THE DEPENDENCE OF TRIBAL LIVELIHOODS ON FOREST FRUITS IN RURAL JHARKHAND, INDIA

This paper explores the diversity, extraction, consumption and livelihood contribution of forest fruits among tribes in Bundu block of Ranchi district, Jharkhand. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed to draw a sample of 164 households from 9 selected villages for field surveys. Data were collected through a structured interview, non-participant observation, key informant interview, focus group discussion, and market assessment. Simple descriptive statistics viz., frequency (f), percentage (%), mean (x), and range were applied to analyze the data. Results of the study revealed that 31 forest fruits harvested from 26 trees and 5 shrubs belonging to 28 genera and 21 families and consumed as ripe fruit (24) followed by pickle (9), vegetable (4), oilseed (3), roasted/boiled seed (3), drink (2), dehydrated unripe slices (1), fruit aril (1), fruit leather (1), kernel (1), sauce (1), soar product (1) and vinegar (1). Total extraction of forest fruits was 19312.60 kg/year, of which 70.37% was sold for cash income and the rest 29.63% were consumed for subsistence. Sale of forest fruits accrued an annual income of ₹ 246685.00 which contributed 3.90% of the total household annual income. Forest fruits constitute a key source of food, nutrition, subsistence, cash income and safety nets. Overharvesting of forest fruits to mitigate livelihood stress is likely to deplete their availability which would greatly affect the tribal welfare and food security. To promote forest fruit’s conservation, forest management should be harmonized with tribal development, poverty alleviation, food security, and livelihood sustainability strategies and thus, some additional policies will be required.

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Conservational tree growing by smallholder farm households: evidence from Gamo highlands of Southern Ethiopia

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH ◽

10.1186/s40068-020-00209-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Malebo Mancha Massa ◽

Abdulaziz Mosa

Keyword(s):

Sampling Technique ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Farm Households ◽

Farm Size ◽

Primary Data ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Cash Income ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Smallholder Farm ◽

Entry Points

AbstractDeforestation and environmental degradation were identified among the leading factors worsening risk exposure in developing countries. Conservational tree growing was found a permissible option and an awake up policy direction to curve down the problem in Ethiopia. However, the uptake of this practice is far from complete and the art has not been made to a level that could make households self-reliant at least in tree resources, particularly in the highlands. The objective of this study was to identify the decisive factors that influence conservational tree growing behavior of smallholder farm households in Gamo highlands of Southern Ethiopia. The study was based on survey data collected from 11 villages in 2011/2012. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 335 farm households. Structured interview questionnaires and observations were used to collect primary data. Descriptive and inferential statistics and logistic regression model were used to analyze the data. The key findings showed that a host of factors significantly influenced smallholders’ decision to practice conservational tree growing. The study found that tree growing experience, farm size, and availability of suitable land area for tree growing and cash income from sales of trees were the significant factors explaining the variation in conservational tree growing behavior of households. We also observed old-aged trees in traditionally protected areas. Among others, funeral and mystical sites host large number of long-lived indigenous tree species than private farms in Gamo highlands of southern Ethiopia. Based on the findings, the study concluded that intra-farmer experience sharing, and support to efficient indigenous institutions and rural tree markets as potential entry points for mitigating deforestation and developing environmentally sustainable agriculture.

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Integrated weed management practices and sustainable food production among farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2021-0221 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 124-134

Author(s):

Emmanuel Oyamedan Imoloame ◽

Ibrahim Folorunsho Ayanda ◽

Olayinka Jelili Yusuf

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Food Production ◽

Management Practices ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Sustainable Food ◽

Arable Crops ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Self Sufficiency

Abstract A survey was conducted in the Kwara State of Nigeria to study the integrated weed management (IWM) practices by farmers. This was in view of the poor weed management practices adopted by farmers, which is a major factor responsible for low yields of many arable crops in Kwara State. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 480 respondents, and a structured interview schedule was used to elicit information from them. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Factor analysis was also carried out to examine the perception of farmers’ benefits of IWM. Results showed that the majority of farmers (29.4%) were youths, married (89.1%), and involved in medium-scale farming (47.2%). Furthermore, 50.8% of the farmers had primary or secondary education. Although farmers use different weed control methods, more than half of them (54.7%) use herbicides. Most farmers (92.6%) are engaged in the use of IWM, However, 73.5% of them use a combination of herbicides and hoe weeding. Although not properly practiced, farmers perceived IWM as having socio-environmental (29.229%) and techno-efficacious (23.495%) benefits over either hoe weeding or herbicides used alone. The findings suggest a need to train farmers on all aspects of IWM to achieve self-sufficiency in food production in Kwara State.

