scholarly journals The effect of oxytocin on the level and monoamines turnover in the brain of isolated mice of highand low-aggressive lines

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Inessa V Karpova ◽  
Evgenii R Bychkov ◽  
Vera V Marysheva ◽  
Vladimir V Mikheyev ◽  
Petr D Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Olfactory Tubercle ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Aggressive Male ◽  
Outbred Mice ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Objective. In the course of the study, the effect of oxytocin on the behavior and level of monoamines of the brain in aggressive male isolates of the initially low-aggressive C57Bl/6 line with similar indices of highly aggressive white outbred mice was compared. Methods. In experiments on isolated male mice of the low-aggressive C57Bl/6 line and highly aggressive white outbred mice, the effects of oxytocin on the aggressive behavior and the activity of monoaminergic systems of the left and right cerebral hemispheres was investigated. After prolonged social isolation, the male mice, who attacked in the resident-intruder test, were selected for further research. Oxytocin (5 IU/ml, 20μl) was admitrated intranasally. Control animals was treated with saline. With the HPLC-method, in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory tubercle and striatum of the left and right sides of the brain the concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and their metabolites of dioxyphenylacetic, homovaniline and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acids were measured. Results. Among the male isolates of the C57Bl/6 line, the proportion of aggressive individuals was 56.5%, and among white outbred mice 87.5%. The investigated lines also differed in the attack latency time: aggressive C57Bl/6 mice attacked an average on the 113.1±23.5 second, while in white outbred mice the attack followed on the 35.3±14.7 second (p < 0.01). In the aggressive male isolates of the C57Bl/6 line, which received intranasally saline solution, the content of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the hippocampus was significantly higher on the right. In C57Bl/6, oxytocin reduced the manifestation of aggression caused by prolonged social isolation (p < 0.05), but had no absolute ability to stop this type of behavior. Under its influence, the level of dopamine in the left cortex (p = 0.054), as well as serotonin content in the right hippocampus (p < 0.05) and in the left striatum (p < 0.05) decreased. In addition, the use of oxytocin in C57Bl/6 neutralized the asymmetry of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in the hippocampus. At the same time there was an asymmetry in the content of dopamine in the cerebral cortex with the predominance of this mediator in the right hemisphere (p < 0.05). In male isolates of highly aggressive white outbred mice, the effect of oxytocin on behavior was not found. However, in these animals oxytocin caused certain changes in monoaminergic systems of the brain. Under the action of oxytocin, the inicial right-sided asymmetry of the level of dopamine metabolites in the striatum and left-sided asymmetry in the level of serotonin in the cortex disappeared. Oxytocin caused an increase in the content of 5-hydroxyacetic acid in the right striatum (p < 0.05) and norepinephrine in the left hippocampus (p < 0.05). In addition, white outbred mice under the influence of oxytocin developed asymmetry with the predominance of norepinephrine in the right olfactory tubercle (p < 0.05). Conclusions. It can be assumed that relatively weak changes in the state of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems against the background of high reactivity of the noradrenergic system are a feature of the reaction of the brain of highly aggressive animals to oxytocin. The data obtained are discussed in terms of the lateralization of neurotransmitter systems responsible for intraspecific aggression caused by prolonged social isolation. (For citation: Karpova IV, Bychkov ER, Marysheva VV, et al. The effect of oxytocin on the level and monoamines turnover in the brain of isolated mice of high- and low-aggressive lines. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2017;15(2):23-30. doi: 10.17816/RCF15223-30).

