scholarly journals Somatic disorders in autism as one of the factors of behavioral and social interaction disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-694
Author(s):  
D V Ivanova ◽  
I I Semina ◽  
A U Ziganshin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Autism is a pressing global problem in a number of medical and related scientific disciplines. For autism, a polysystemic feature is typical, and neurological changes are usually accompanied by somatic ones, most often affecting the intestine, pancreas, and often lungs, pelvic organs, kidneys, adrenal glands and other organs. It is not surprising that the mortality from somatic causes in such children exceeds the mortality of healthy children of the same age groups by 3–10 or more times (depending on the severity of autism). Many studies report a high prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in autistic people. The most common of these is chronic constipation (22% on average). The functional interaction of the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system is due to the presence of various connections and includes the autonomic nervous, immune and neuroendocrine systems. Of particular importance in gastrointestinal disorders and the pathogenesis of autism is the intestinal microbiota, a complex bacterial community located in the gastrointestinal tract. Under the influence of external and internal factors, the microbiota changes the permeability of the intestinal and blood-brain barriers, and the metabolites produced by the altered microbiota can enter the bloodstream and the central nervous system, disrupting its functioning. It was proven that there are pronounced differences between the intestinal microbiota of healthy children and autistic children, and directed individual correction often leads to normalization or significant improvement in social and communicative behavior and other deviations typical of children with autism. Thus, violations in the somatic sphere can increase the severity of the clinical presentation of autism, causing various behavioral and communication disorders. Identification of the spectrum of these disorders, as well as the study of the mechanisms of their development and interrelationship, is an urgent problem, the solution of which may be important for determining the tactics of complex therapy of patients with autism spectrum disorders.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination: From Interesting Agent to the Patient

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Anis Daou
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lead Compound ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
The World ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The vaccination for the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) is undergoing its final stages of analysis and testing. It is an impressive feat under the circumstances that we are on the verge of a potential breakthrough vaccination. This will help reduce the stress for millions of people around the globe, helping to restore worldwide normalcy. In this review, the analysis looks into how the new branch of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) came into the forefront of the world like a pandemic. This review will break down the details of what COVID-19 is, the viral family it belongs to and its background of how this family of viruses alters bodily functions by attacking vital human respiratory organs, the circulatory system, the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. This review also looks at the process a new drug analogue undergoes, from (i) being a promising lead compound to (ii) being released into the market, from the drug development and discovery stage right through to FDA approval and aftermarket research. This review also addresses viable reasoning as to why the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may have taken much less time than normal in order for it to be released for use.

Relation of insulin resistance to neurocognitive function and electroencephalography in obese children

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Onur Akın ◽  
İbrahim Eker ◽  
Mutluay Arslan ◽  
Süleyman Tolga Yavuz ◽  
Sevil Akman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Neurocognitive Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Biochemical Indices ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackground:Childhood obesity may lead to neuronal impairment in both the peripheral and the central nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the impact of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) on the central nervous system and neurocognitive functions in children.Methods:Seventy-three obese children (38 male and 35 female) and 42 healthy children (21 male and 21 female) were recruited. Standard biochemical indices and IR were evaluated. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and electroencephalography (EEG) were administered to all participants. The obese participants were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of IR, and the data were compared between the subgroups.Results:Only verbal scores on the WISC-R in the IR+ group were significantly lower than those of the control and IR– groups. There were no differences between the groups with respect to other parameters of the WISC-R or the EEG. Verbal scores of the WISC-R were negatively correlated with obesity duration and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values. EEGs showed significantly more frequent ‘slowing during hyperventilation’ (SDHs) in obese children than non-obese children.Conclusions:Neurocognitive functions, particularly verbal abilities, were impaired in obese children with IR. An early examination of cognitive functions may help identify and correct such abnormalities in obese children.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut Microbiota and Gut–Brain Interplay in Selected Diseases of the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 10028
Author(s):  
Julia Doroszkiewicz ◽  
Magdalena Groblewska ◽  
Barbara Mroczko
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The gut microbiome has attracted increasing attention from researchers in recent years. The microbiota can have a specific and complex cross-talk with the host, particularly with the central nervous system (CNS), creating the so-called “gut–brain axis”. Communication between the gut, intestinal microbiota, and the brain involves the secretion of various metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), structural components of bacteria, and signaling molecules. Moreover, an imbalance in the gut microbiota composition modulates the immune system and function of tissue barriers such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, the aim of this literature review is to describe how the gut–brain interplay may contribute to the development of various neurological disorders, combining the fields of gastroenterology and neuroscience. We present recent findings concerning the effect of the altered microbiota on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, as well as multiple sclerosis. Moreover, the impact of the pathological shift in the microbiome on selected neuropsychological disorders, i.e., major depressive disorders (MDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is also discussed. Future research on the effect of balanced gut microbiota composition on the gut–brain axis would help to identify new potential opportunities for therapeutic interventions in the presented diseases.

scholarly journals Osteoarticular disorders in sickle cell disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Asif Hasan ◽  
Mahmood Ahmad Boeisa ◽  
Yazid Taha Alandunesi ◽  
Abdulkarim Thumayl Alshammari ◽  
Diyaa Hisham Calcattawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Erosive Arthritis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Management Approaches

Different organs can be affected secondary to sickle cell disease, including the central nervous system, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, bone, and joints. This can lead to increased morbidity and mortality events among the affected patients. Osteoarticular complications represent a severe set of events for patients with sickle cell disease. These complications might include gouty, septic, juvenile, and erosive arthritis, dactylitis, bone infarction, and osteomyelitis. These are the most common complications reported in the literature, and some case reports even reported other types of complications that develop secondary to the previously mentioned ones. Adequate diagnosis might be challenging in some cases. Therefore, clinicians must be crucial in determining the appropriate clinical and radiographic manifestations. Treating these cases is also challenging. Consequently, clinicians should be aware of these complications to enhance the prognosis of the affected patients. Further research is needed for the standardization of the diagnostic and management approaches in these events.

