scholarly journals Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Assessment Method for Fire Safety Accident in Liquefied Natural Gas Storage

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao Jiye
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Personal Risk ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Filling Station ◽  
Safety Accident

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has the characteristics of low temperature, volatile, flammable and explosive, and its safety issues are being highlighted. The probability and consequences of accident were quantitatively analyzed in combination with the possibility of LNG filling station pump or pipeline spillage. The DEGADIS and LNGFire3 models were used to determine the consequences of the accident. Based on the injury criterion data provided by relevant literature, the article concludes that the personal risk value derived from personal injury level and mortality rate, when compared with personal risk standards of United Kingdom, Netherlands and other countries and institutions, the personal risk value is much lower than the standard limit value, and shows the rationality of establishing 5kW/m2 as the safety distance from critical thermal radiation intensity.

scholarly journals Impact of Liquefied Natural Gas Composition Changes on Methane Number as a Fuel Quality Requirement

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5060
Author(s):  
Szymon Kuczyński ◽  
Mariusz Łaciak ◽  
Adam Szurlej ◽  
Tomasz Włodek
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Methane Content ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
The One ◽  
Methane Number

The one of main quality requirements of natural gas as an engine fuel is the methane number (MN). This parameter indicates the fuel’s capability to avoid knocking in the engine. A higher MN value indicates a better natural gas quality for gas engines. Natural gas with higher methane content tends to have higher MN value. This study presents analysis of deviation of liquefied natural gas (LNG) composition and its impact on LNG quality as an engine fuel. The analysis of higher hydrocarbons and nitrogen content impact on LNG parameters was considered for several samples of LNG compositions. Most engine manufacturers want to set a new, lower limit value for methane number at 80. This fact causes significant restrictions on the range of variability in the composition of liquefied natural gas. The goal of this study was to determine the combination of the limit content of individual components in liquefied natural gas to achieve the strict methane number criterion (MN > 80). To fulfill this criterion, the methane content in LNG would have to exceed 93.7%mol, and a significant part of the LNG available on the market does not meet these requirements. The analysis also indicated that the methane number cannot be the only qualitative criterion, as its variability depends strongly on the LNG composition. To determine the applicability of LNG as an engine fuel, the simultaneous application of the methane number and Wobbe index criteria was proposed.

Consequence Analysis of a Liquefied Natural Gas Leakage

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faustina Beatriz Natacci ◽  
Nilton Hiroaki Ikeda ◽  
Marcelo Ramos Martins
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Heat Radiation ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Simple Task

Each and every quantitative risk assessment comprises some basic activities that have to be developed to allow the quantification of the risks involved in the operation of a system or process. Basically, it must be estimated the likelihood of the identified undesired events as well as the magnitude of their consequences. When analyzing the risks in the operation of a ship, the same process has to be followed. For each specific phase of the ship mission, all undesired events must be correctly determined and evaluated. Many different types of undesired events must be investigated, such as: collision, grounding, fire, and explosion. There are many techniques and much work involved in the estimation of the likelihood of the events. The same occurs for the evaluation of their consequences. The purpose of this paper is to study the consequences of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) leakage from the rupture of a pipeline from an LNG vessel during cargo loading at a terminal in the Brazilian coast. Once defined the total leaked quantity, a software will be used to calculate the consequences. The main idea is to identify all possible consequences and verify their magnitudes on the coast. This is not a simple task because it requires the comprehension of the development of the phenomena involved after the leakage. There is also the need of the identification of many variables, including the atmospheric conditions and the ignition sources, in order to verify the extent of possible cascading events. It will be taken special attention to consequences to human beings as a result of exposure to heat radiation effects from possible fires and explosions. As a preliminary study, where the likelihood of the events will not be estimated, the final objective is to use the obtained results to predict preventive and mitigating measures, in order to reduce the consequences to people on the coast.

Consequence Analysis of a Liquefied Natural Gas Floating Production Storage Offloading (LNG FPSO) Leakage

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Ramos Martins ◽  
Gilberto F. M. de Souza ◽  
Nilton Hiroaki Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Specific Phase

A quantitative risk assessment comprises some basic activities that have to be developed to allow the quantification of the risks involved in the operation of a system or process under analysis. Basically, the likelihood of the undesired events has to be identified as well as their consequences must be calculated. When the risks in the operation of a marine vessel are analyzed, the same process has to be followed. For each specific phase of the marine vessel mission, all of the undesired events must be accurately determined and evaluated. Many different types of undesired events must be investigated, such as: fire, explosion, collision, falling objects and marine hazards. There are many techniques involved in the estimation of the likelihood of the events and the same occurs for the evaluation of their consequences. The purpose of this paper is to study a leakage during a cargo offloading considering a LNG shuttle tanker and a Liquefied Natural Gas Floating Production Storage Offloading (LNG-FPSO) in the Pre Salt Brazilian coast. Once defined the feasible scenarios and the total quantity discharged, the consequences will be evaluated using physical models described in the literature and implemented in commercial softwares. The main idea is to identify all possible consequences and verify their magnitudes. As this is an isolated study, where the likelihood of the event will not be estimated, the final objective is to use the results obtained to predict mitigating measures to the system. This is not a simple task due to the complexity of the phenomena developed after the leakage. In order to verify the extension of possible spread events it is also necessary the identification of many variables, including the atmospheric conditions, the sea condition, the ignition sources, the vessels nearby, the shuttle tanker(s), and the positioning of the vessels involved in the offloading operation.