Central monoaminergic systems sensitivity to acute hypoxia with hypercapnia changes after the maintenance under the long-term social isolation

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 511-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.V. Karpova ◽  
V.V. Mikheev ◽  
V.V. Marysheva ◽  
N.A. Kuritcyna ◽  
E.R. Bychkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Hypoxia With Hypercapnia ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Monoamines And Their Metabolites

The experiments were performed in male albino outbred mice kept in a group and under the conditions of long-term social isolation. The changes in the monoaminergic systems of the left and right hemispheres of the brain after acute hypoxia with hypercapnia have been studied. The levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites – dioxyphenylacetic (DOPAC), homovanillic (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic (5-HIAA) acids – were determined by HPLC in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of the right and left sides of the brain. In the control mice kept both in the group and under the conditions of social isolation, a higher content of DA in the cortex of the left hemisphere has been found. In the other brain structures the monoamine content was symmetric. In the cerebral cortex of the mice in the group, acute hypoxia with hypercapnia led to a right-sided increase in the DA and 5HT levels. At the same time, the DOPAC content decreased in the left cortex. In mice in the group, under the hypoxia with hypercapnia conditions, the DA level in the left hippocampus increased. In the striatum, the content of monoamines and their metabolites did not change significantly. In animals kept for a long time under the conditions of social isolation, hypoxia with hypercapnia no statistically significant changes in the monoamines and their metabolites levels were found. It has been concluded that the preliminary maintenance under the conditions of prolonged social isolation changes the reaction of central monoaminergic systems to acute hypoxia with hypercapnia.

scholarly journals The effect of acute hypoxia with hypercapnia on the content of monoamines in symmetrical areas of the brain in albino mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.V. Karpova ◽  
V.V. Mikheev ◽  
V.V. Marysheva ◽  
N.A. Kuritcyna ◽  
N.A. Popkovskii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Hypoxia With Hypercapnia ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Monoamines And Their Metabolites

Changes in the activity of monoaminergic systems of the left and right hemispheres of the brain after acute hypoxia with hypercapnia were investigated in male albino mice. The concentrations of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC), homovanilic (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic (5-HIAA) acids were measured by HPLC in the brain cortex, hippocampus and striatum of the right and the left hemispheres. In the control mice not exposed to hypoxia with hypercapnia, a higher concentration of DA in the left cortex was detected. No asymmetry in the content of other substances has been identified in the investigated structures. Acute hypoxia with hypercapnia led to the right-sided increase of DA and 5-HT levels and to the left-sided reduction DOPAC in the cerebral cortex. Under the condition of hypoxia with hypercapnia, in the hippocampus, the left-sided increase of the DA content was revealed. In the striatum the contents of monoamines and their metabolites were insignificantly changed. It has been concluded that acute hypoxia with hypercapnia causes asymmetric changes in monoaminergic systems of the archicortex and the neocortex.

Acetylcholine Concentrations in the Brain of Rabbits Exhibiting Forced Turning Movements

1957 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Aprison ◽  
P. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Caudate Nuclei ◽  
Biochemical Evidence ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Values for the free ACh concentration in the left and right cerebral cortex and caudate nuclei are given for normal rabbits as well as for animals exhibiting compulsive circling movements as a result of an unilateral (right) intracarotid injection of DFP. In animals exhibiting forced circus movements in either direction a marked asymmetry in ACh content existed between the left and right cerebral cortex as well as the left and right caudate nucleus. In rabbits circling to the left, the ACh content was higher on the right side in both the cortex and caudate nucleus. However, in rabbits turning compulsively to their right, the left cortex had a higher ACh concentration than the opposite side. In the case of the caudate nuclei, the right side was higher than the left. Since previous ChE data as well as the present ACh data for the caudate nuclei in ‘righters’ and ‘lefters’ show little difference it is difficult to implicate the caudate alone in the mechanism of compulsive turning. It is thought that the caudate nucleus may be involved in a secondary manner in the production of rabbits circling to the left. However, the biochemical evidence does suggest that stimulation due to the accumulated ACh on one side of the cerebral cortex may be the primary factor in causing the animal to exhibit compulsive circling toward the contralateral side.