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MINAPOLITAN UNTUK MENDUKUNG KETAHANAN DAN KEAMANAN PANGAN

Caraka Tani Journal of Sustainable Agriculture ◽

10.20961/carakatani.v30i2.11926 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 97

Author(s):

Bambang Pujiasmanto ◽

Sutopo Sutopo ◽

Istijabatul Aliyah ◽

Mulyanto Mulyanto

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Resources Management ◽

Interactive Analysis ◽

Fish Resources ◽

Discussion Document ◽

Depth Interview ◽

Community Economy ◽

Descriptive Approach

The objectives of this research were to: (1) identify the potentials of fish resources in Klaten regency which can be developed as the economic generator of the community; (2) analyze the provision of fish products to support food security and safety for the surroundng region; (3) analyze the process of managing fish to perform food safety and security; 4) analyze the supporting factors of fish resources management in Klaten to develop the community economy; 5) analyze the constraints of managing fish resources in Klaten to develop the community economy; 6) analyze the policy and programs of the local Government of Klaten in developing the potenstials of fish resources; particularly fish cultivation; and (7) formulize an appropriate method to manage fish resources to improve the community economy and support food security and safety. This research applied descriptive approach and was qualitative in nature. Data were collected using several methods including site observation, in-depth interview, focus group discussion, document study, and super impose. Sampling technique used in this research were purposive sampling and snowball. Data were analyzed using (1) Human Resources Analysis (2) Policy Analysis (3) Interactive Analysis. Research results include: (1) method to manage fish resources to improve the community economy and support the food security and safety; 2) recommendation in the form of Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) related to the method to manage fish resources to improve the community economy and support the food security and safety; and 3) handouts concerning method to manage fish resources to improve the community economy and support the food security and safety.

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Kewirausahaan Teknologi Informasi Sebagai Media Peningkatan Kreatifitas Mahasiswa Di Era Ekonomi Digital

Prosiding Seminar Nasional Riset Information Science (SENARIS) ◽

10.30645/senaris.v1i0.112 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 1018

Author(s):

Elly Rahayu ◽

Rohminatin Rohminatin ◽

Wan Mariatul Kifti ◽

Donni Nasution

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Participant Observation ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Interview Method ◽

Use Of Technology ◽

Observation Method ◽

Creativity And Innovation

This study aims to provide an overview of the importance of increasing creativity and innovation in facing the era of digitalization. STMIK Royal Kisararan as the research location where the population of the research is 120 students in 5th semester whose take IT entrepreneurship courses. Used cluster sampling as the sampling technique and the sample are 60 students. This research is designed as descriptive analysis research. The Techniques Data collection is done by structured interview method where the researcher composes several questions as interview guides. The observation method used is structured and non-participant observation. Structured observations and observed aspects are: Student's abilities to create something new and different (ability to create new and different), Creativity and innovation to solve problems, Student's understanding about business in IT field. While non-participant observation is done by observing through blogs, Instagram and other social media used by students in completing assignments. Interview results supported by observations show that respondents understand the current digital economic era where there have been changes from conventional ways towards modernization with the use of technology. Respondents were also able to identify opportunities and challenges faced in the future and be able to evaluate the competencies that must be possessed to be able to compete in the digital economy era.

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Market chain analysis of smallholder coffee producers in debub ari district of south omo zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia

International Journal of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology ◽

10.3329/ijarit.v11i2.57256 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 61-68

Author(s):

Y Alemayehu

Keyword(s):

Group Discussion ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Price Setting ◽

Market Chain ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Chain Analysis ◽

Household Heads ◽

Marketing Chain ◽

Structured Questionnaire

This study mainly aimed at analyzing market chain analysis of coffee in the Debub Ari District. The descriptive and S-C-P model was used. Both primary and secondary data were collected from the study area. The multi-stage sampling technique employed for this study. A total of 194 coffee producer household heads have been randomly selected and interviewed with the help of pre-tested structured questionnaire. The focus group discussion and key informants interviews were conducted to supplement the formal data. The results of S-C-P model indicated that the four firms concentration ratio (CR4) result in the study area was found to be tight oligopolistic for both red and dry coffee which accounts 89.2 and 80.0%, respectively. About 72% of price setting was done by buyers, 27% negotiation and 1% by the producers. There are seven market channels, which have been identified in the study area. The computed marketing margin among different actors and channels indicated that the total gross marketing margin (TGMM) of coffee is high in channel I, II, III whereas the producers marketing margin (GMMp) was highest in channel VII. Therefore, the intervention is needed to improve coffee marketing chain through promoting cooperatives, infrastructural development and timely market information for efficient marketing system in the study area. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 61-68, Dec 2021