Safety of paracetamol during pregnancy: literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
M.V. Lukina ◽  
◽  
T.B. Andrushchishina ◽  
I.A. Dronov ◽  
O.A. Vartanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Functional Disorders ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Key Words Acetaminophen ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the drug of choice in pregnant women as an antipyretic and analgesic agent for various clinical conditions. However, long-term paracetamol administration during pregnancy was found to be associated with disorders in children, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (RR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.18–1.45, I2 = 61%); autism spectrum disorders (RR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.13–1.32, I2 = 17%); hyperactivity disorder (RR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.02–1.46, I2 = 95%), and behavioral disorders (RR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.05–1.52, I2 = 94%). Studies conducted so far failed to identify the effect of paracetamol dose in different trimesters of pregnancy on the development of long-term functional disorders of the central nervous system in children. Further studies are needed to assess the importance of social factors and the environment and their contribution to the development of functional disorders of the central nervous system in children. Key words: acetaminophen, safety, pregnancy, neuropsychiatric development of children, paracetamol

THE SPIDER NEVUS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232
Author(s):  
James E. Wenzl ◽  
E. Omer Burgert
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
Spider Nevus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Anatomic Distribution ◽  
Normal Controls

At the Mayo Clinic 711 children, ranging in age from birth to 15 years, were examined for the presence of spider nevi. The children were divided into three groups: normal controls, patients with chronic illness and patients with disease of the central nervous system. In the normal children, the incidence of spider nevi increased rapidly after 2 years of age to reach a plateau at about the time of puberty for both sexes. In children more than 13 years of age the incidence appeared to be decreasing, presumably toward the stated incidence of 12 to 15% in so-called normal adults. In normal children, spider nevi appeared to occur more frequently in pubertal females than in pubertal males. The incidence was increased in both sexes in patients more than 4 years of age with disease of the central nervous system. In patients with chronic illnesses, there was no significant increase in spider nevi, but the ratio of pubertal females to pubertal males was reversed. The anatomic distribution in all groups differed from that of adults, the dorsum of the hands and forearms being the sites of predilection in children. In view of the frequency of these lesions in childhood, it appears that the presence of spider nevi in otherwise healthy children is an insignificant stigma.

scholarly journals Childhood Small Vessel Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: A Treatable Cause of Super-refractory Status Epilepticus

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Michelle Chiu ◽  
Anita Datta
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Epileptiform Activity ◽  
Refractory Status Epilepticus ◽  
Small Vessel ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Refractory Status ◽  
Primary Angiitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Childhood primary angiitis of the central nervous system (cPACNS) is a rare inflammatory disease of brain vessels. The small vessel subtype is diagnosed on brain biopsy and often presents with cognitive and behavioral changes, headaches, and seizures. However, there are few reported cases of super-refractory status epilepticus in children. We present a case of small vessel cPACNS complicated by super-refractory status epilepticus requiring burst suppression for 4 weeks in addition to multiple antiseizure medications and the ketogenic diet. Our patient was also treated with intravenous and oral steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and cyclophosphamide before starting maintenance therapy with mycophenolate mofetil. After prolonged rehabilitation, he recovered almost completely and has a normal neurologic examination with rare epileptiform activity on electroencephalogram (EEG). This is one of the longest cases of status epilepticus in small vessel cPACNS in the literature. We illustrate that super-refractory status epilepticus can be the first manifestation of small vessel cPACNS in previously healthy children and that symptomatic management of seizures with concurrent immunosuppression to treat the underlying pathology resulted in favorable neurologic outcomes.

scholarly journals Faecal microbiota transplant from aged donor mice affects spatial learning and memory via modulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity- and neurotransmission-related proteins in young recipients

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonsina D’Amato ◽  
Lorenzo Di Cesare-Mannelli ◽  
Elena Lucarini ◽  
Angela L. Man ◽  
Gwenaelle Le Gall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
Faecal Microbiota ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Aged Donor

AbstractBackgroundThe gut-brain axis and the intestinal microbiota are emerging as key players in health and disease. Shifts in intestinal microbiota composition affect a variety of systems, however, evidence of their direct impact on cognitive functions is still lacking. We tested whether faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) from aged donor mice into young adult recipients affected the hippocampus, an area of the central nervous system (CNS) known to be affected by the ageing process, and related functions.Methods and FindingsYoung adult mice were transplanted with the microbiota from either aged or age-matched donor mice. Following transplantation, characterization of the microbiotas and metabolomics profiles along with a battery of cognitive and behavioural tests were performed. Label-free quantitative proteomics was employed to monitor protein expression in the hippocampus of the recipients. Gut permeability, levels of circulating cytokines and expression of markers of microglia cells were also assessed. FMT from aged donors led to impaired spatial learning and memory in young adult recipients, whereas anxiety, explorative behaviour and locomotor activity remained unaffected. This was paralleled by altered expression of proteins involved in synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission in the hippocampus. Also, a strong reduction of bacteria associated with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production (Lachnospiraceae, Faecalibaculum, and Ruminococcaceae) and disorders of the CNS (Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae) was observed. Finally, microglia cells of the hippocampus fimbria, acquired an ageing-like phenotype, while gut permeability and levels of circulating cytokines remained unaffected.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate a direct effect of the age-associated shifts of the microbiota on protein expression and key functions of the central nervous system. Furthermore, these results additionally highlight the paramount importance of the gut-brain axis in ageing and provide a strong rationale to devise therapies aiming to restore a young-like microbiota to improve cognitive functions in the elderly.

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