The morphology of fetal gonads of spontaneous mouse hermaphrodites

Development ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Wesley K. Whitten ◽  
Wesley G. Beamer ◽  
Anne Grete Byskov
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

The gonads of 107 spontaneous, chromosomal mosaic, day-15 fetal hermaphrodites derived from BALB/cWt strain male mice are described and photographs of seven gonads representative of the major types are presented. There were 16 ovaries, 15 testes, and 183 ovotestes. The ovotestes contained on the average more testicular tissue than ovarian, and the ovarian tissue was more frequently located at the gonad poles, particularly the craniad pole. There was no difference between left and right sides with regard to gonad type, but more pure gonads were found on the left than on the right side (21/10), Meioses were observed throughout the ovarian tissue and also in some testicular cords, particularly in the caudad pole of the gonad. Some meiotic figures contained sex vesicles. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to several aspects of sexdetermination.

Consciousness Emanates from the Neuronal Network of Coordination, A Fact Endorsed by Preserved Consciousness in Focal Ischemic Infarctions

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Dr. Sohail Adnan ◽  
Dr. Mubasher Shah ◽  
Dr. Syed Fahim Shah ◽  
Dr. Fahad Naim ◽  
Dr. Akhtar Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Network ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Altered Consciousness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Consciousness Disorder ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Background: Consciousness has remained a difficult problem for the scientists to explore its relationship to the brain activity. This is the first paper that presents the significance of focal areas of the cerebral cortex for consciousness. Objectives: To determine if consciousness is produced by the activity of the whole brain or one of its focal areas. Methods: We have performed a prospective cross-sectional study in eighty patients of acute ischemic stroke. The neurovascular territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was sectioned into four similar areas. The association of any of these focal areas to consciousness was observed after their dysfunction with ischemic strokes. Results: Of the eighty patients, 57.5 % were males and 42.5 % were females. Mean age was 63 years ± 7 SD. The righthanded patients were 90 % (72) of the whole sample. Focal areas of the right MCA were generally less prone to consciousness disorder. Average statistics of the focal infarctions of the right MCA showed no tendency for consciousness disorder on the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) [Mean GCS of all focal areas; 14.5, SD; 0.71, 95 % CI; 14.27 to 14.72, P= 0.0000004]. Altered consciousness with focal infarctions of the territory of left MCA was also less likely [Mean GCS of all focal areas; 14.2, SD; 1.01, 95 % CI; 13.88 to 14.51, P= 0.0004]. Conclusion: Consciousness is not determined by the activity of a focal area of the cerebral cortex. Perhaps, we get our consciousness from the activity of “Neuronal Network of Coordination”.

Interhemispheric coupling coefficients: sex differences in brain neurochemistry

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. R151-R153 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. H. Denenberg ◽  
G. D. Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Coupling Coefficients ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Serotonin Turnover ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

Previously it was shown that the presence of a significant positive correlation between measures of the right and left hemispheres may be taken as evidence of a negative feedback loop linking the hemispheres [Denenberg, V. H. Am. J. Physiol. 238 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 7): R3-R13, 1980]. Such a finding is indicative of a different form of brain organization, compared with brains that lack this correlation. The purpose of this paper was to compare male and female rats with respect to correlations of left- and right-sided values for a set of brain neurochemicals. The variable of sex was chosen because there are ample data showing differences in brain organization. Neurochemical correlations in the nucleus accumbens and the striatum did not demonstrate any sex difference, but differences were found in neocortex: female rats had significantly greater hemispheric correlations than males for dopamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and serotonin turnover.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Visual Object Construction and Shape Discrimination: Relations among Task, Hemispheric Lateralization, and Gender

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apostolos P. Georgopoulos ◽  
Kenneth Whang ◽  
Maria-Alexandra Georgopoulos ◽  
Georgios A. Tagaris ◽  
Bagrat Amirikian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Hemispheric Lateralization ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Object Construction ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