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The Conflict between Ahlus-Sunnah and Tijāniyya Muslims in Ghana

Oguaa Journal of Religion and Human Values ◽

10.47963/ojorhv.v5i1.340 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 75-101

Author(s):

Abdussalam Adam

Keyword(s):

Group Discussion ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Violent Conflict ◽

Religious Groups ◽

Descriptive Research ◽

Group Data ◽

Research Designs ◽

History Of ◽

Socio Economic Factors

The paper examines the theological debates between the Ahlus-Sunnah and their Tijāniyyah Brotherhood counterpart in Ghana. It traces the history of Islam in Ghana before listing the myriad of issues that led to violent conflict between these two Muslim groups. The Sharī‘ah rulings pertaining to the subjects of dispute are then highlighted. The study adopted the analytical, historical and descriptive research designs of the survey type. A self-developed questionnaire, two separate structured interview schedules and Focus Group Discussion guides were used for data collection among the members of the two groups. Using the stratified random sampling technique, 1,200 copies of questionnaire were administered to selected individuals who are members of the two religious groups (600 participants per group). Data were analyzed using simple percentage. Findings revealed that majority of the Ahlus-Sunnah (75%) and the Jallo Bāba group of the Tijāniyyah (80%) hold tenaciously to their views and, therefore, were more prone to violence. Findings further showed that socio-economic factors like occupation, type of education received and educational attainment play significant roles in the conflict. Whereas doctrinal and interpretational differences are the remote causes of the conflict, radical preaching which is sustained by provocative songs is responsible for the conflict’s eruption. Countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Bahrain and Egypt also exacerbated the violence through the support given to both parties. Evidence is, however, lacking to justify the claim that ethnicity aid the clashes. The paper concludes with an admonition for the feuding parties to place higher premium on the Islamic teachings on peaceful co-existence among people.

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Conservational Tree Growing by Smallholder Farm Households: Evidence from Gamo Highlands of Southern Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-90834/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Malebo Mancha Massa ◽

Abdulaziz Abdulsemed Mosa

Keyword(s):

Household Head ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Farm Households ◽

Farm Size ◽

Primary Data ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Cash Income ◽

Smallholder Farm ◽

Entry Points

Abstract Background: Deforestation and environmental degradation were identified among the leading factors worsening risk exposure in developing countries. Conservational tree growing was found a permissible option and an awake up policy direction to curve down the problem in Ethiopia. However, the uptake of this practice is far from complete and the art has not been made to a level that could make households self-reliant at least in tree resources, particularly in the highlands. This study was aimed at identifying the main decisive factors that potentially influence conservational tree growing behavior of smallholder farm households in Gamo highlands of Southern Ethiopia.Methods: The study was based on survey data collected from 11 villages in 2011/2012. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 335 farm households. A structured interview schedule and observation were used to collect primary data. Descriptive and inferential statistics and Logistic regression model were used to analyze the data.Results: The key findings showed that a host of factors significantly influenced smallholders’ decision to practice conservational tree growing. The study found that tree growing experience, age of the household head, farm size, and availability of suitable land area for tree growing and cash income from sales of trees were the significant factors explaining the variation in conservational tree growing behavior of households. The study also observed that indigenous social and cultural organizations and religious and old-aged funeral sites were the homes for old-aged but live indigenous tree species than private farms.Conclusion: Based on the findings, the study concluded that intra-farmer experience sharing, and support to efficient indigenous institutions and rural tree markets as potential entry points for mitigating deforestation, improving forestry, and developing environmentally sustainable agriculture.

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Measures of enhancing food security among households in Edo Central Senatorial District

Global Journal of Educational Research ◽

10.4314/gjedr.v20i1.8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 73-80

Author(s):

J. Abhulimen ◽

E.E. Idialu ◽

B.E. Uwameiye

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Survey Design ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Food Preservation ◽

Security Measures ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Food And Nutrition ◽

Crop Farming ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

Descriptive Survey

This paper is aimed at examining the enhancement of food security among households in Edo Central Senatorial District. The study examines the measure used by households in enhancing food security. A descriptive survey design was adopted in this study, using a population of about 664,059 households, with a sample size of 300 households using multi-stage sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. A mean score of 2.5 was used as the benchmark rating score for decision rule. The t-test for two independent sample means was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The result showed that poverty, lack of food preservation knowledge, lack of food and nutrition knowledge, low morale towards the practice of agriculture and lack of facilities for food preservation such as refrigerators and deep freezers are the factors responsible for food insecurity amongst households in Edo Central Senatorial District. To reduce food shortage and promote food security, the measures commonly used among households in enhancing their food security in Edo Central Senatorial District include: food preservation and bulk purchasing. The use of these food security measures varies with the size of household. It was recommended that large households should endeavour to practice crop farming and animal rearing such as poultry farming for family subsistence.