scholarly journals Design of Blowdown Line LNG Filling Station ISO Tank

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyuddin Wahyuddin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Business Process ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Volume Reduction ◽  
Tank Truck ◽  
Filling Station ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Liquid Natural Gas

LNG (Liquid Natural Gas) is a liquefied natural gas, with composition of 87% - 96% methane, 1,8-5,1% ethan, 0,1-5,1% propane and other compounds. The composition of natural gas (LNG formation) varies depending on the source and the process of its formation. Methane gas in LNG has odorless, non-corrosive and non-toxic properties (Air Products, 1999). LNG is basically an alternative method to deliver gas from producer to consumer. When cooled to -162˚C at 1 atm pressure, natural gas becomes liquid and its volume decreases up to 600 times (Handbook of Liquefied Natural Gas, 2014). With such a large volume reduction, liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be transported through the Tanker Ship and the ISO Tank Truck. PT Badak NGL has 3 (Three) T.U.K.S (Terminal For Ownership) As Tanker Ship Facilities and 1 (One) LNG Filling Station as a means of filling LNG to ISO Tank. Development of business process of PT. Badak NGL leads to an increase in LNG filling Station capacity. Along with the plan to increase the filling station capacity, the problem of BOG (Blow of Gas) wastage along with some LNG to ground flare becomes a serious concern. When the number of fillling stations is only 1 (one) station, the BOG wasted condition is not significant. However, with plans to increase the number of filling stations, BOG wasted need to be considered to be fully utilized. Therefore, there is a thought to utilize BOG to become more economic value, through the design of blowdown line on LNG ISO Tank filling station. In the Design of this line Blowdown, Using Pipe Ø2 "(PIPE BE 40S SS A312-TP305 SMLS) interconnecting with Pipe Ø6" (PIPE BE 40S SS A312-TP305 SMLS) BOG Header of new Filling Station under construction (Beginning January 2018 ).

Safety Analysis of Liquefied Natural Gas Bunkering and Simultaneous Port Operations for Passenger Ships

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommaso Iannaccone ◽  
Byongug Jeong ◽  
Valerio Cozzani ◽  
Peilin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Port Operations ◽  
Risk Increase ◽  
Passenger Ships ◽  
Simultaneous Operations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) has been recognized as an effective alternative fuel for marine propulsion, evidently, a growing number of vessels, including passenger ships, is already running on such a fuel. While LNG bunkering can be performed in several ways, depending on transferred volumes and managerial considerations, the time spent for LNG bunkering is regarded to be a key factor to ensure the cost-effectiveness of such operation, since a minimization of bunkering duration at the berth will make port infrastructures available for more vessels. As a result, passenger embarkment is simultaneously conducted with ship bunkering, which may increase the potential risk to individuals both onboard and nearby. Given this background, this paper is to investigate the potential risk of passenger vessels with the identification of credible scenarios for port operations that can be carried out simultaneously with LNG bunkering. An approach of quantitative risk assessment is applied to determine the risk levels pertinent to proposed scenarios. For frequency analysis, the technique of the fault tree analysis is adopted to integrate the influence of human error and management policy to the likelihood of unwanted events. Consequence analysis is conducted in aids of a commercial software to simulate the impact of LNG dispersion and fires. Research findings have shown that simultaneous operations have a negative impact both on frequency and consequence of accidental scenarios arising from LNG bunkering, taking the risk beyond lower acceptance criteria. Finally, a quantification of the risk increase is proposed to help stakeholders identify criticalities and reduce the risk contributions of simultaneous operations.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE RISK MAPPING OF URBAN GAS PIPELINE NETWORKS USING GIS

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W4 ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Azari ◽  
M. Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Grid Point ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Risk Mapping ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Networks

Natural gas is considered an important source of energy in the world. By increasing growth of urbanization, urban gas pipelines which transmit natural gas from transmission pipelines to consumers, will become a dense network. The increase in the density of urban pipelines will influence probability of occurring bad accidents in urban areas. These accidents have a catastrophic effect on people and their property. Within the next few years, risk mapping will become an important component in urban planning and management of large cities in order to decrease the probability of accident and to control them. Therefore, it is important to assess risk values and determine their location on urban map using an appropriate method. In the history of risk analysis of urban natural gas pipeline networks, the pipelines has always been considered one by one and their density in urban area has not been considered. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of several pipelines on the risk value of a specific grid point. This paper outlines a quantitative risk assessment method for analysing the risk of urban natural gas pipeline networks. It consists of two main parts: failure rate calculation where the EGIG historical data are used and fatal length calculation that involves calculation of gas release and fatality rate of consequences. We consider jet fire, fireball and explosion for investigating the consequences of gas pipeline failure. The outcome of this method is an individual risk and is shown as a risk map.

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