Testing the Synchronicity of Splay-Fault Ruptures in Carson Valley, Nevada, United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian K. D. Pierce ◽  
Steven G. Wesnousky ◽  
Sourav Saha ◽  
Seulgi Moon
Keyword(s):  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Luminescence Dating ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Infrared Stimulated Luminescence ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Splay Fault ◽  
Fault Record ◽  
Age Estimates

ABSTRACT The Carson City and Indian Hills faults in Carson City, Nevada, splay northeastward from the major range-bounding Genoa fault. Each splay is part of the Carson range fault system that extends nearly 100 km northward from near Markleeville, California, to Reno, Nevada. Stratigraphic and structural relationships exposed in paleoseismic excavations across the two faults yield a record of ground-rupturing earthquakes. The most recent on the Carson City fault occurred around 473–311 B.P., with the two penultimate events between 17.9 and 8.1 ka. Two trench exposures across the Indian Hills fault record the most recent earthquake displacement after ∼900 yr, preceded by a penultimate surface rupture ≥∼10,000, based on radiocarbon and infrared-stimulated luminescence dating of exposed sediments. The age estimates allow that the Carson City and Indian Hills faults ruptured simultaneously with a previously reported large earthquake on the Genoa fault ∼514–448 B.P. Similar synchronicity of rupture is not observed in the record of penultimate events. Penultimate ages of ruptures on the Carson City and Indian Hills faults are several thousand years older than that of the Genoa fault from which they splay. Together, these observations imply a variability in rupture moment through time, demonstrating the importance of considering multi-fault rupture models for seismic hazard analyses.

scholarly journals Assembly of a large earthquake from a complex fault system: Surface rupture kinematics of the 4 April 2010 El Mayor–Cucapah (Mexico) Mw 7.2 earthquake

Geosphere ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Fletcher ◽  
Orlando J. Teran ◽  
Thomas K. Rockwell ◽  
Michael E. Oskin ◽  
Kenneth W. Hudnut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Complex Fault ◽  
Rupture Kinematics ◽  
Complex Fault System

Reconciling an Early Nineteenth-Century Rupture of the Alpine Fault at a Section End, Toaroha River, Westland, New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Langridge ◽  
Pilar Villamor ◽  
Jamie D. Howarth ◽  
William F. Ries ◽  
Kate J. Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Central Section ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Alpine Fault

ABSTRACT The Alpine fault is a high slip-rate plate boundary fault that poses a significant seismic hazard to southern and central New Zealand. To date, the strongest paleoseismic evidence for the onshore southern and central sections indicates that the fault typically ruptures during very large (Mw≥7.7) to great “full-section” earthquakes. Three paleoseismic trenches excavated at the northeastern end of its central section at the Toaroha River (Staples site) provide new insights into its surface-rupture behavior. Paleoseismic ruptures in each trench have been dated using the best-ranked radiocarbon dating fractions, and stratigraphically and temporally correlated between each trench. The preferred timings of the four most recent earthquakes are 1813–1848, 1673–1792, 1250–1580, and ≥1084–1276 C.E. (95% confidence intervals using OxCal 4.4). These surface-rupture dates correlate well with reinterpreted timings of paleoearthquakes from previous trenches excavated nearby and with the timing of shaking-triggered turbidites in lakes along the central section of the Alpine fault. Results from these trenches indicate the most recent rupture event (MRE) in this area postdates the great 1717 C.E. Alpine fault rupture (the most recent full-section rupture of the southern and central sections). This MRE probably occurred within the early nineteenth century and is reconciled as either: (a) a “partial-section” rupture of the central section; (b) a northern section rupture that continued to the southwest; or (c) triggered slip from a Hope-Kelly fault rupture at the southwestern end of the Marlborough fault system (MFS). Although, no single scenario is currently favored, our results indicate that the behavior of the Alpine fault is more complex in the north, as the plate boundary transitions into the MFS. An important outcome is that sites or towns near fault intersections and section ends may experience strong ground motions more frequently due to locally shorter rupture recurrence intervals.