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Farmers Perception for Effective Extension Teaching Methods in Katcha and Bida LGAs of Niger State, Nigeria

Journal of Agricultural Extension ◽

10.4314/jae.v25i1.7s ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 85-92

Author(s):

M.M. Abdulshakur ◽

A.A. Yusuf ◽

J.O. Nnaji ◽

A. Haruna

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Teaching Methods ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Monitoring And Evaluation ◽

Extension Agents ◽

Agricultural Technologies ◽

Multi Stage ◽

The Mean ◽

Adoption And Diffusion

The study assessed farmers’ perception for effective extension teaching methods in Niger State. The specific objectives were to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers in the study area, identify the extension teaching methods used by extension agents in and examine the farmers’ perception of effectiveness of the extension teaching methods. Multi-stage sampling technique was used for this study. A total of 114 respondents were randomly selected from Badeggi, and Katcha in Katcha LGA, Dangana and Bida in Bida LGA. Data was collected with the aid of structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages and Mean scores was used to analyze objectives. The majority of the farmers (39.5%) were between ages of 20-29. The mean age was 31 years. The findings also showed that the majority (60.5%) of the respondents were male. The majority (50%) of the farmers were married, most (42.1%) had farming experience of 1-10 with a mean of 12 years. Results also showed that the majority (50%) of household size were between 1-5 in the study area. The mean was 9. Group discussion ( =4.33) was perceived by the respondents to be highly effective method in transmission of information to the farmers and ranked 1st while Use of radio ( =3.83) was agreed by the respondent to also be effective method and ranked 2nd. The results showed that the extension teaching methods that were preferred by the farmers were group discussion, demonstration and radio ranked 1st. 2nd and 3rd with mean scores 4.33, 3.67 and 3.50 respectively. It was concluded that the extension methods utilized by the extension agents proved to be effective. It is recommended that more extension agents should be employed to reduce the farmer to extension agent ratio, it is also recommended that government should budget more money to extension institutions that provide services to small farmers and rural communities in Nigeria, extension personnel should also make their contacts regular with farmers for rapid adoption and diffusion of improved agricultural technologies and extension workers activities should be supervised periodically on regular basis by a monitoring and evaluation supervisors. Keywords: Assessment, Farmer’s perception, Effectiveness, Teaching methods

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Effectiveness of Gotu Kola Extract Lotion (Centella Asiatica) in Reducing Stretch Marks

Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.33086/jhs.v14i3.2066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 196-201

Author(s):

Indria Indria ◽

Asti Rahayu

Keyword(s):

Participant Observation ◽

Skin Pigmentation ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Centella Asiatica ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Skin Condition ◽

Independent Practice ◽

Stretch Marks ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After

Stretch marks result from mechanical factors, namely stretching of the skin due to the development of subcutaneous structures (interstitial adipose tissue) or biochemical factors (the presence of excessive glucocorticoids that inhibit fibroblast activity and proliferation). There is no truly effective treatment for removing striae once they have formed. This study evaluates the effectiveness of administering Gotu Kola Extract (Centella asiatica) on the stretch mark. This paper was a Quasi-Experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. This study was conducted at the Independent Practice Midwife (IMP) Zummatul Atika in October-December 2020. The population was postpartum mothers (days 0-6) with stretch marks. Meanwhile, there were 12 respondents by purposive sampling technique. The independent variable was Gotu kola extract lotion, while the dependent variable was stretch marks with ratio data. Collecting data with a structured interview to gather the characteristics of respondents and participant observation to evaluate changes (number of stretch marks, color, moisture, and skin condition) in stretch marks before and after intervention during one month. The Gotu kola extract lotion was made in the pharmacy laboratory of PGRI Adi Buana University Surabaya within several stages. The data analysis used the paired T-test, and the result showed p= 0.000, indicating a significant difference before and after the intervention. This study concludes that administering Gotu Kola Extract (Centella asiatica) lotion effectively reduces skin pigmentation and lines in stretch marks, increases skin moisture, and refines skin texture.

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