of the postural muscle the almost continuous work of which makes it possible for the humans and animals to exist actively on Earth's surface. A great bulk of these data was obtained, described and systematized by professor I.B. Kozlovskaya and her pupils. A body of the most interesting facts and regularities was documented in other laboratories and research centers, quite often under the influence of ideas suggested by I.B. Kozlovskaya. The concept of the tonic system, that is, an integral physiological apparatus comprising not only slow and fast muscular fibers and small controlling motoneurons but also a complex of the brain (up to and including the striatum and motor cortex) and sensory mechanisms, constitutes the most important parts of her theoretical legacy. The fundamental conclusion of this review is that the gravity-dependent tonic contracting activity of the postural muscle controlled by the nervous system and afferent mechanisms is key to maintaining its structure, signal pathways and mechanic properties crucial for its constant anti-gravity activity.

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