A contrastive analysis of some significant Portuguese and English phonemes

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Neuza Gonçalves Russo
Keyword(s):  
Contrastive Analysis

This work deals with the description, distribution and classification of the English consonantal phonemes: /t/, /g/, /đ/, /l/, /č/ and the vowel phonemes: /u/ and /ə/ and their contrast to the  corresponding Portuguese phonemes. Not only the contrast is shown but also the problems related to the learning of the above phonemes and their allophones by Portuguese speakers and some possible techniques and pieces of advice to minimize the problem. Este trabalho trata da descrição, distribuição e classificação dos fonemas /t/, /g/, /đ/, /l/, /č/ do inglês e dos fonemas vocálicos /u/ e /ə/ e o seu contraste com os fonemas correspondentes do português. Não somente a análise contrastiva é apresentada, mas também os problemas relacionados com o aprendizado destes fonemas por falantes do português e algumas técnicas de ensino de pronúncia para minimizar o problema.

scholarly journals Una classificazione dei segnali discorsivi in italiano

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Khachaturyan
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
The Individual ◽  
General Semantic

This paper presents an approach to the description of discourse markers (DMs) which is based on the studies (from semantic and syntactic perspectives) on the material of different languages. A classification of DMs elaborated during this work based on semantic and syntactic criteria is presented and illustrated, in the article, by Italian examples. The following DMs are described : davvero, veramente, dico ; diciamo (It.) - disons (Fr.) ; tu vois (Fr.). Each subclass (independently of the individual semantics of the word) accomplishes a particular task in the discourse and is characterised by general semantic and syntactic features. Moreover, the form of the DM can often indicate to which subclass it belongs. This kind of classification can give necessary cues for contrastive analysis, it can explain as well how to distinguish DMs of the same function and help in the acquisition of DMs (L2) and in translation. The advantages of a similar approach are illustrated by several examples from Italian and French.

scholarly journals Análisis de errores de e/le referentes a las partículas, pronombres y adverbios en las producciones de alumnos italianos

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 109-133
Author(s):  
Diana Krekovics
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Principal Characteristics ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Grammatical Errors ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns

The paper proposes to present and analyze the error patterns of Italian native speaker university students with an average level of Spanish in relation with definite and indefinite articles, personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns, prepositions and adverbs in Spanish. After presenting the principal characteristics of contrastive analysis and error analysis, the author focuses on the analysis of the error patterns. The basis for this is provided by a grammar test prepared by the author, relying on related academic work and personal experience. Apart from this, the paper also relies on data compiled from free compositions prepared by the students. The author provides an analysis and classification of the grammatical errors committed in the tests and compositions, and, after a brief summary of the relevant grammatical rules in Italian, elaborates on the possible causes of the errors.

scholarly journals Description of vowel in the first grammatical work of Tamil and Arabic: A contrastive analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-190
Author(s):  
D. Sundararaj
Keyword(s):  
Historical Period ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Treatment Theory ◽  
Technical Terms