Luminescence dating of mid- to Late Wisconsinan aeolian sand as a constraint on the last advance of the Laurentide Ice Sheet across the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, western Arctic Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian B Murton ◽  
Manfred Frechen ◽  
Darrel Maddy
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Luminescence Dating ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Laurentide Ice Sheet ◽  
Liverpool Bay ◽  
Infrared Stimulated Luminescence ◽  
Western Arctic ◽  
Late Wisconsinan ◽  
Age Estimates ◽  
The Last Glacial

Luminescence dating of pre-glacial sand in the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, Northwest Territories, discounts an Early Wisconsinan age for the last Laurentide glaciation to cross the Arctic Coastal Plain and supports a Late Wisconsinan age. Aeolian dune sand from the Kittigazuit Formation near Cliff Point, on the southern shore of Liverpool Bay, predates till deposited during the Toker Point Stade. Potassium-rich feldspar from three stratigraphic sections ~35 km up-ice from the Toker Point glacial limit provides thermoluminescence age estimates that range from 18.7 ± 2.0 to 9.1 ± 1.0 ka and infrared stimulated luminescence age estimates of 23.8 ± 5.1 to 11.0 ± 2.1 ka. Quartz from four of the same samples provides optically stimulated luminescence age estimates of 16.5 ± 1.0 to 13.7 ± 0.9 ka. Collectively, these estimates reject the Early Wisconsinan age for the Toker Point Stade glaciation inferred hitherto from radiocarbon dating. A review of pre-glacial and post-glacial age estimates from the region indicates that during the Toker Point Stade ice advanced across the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands no earlier than ~30 ka, and probably not before ~22 ka. Deglaciation had certainly commenced by 14.3 ka, and probably by ~16 ka. The Toker Point glaciation, therefore, dates approximately to the last glacial maximum, reinforcing the interpretation of the late rebuild up of the Laurentide Ice Sheet that characterized many parts of its margin.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Different SAR-Based Techniques on the 2019 Ridgecrest Sequence

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 685
Author(s):  
Marco Polcari ◽  
Mimmo Palano ◽  
Marco Moro
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Seismic Sequence ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Coseismic Displacement ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Eastern California Shear Zone ◽  
Tectonic Framework ◽  
Gnss Network ◽  
The One

We evaluated the performances of different SAR-based techniques by analyzing the surface coseismic displacement related to the 2019 Ridgecrest seismic sequence (an Mw 6.4 foreshock on July 4th and an Mw 7.1 mainshock on July 6th) in the tectonic framework of the eastern California shear zone (Southern California, USA). To this end, we compared and validated the retrieved SAR-based coseismic displacement with the one estimated by a dense GNSS network, extensively covering the study area. All the SAR-based techniques constrained the surface fault rupture well; however, in comparison with the GNSS-based coseismic displacement, some significant differences were observed. InSAR data showed better performance than MAI and POT data by factors of about two and three, respectively, therefore confirming that InSAR is the most consolidated technique to map surface coseismic displacements. However, MAI and POT data made it possible to better constrain the azimuth displacement and to retrieve the surface rupture trace. Therefore, for cases of strike-slip earthquakes, all the techniques should be exploited to achieve a full synoptic view of the coseismic displacement field.

Seasonal and water-depth variations in sediment luminescence and in sedimentation from sediment trap samples at Gerlache Strait, Antarctic Peninsula

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn W. Berger ◽  
Sara Ante ◽  
Eugene W. Domack
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Trap ◽  
Trap Depth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Luminescence Dating ◽  
Fine Silt ◽  
Sediment Fluxes ◽  
Depositional Processes ◽  
Infrared Stimulated Luminescence ◽  
Depositional Controls ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

AbstractSediment trap arrays were deployed in Brialmont Cove and Andvord Bay, eastern Gerlache Strait, from December 2001–March 2003. The recovered sediments (representing instantaneous deposition from the viewpoint of luminescence dating) encompass all the annual and local glaciomarine depositional processes. Magnetic susceptibility profiles were used to infer seasonality in the trap cores, and thus to select subsamples for luminescence measurements. Multi-aliquot infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) apparent ages were used to assess the effectiveness of ‘clock zeroing’ (by daylight) of light sensitive luminescence within fine silt polymineral samples from each trap depth. IRSL apparent ages for 24 samples indicate that the largest age-depth differences occur with the autumn season samples at both trap sites, suggesting a previously unrecognized and regional (within the Gerlache Strait) change in depositional controls in the autumn compared to other seasons. The apparent ages also indicate some differences between the fjords, and a more complex oceanographic regime at Andvord Bay than at Brialmont Cove. Dry-mass sediment fluxes varied from 0.4 to 0.7 g cm-2 yr-1, with the largest flux at Brialmont Cove (∼0.7 g cm-2 yr-1) occurring in the bottom trap, whereas at Andvord Bay, the largest flux (∼0.6 g cm-2 yr-1) occurred in the middle trap (∼45 m above seafloor).