We studied the brain activation patterns in two visual image processing tasks requiring judgements on object construction (FIT task) or object sameness (SAME task). Eight right-handed healthy human subjects (four women and four men) performed the two tasks in a randomized block design while 5-mm, multislice functional images of the whole brain were acquired using a 4-tesla system using blood oxygenation dependent (BOLD) activation. Pairs of objects were picked randomly from a set of 25 oriented fragments of a square and presented to the subjects approximately every 5 sec. In the FIT task, subjects had to indicate, by pushing one of two buttons, whether the two fragments could match to form a perfect square, whereas in the SAME task they had to decide whether they were the same or not. In a control task, preceding and following each of the two tasks above, a single square was presented at the same rate and subjects pushed any of the two keys at random. Functional activation maps were constructed based on a combination of conservative criteria. The areas with activated pixels were identified using Talairach coordinates and anatomical landmarks, and the number of activated pixels was determined for each area. Altogether, 379 pixels were activated. The counts of activated pixels did not differ significantly between the two tasks or between the two genders. However, there were significantly more activated pixels in the left (n = 218) than the right side of the brain (n = 161). Of the 379 activated pixels, 371 were located in the cerebral cortex. The Talairach coordinates of these pixels were analyzed with respect to their overall distribution in the two tasks. These distributions differed significantly between the two tasks. With respect to individual dimensions, the two tasks differed significantly in the anterior-posterior and superior-inferior distributions but not in the left-right (including mediolateral, within the left or right side) distribution. Specifically, the FIT distribution was, overall, more anterior and inferior than that of the SAME task. A detailed analysis of the counts and spatial distributions of activated pixels was carried out for 15 brain areas (all in the cerebral cortex) in which a consistent activation (in ≥ 3 subjects) was observed (n = 323 activated pixels). We found the following. Except for the inferior temporal gyrus, which was activated exclusively in the FIT task, all other areas showed activation in both tasks but to different extents. Based on the extent of activation, areas fell within two distinct groups (FIT or SAME) depending on which pixel count (i.e., FIT or SAME) was greater. The FIT group consisted of the following areas, in decreasing FIT/SAME order (brackets indicate ties): GTi, GTs, GC, GFi, GFd, [GTm, GF], GO. The SAME group consisted of the following areas, in decreasing SAME/FIT order: GOi, LPs, Sca, GPrC, GPoC, [GFs, GFm]. These results indicate that there are distributed, graded, and partially overlapping patterns of activation during performance of the two tasks. We attribute these overlapping patterns of activation to the engagement of partially shared processes. Activated pixels clustered to three types of clusters: FIT-only (111 pixels), SAME-only (97 pixels), and FIT + SAME (115 pixels). Pixels contained in FIT-only and SAME-only clusters were distributed approximately equally between the left and right hemispheres, whereas pixels in the SAME + FIT clusters were located mostly in the left hemisphere. With respect to gender, the left-right distribution of activated pixels was very similar in women and men for the SAME-only and FIT + SAME clusters but differed for the FIT-only case in which there was a prominent left side preponderance for women, in contrast to a right side preponderance for men. We conclude that (a) cortical mechanisms common for processing visual object construction and discrimination involve mostly the left hemisphere, (b) cortical mechanisms specific for these tasks engage both hemispheres, and (c) in object construction only, men engage predominantly the right hemisphere whereas women show a left-hemisphere preponderance.

scholarly journals Asymmetry in the content of brain monoamines of BALB/c mice reared in social isolation conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inessa Vladimirovna Karpova ◽  
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mikheyev ◽  
Yevgeniy Rudolfovich Bychkov ◽  
Andrey Andreyevich Lebedev ◽  
Petr Dmitriyevich Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Elevated Level ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Monoamines ◽  
Left Hippocampus ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain

The effects of long-term social isolation on the content and metabolism of dopamine and serotonin systems were studied in symmetrical brain structures of BALB/c male mice. With HPLC the contents of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum of both the right and the left hemispheres of the brain in mice reared in groups and social isolation. The isolated mice were characterized by reduced level of DA in the left striatum and elevated level of 5-HIAA and ratio 5-HIAA/5-HT in the right striatum. In the hippocampus of isolated mice, the activation of both DA-ergic and 5-HT-ergic systems was observed, that is the high level of DA and DOPAC in the left hippocampus and the elevated level of 5-HT in both hemispheres and of 5-HIAA in the right hippocampus were registered. On the other hand, the reduction of both DA-ergic and 5-HT-ergic systems activity was shown to be in the right hemisphere. The decreased concentration of DOPAC and ratio DOPAC/DA in the right cortex were observed as well. As to 5-HT-ergic system, the reduced level of 5-HT in the both cortex of the hemispheres as well as 5-HIAA in the right hemisphere of isolated mice was determined. The phenomenon of interhemispheric asymmetry was revealed in the hippocampus only, which was characterized by the increased DA-ergic activity in the left hippocampus but not in the striatum and the cortex.