Abstract Tolkāppiyam and Al-Kitāb, these two grammatical texts are belonging to two different languages Tamil and Arabic. Tamil is a Dravidian family and Arabic is a Semitic family with different writing systems (Tamil-left to right; Arabic-right to left).  These two grammatical texts are written in different historical period, Tolkāppiyam written in BC 300 and Al-Kitāb written in AD 800. Both are describes the vowels of respective language through different phonetic features. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate and analyze the articulatory treatment of vowels in the perspective of first grammatical work of respective languages. The first section of the paper is evaluating the articulatory treatment, theory, classification and phonetic frameworks of vowels in respective grammars, and the second section analyzing in contrastive and describes the commonness and differences between these two texts. This section finds out the commonness in the following features: articulatory treatment, descriptive and use of technical terms etc. The differences are found in the following features: order of the description of speech sounds, method of classification of vowels etc. ---AbstrakTolkāppiyam dan Al-Kitab adalah dua teks gramatikal yang menggunakan dua bahasa yang berbeda, yakni Tamil dan Arab. Ditinjau dari aspek rumpun bahasa, Tamil merupakan keluarga bahasa Dravida, sedangkan Arab adalah keluarga bahasa Semit. Sistem penulisan kedua bahasa itu berbeda bahasa Tamil memiliki sistem penulisan dari arah kiri ke kanan; sedankgan bahasa Arab memakai sistem penulisan dari arah kanan ke kiri. Kedua teks tata bahasa itu ditulis dalam periode sejarah yang berbeda, Tolkāppiyam ditulis dalam SM 300 dan Al-Kitab yang ditulis dalam AD 800. Keduanya menunjukkan vokal bahasa masing-masing, melalui fitur fonetik yang berbeda. Tujuan utama dari artikel ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi dan menganalisis cara artikulasi vokal dalam perspektif  tata bahasa, bahasa itu. Bagian pertama dari tulisan ini mengevaluasi cara  artikulasi, teori, klasifikasi dan kerangka fonetik yang menunjukkan bunyi-bunyi vokal dalam tata bahasa masing-masing, dan bagian analisis kedua dilakukan tinjauan aspek kontrastif dan menggambarkan secara umum persamaan dan perbedaan antara dua teks tersebut. Pada kesempatan ini dipaparkan secara umum beberapa fitur antara lain: cara artikulasi, deskripsi dan penggunaan istilah teknis. Bertumpu kepeda beberapa fitur itu terdapat perbedaan yang ditemukan dalam fitur itu, yaknit: urutan deskripsi suara pidato, metode klasifikasi vokal dan beberapa fitur lainnya.DOI: 10.15408/al-turas.v23i1.4808

scholarly journals THE FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF POLYSEMY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Nargiza Masharipova
Keyword(s):  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Problems Of Translation

In fact, the emotive potential of the language is high and polysemy is a great advantage to a language, so the article illustrates the varieties of polysemy, structural and functional features of polysemy in translation, differences between the usage and classification of polysemy in Uzbek and English languages. The paper deals with also the problems of translation of polysemy in both languages by using comparative and contrastive analysis of observation.

scholarly journals Semantic Classification of the Proverbs of the Tatar Language with Numeral-Component "Бер" (One)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Julia Ju. Valieva ◽  
Alsu M. Nigmatullina
Keyword(s):  
Character Traits ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Negative Connotation

<p>This paper considers the proverbs of the Tatar language with a numeral component «бер» / “ber” (one). Reasoning from the meaning of the numerals used in the introduced phraseological units, conditional semantic groups have been formed. In the course of the analysis, we have identified two large semantic groups: “Greed” and “Character traits”, and the subgroups within these two large groups. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that the combination with the noun «<em>бертиен</em>» (one kopeck) is used together with the words having a negative connotation. In most of the examples given, the character traits are rendered in combination of the numerals with the noun («бертиен» (one penny), «беркашыксу» (a spoonful of water), and the negative connotation of the proverbs is conveyed by means of the words with negative meanings such as «сусалмас» (someone will not give water); «каратиргә төшеп сатулашу» (bargain to all of a sweat), etc. The results of this work can be used in further studies of the semantics of numerals used in proverbial sayings; in formulating a classification of phraseological units with a numeral component; for comparative-contrastive analysis of the translations of set expressions from one language to another.</p>

scholarly journals The EU English Terms Including the Word Market and Their French and Lithuanian Equivalents

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-193
Author(s):  
Oksana Smirnova ◽  
Sigita Rackevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Formal Structure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
The Eu

Summary Translation of terminology is an essential factor and often a challenging task in the translation of legal acts. Various databases are available to facilitate the translation process and ensure its quality. The main inter-institutional terminology database of the European Union is IATE (“Inter Active Terminology for Europe”). The aim of the paper is to conduct a contrastive analysis of a group of English, French and Lithuanian economic terms based on the information provided in IATE. The object chosen for the research is the English, Lithuanian and French multi-word terms including the word market. In total, 266 terms were collected from IATE: 90 English terms and their equivalents in French and Lithuanian. The paper presents a classification of the terms into semantic categories according to various aspects of markets (object of the market, place of the market, duration of the market availability, degree and nature of competition among the market participants, production stage of the items offered in the market, etc.), compares the formal structure of the English terms and their French and Lithuanian equivalents and reveals the tendencies of term formation in the investigated languages. Finally, the paper discusses the problem of synonymy of the terms and the data provided in the term entries of IATE.