The Ceres, South Africa, earthquake of September 29, 1969

1971 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. E. Green ◽  
S. Bloch
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Fault Plane ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Aftershock Sequence ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Vertical Fault ◽  
Seismic Recording ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Aftershock Region ◽  
Considerable Damage

abstract Aftershocks following the Ceres earthquake of September 29, 1969, (Magnitude 6.3) were monitored using a number of portable seismic recording stations. Earthquakes of this magnitude are rare in South Africa. The event occurred in a relatively densely-populated part of the Republic, and resulted in nine deaths and considerable damage. Accurate locations of some 125 aftershocks delineate a linear, almost vertical fault plane. The volume of the aftershock region is 3 × 9 × 20 km3 with the depth of the aftershocks varying from surface to 9 km. Aftershocks following the September event had almost ceased when another large earthquake (Magnitude 5.7) occurred on April 14, 1970. Following this event, the frequency and magnitude of aftershocks increased, and they were located on a limited portion of the same fault system delineated by the September 29th aftershocks. Previously-mapped faults do not correlate simply with the fault zone indicated by the aftershock sequence.

scholarly journals Exploring the shallow structure of the San Ramón thrust fault in Santiago, Chile (~33.5° S), using active seismic and electric methods

Solid Earth ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 837-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Díaz ◽  
A. Maksymowicz ◽  
G. Vargas ◽  
E. Vera ◽  
E. Contreras-Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Anisotropy ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Sedimentary Cover ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Thrust Fault ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Thrust Tectonics ◽  
Rock Substratum ◽  
Fault Scarps

Abstract. The crustal-scale west-vergent San Ramón thrust fault system, which lies at the foot of the main Andean Cordillera in central Chile, is a geologically active structure with manifestations of late Quaternary complex surface rupture on fault segments along the eastern border of the city of Santiago. From the comparison of geophysical and geological observations, we assessed the subsurface structural pattern that affects the sedimentary cover and rock-substratum topography across fault scarps, which is critical for evaluating structural models and associated seismic hazard along the related faults. We performed seismic profiles with an average length of 250 m, using an array of 24 geophones (Geode), with 25 shots per profile, to produce high-resolution seismic tomography to aid in interpreting impedance changes associated with the deformed sedimentary cover. The recorded travel-time refractions and reflections were jointly inverted by using a 2-D tomographic approach, which resulted in variations across the scarp axis in both the velocities and the reflections that are interpreted as the sedimentary cover-rock substratum topography. Seismic anisotropy observed from tomographic profiles is consistent with sediment deformation triggered by west-vergent thrust tectonics along the fault. Electrical soundings crossing two fault scarps were used to construct subsurface resistivity tomographic profiles, which reveal systematic differences between lower resistivity values in the hanging wall with respect to the footwall of the geological structure, and clearly show well-defined east-dipping resistivity boundaries. These boundaries can be interpreted in terms of structurally driven fluid content change between the hanging wall and the footwall of the San Ramón fault. The overall results are consistent with a west-vergent thrust structure dipping ~55° E in the subsurface beneath the piedmont sediments, with local complexities likely associated with variations in fault surface rupture propagation, fault splays and fault segment transfer zones.

A mega-splay fault system and tsunami hazard in the southern Ryukyu subduction zone

2013 ◽  
Vol 362 ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Kun Hsu ◽  
Yi-Ching Yeh ◽  
Jean-Claude Sibuet ◽  
Wen-Bin Doo ◽  
Ching-Hui Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Subduction Zone ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Splay Fault

scholarly journals Geomorphic evidence of recent activity along the Vodice thrust fault in the Ljubljana Basin (Slovenia) – a preliminary study

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Jamšek Rupnik ◽  
Lucilla Benedetti ◽  
Frank Preusser ◽  
Miloš Bavec ◽  
Marko Vrabec
Keyword(s):  
Slip Rate ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Thrust Fault ◽  
Luminescence Dating ◽  
Quaternary Sediments ◽  
Infrared Stimulated Luminescence ◽  
Recent Activity ◽  
The Town ◽  
Geomorphological Analysis ◽  
Central Slovenia

<p>We investigated two prominent, <strong><sup>~</sup></strong>E-W trending scarps in Quaternary sediments, located close to the town of Vodice in the Ljubljana Basin (central Slovenia). By using detailed geomorphological analysis of the scarps, field surveying, and structural observations of deformed Quaternary sediments, we conclude that the scarps are the surface expression of a N-dipping thrust fault that has been active during the Quaternary. From Optically Stimulated Luminescence and Infrared Stimulated Luminescence dating of deformed Quaternary sediments we estimate a slip rate of 0.1 to 0.3 mm a<sup>-1 </sup>in the last 133 ka. Using the published empirical fault-scaling relationships, we estimate that an earthquake of magnitude 5.9 to 6.5 may be expected on the Vodice thrust fault. The fault may, therefore, present a major seismic hazard for the densely populated and urbanised region of central Slovenia.</p>

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