scholarly journals The Brain-Heart Connection: Frontal Cortex and Left Ventricle Angiotensinase Activities in Control and Captopril-Treated Hypertensive Rats—A Bilateral Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana B. Segarra ◽  
Isabel Prieto ◽  
Inmaculada Banegas ◽  
Ana B. Villarejo ◽  
Rosemary Wangensteen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

The model ofneurovisceral integrationsuggests that the frontal cortex (FC) and the cardiovascular function are reciprocally and asymmetrically connected. We analyzed several angiotensinase activities in the heart left ventricle (VT) of control and captopril-treated SHR, and we search for a relationship between these activities and those determined in the left and right FC. Captopril was administered in drinking water for 4 weeks. Samples from the left VT and from the left and right FC were obtained. Soluble and membrane-bound enzymatic activities were measured fluorometrically using arylamides as substrates. The weight of heart significantly decreased after treatment with captopril, mainly, due to the reduction of the left VT weight. In the VT, no differences for soluble activities were observed between control and treated SHR. In contrast, a generalized significant reduction was observed for membrane-bound activities. The most significant correlations between FC and VT were observed in the right FC of the captopril-treated group. The other correlations, right FC versus VT and left FC versus VT in controls and left FC versus VT in the captopril group, were few and low. These results confirm that the connection between FC and cardiovascular system is asymmetrically organized.

scholarly journals PSIV-17 Muscular Tension as a Marker of Stress in Horses

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 285-286
Author(s):  
Ellen M Rankins ◽  
Helio C Manso ◽  
Karyn Malinowski ◽  
Kenneth H McKeever
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Emg Signal ◽  
Muscular Tension ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

Abstract Effects of social isolation, sham clipping, and novel object exposure on muscular and behavioral responses were investigated in horses. Humans increase muscular tension under psychologically or physically demanding situations and thus, similar conditions were expected to alter stress responses in horses. Eight mature Standardbreds (4 mares, 4 geldings) were exposed to 3 min of social isolation (ISO), sham clipping (CLIP), novel object (NOV), and control (CON) conditions in a replicated 4×4 Latin Square experimental design with 10 min washout periods. Surface electromyography (EMG) and stress-related behaviors were recorded continuously. Median frequency (MF) and average rectified value (ARV) of the EMG signal were calculated for the first, middle, and final 10 sec of each period. EMG data were log transformed prior to analysis with a mixed model, repeated measures ANOVA. Behavior data were analyzed using a negative binomial distribution mixed model ANOVA. Significantly different means were separated using Tukey’s method. More stress-related behaviors (P &lt; 0.05) were observed during ISO (3.25 ± 0.26, LSM ± SE) than CON (1.46 ± 0.29) or CLIP (1.50 ± 0.36). ISO tended (P = 0.054) to produce more stress-related behaviors than NOV (2.31 ± 0.28). CLIP and ISO produced higher (P &lt; 0.05) ARV than CON or NOV in the left and right masseter. CLIP elicited the highest (P &lt; 0.05) MF in the left and right masseter with ISO resulting in lower (P &lt; 0.05) MF than CON. ARV was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the left cervical trapezius during ISO as compared to all other conditions and in the right as compared to CON and CLIP. In the right cervical trapezius, ISO elicited higher (P &lt; 0.05) MF than CON. Increased stress-related behaviors indicate a stress response was induced. Elevated muscular activity suggests muscular tension can be used in assessing stress.

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