Note on the spectral classification of carbon stars in the photographic infrared region

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 21-23
Author(s):  
Y. Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Region ◽  
Spectral Classification ◽  
Carbon Stars

We have investigated the spectrograms (dispersion: 8Å/mm) in the photographic infrared region fromλ7500 toλ9000 of some carbon stars obtained by the coudé spectrograph of the 74-inch reflector attached to the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory. The names of the stars investigated are listed in Table 1.

Diagnostic Value of Electron Microscopy in Soft Tissue Tumors

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 220-221
Author(s):  
Gerald Fine ◽  
Azorides R. Morales
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Myxoma ◽  
Osteogenic Sarcoma ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Amelanotic Melanoma ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Light Microscopic Level ◽  
Mesenchymal Tumors ◽  
Good Agreement

For years the separation of carcinoma and sarcoma and the subclassification of sarcomas has been based on the appearance of the tumor cells and their microscopic growth pattern and information derived from certain histochemical and special stains. Although this method of study has produced good agreement among pathologists in the separation of carcinoma from sarcoma, it has given less uniform results in the subclassification of sarcomas. There remain examples of neoplasms of different histogenesis, the classification of which is questionable because of similar cytologic and growth patterns at the light microscopic level; i.e. amelanotic melanoma versus carcinoma and occasionally sarcoma, sarcomas with an epithelial pattern of growth simulating carcinoma, histologically similar mesenchymal tumors of different histogenesis (histiocytoma versus rhabdomyosarcoma, lytic osteogenic sarcoma versus rhabdomyosarcoma), and myxomatous mesenchymal tumors of diverse histogenesis (myxoid rhabdo and liposarcomas, cardiac myxoma, myxoid neurofibroma, etc.)

Ultrastructure of mesotheliomas

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
Irving Dardick
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Spindle Cell ◽  
Spindle Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Cytological Features ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Degree Of Differentiation

With the extensive industrial use of asbestos in this century and the long latent period (20-50 years) between exposure and tumor presentation, the incidence of malignant mesothelioma is now increasing. Thus, surgical pathologists are more frequently faced with the dilemma of differentiating mesothelioma from metastatic adenocarcinoma and spindle-cell sarcoma involving serosal surfaces. Electron microscopy is amodality useful in clarifying this problem.In utilizing ultrastructural features in the diagnosis of mesothelioma, it is essential to appreciate that the classification of this tumor reflects a variety of morphologic forms of differing biologic behavior (Table 1). Furthermore, with the variable histology and degree of differentiation in mesotheliomas it might be expected that the ultrastructure of such tumors also reflects a range of cytological features. Such is the case.

Interpreting HVEM of muscle-cell impulse networks

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-127
Author(s):  
Paul DeCosta ◽  
Kyugon Cho ◽  
Stephen Shemlon ◽  
Heesung Jun ◽  
Stanley M. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Automatic Classification ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Analysis Algorithm ◽  
Structural Networks

Introduction: The analysis and interpretation of electron micrographs of cells and tissues, often requires the accurate extraction of structural networks, which either provide immediate 2D or 3D information, or from which the desired information can be inferred. The images of these structures contain lines and/or curves whose orientation, lengths, and intersections characterize the overall network.Some examples exist of studies that have been done in the analysis of networks of natural structures. In, Sebok and Roemer determine the complexity of nerve structures in an EM formed slide. Here the number of nodes that exist in the image describes how dense nerve fibers are in a particular region of the skin. Hildith proposes a network structural analysis algorithm for the automatic classification of chromosome spreads (type, relative size and orientation).

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