scholarly journals Impact of Liquefied Natural Gas Composition Changes on Methane Number as a Fuel Quality Requirement

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5060
Author(s):  
Szymon Kuczyński ◽  
Mariusz Łaciak ◽  
Adam Szurlej ◽  
Tomasz Włodek
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Methane Content ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
The One ◽  
Methane Number

The one of main quality requirements of natural gas as an engine fuel is the methane number (MN). This parameter indicates the fuel’s capability to avoid knocking in the engine. A higher MN value indicates a better natural gas quality for gas engines. Natural gas with higher methane content tends to have higher MN value. This study presents analysis of deviation of liquefied natural gas (LNG) composition and its impact on LNG quality as an engine fuel. The analysis of higher hydrocarbons and nitrogen content impact on LNG parameters was considered for several samples of LNG compositions. Most engine manufacturers want to set a new, lower limit value for methane number at 80. This fact causes significant restrictions on the range of variability in the composition of liquefied natural gas. The goal of this study was to determine the combination of the limit content of individual components in liquefied natural gas to achieve the strict methane number criterion (MN > 80). To fulfill this criterion, the methane content in LNG would have to exceed 93.7%mol, and a significant part of the LNG available on the market does not meet these requirements. The analysis also indicated that the methane number cannot be the only qualitative criterion, as its variability depends strongly on the LNG composition. To determine the applicability of LNG as an engine fuel, the simultaneous application of the methane number and Wobbe index criteria was proposed.

scholarly journals Impact of Grid Gas Requirements on Hydrogen Blending Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 688-699
Author(s):  
Eduard Latõšov ◽  
Ieva Pakere ◽  
Lina Murauskaite ◽  
Anna Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Methane Number

Abstract The aim of the article is to determine what amount of hydrogen in %mol can be transferred/stored in the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian grid gas networks, based on the limitations of chemical and physical requirements, technical requirements of the gas network, and quality requirements. The main characteristics for the analysis of mixtures of hydrogen and natural gas are the Wobbe Index, relative density, methane number, and calorific value. The calculation of the effects of hydrogen blending on the above main characteristics of a real grid gas is based on the principles described in ISO 6976:2016 and the distribution of the grid gas mole fraction components from the grid gas quality reports. The Wärtsila methane number calculator was used to illustrate the effects of hydrogen blending on the methane number of the grid gas. The calculation results show that the maximum hydrogen content in the grid gas (hydrogen and natural gas mix), depending on the grid gas quality parameters (methane number, gross heat of combustion, specific gravity, and the Wobbe Index), is in the range of 5–23 %mol H2. The minimum hydrogen content (5 %mol H2) is limited by specific gravity (>0.55). The next limitation is at 12 %mol H2 and is related to the gross heat of combustion (>9.69 kWh/m3). It is advisable to explore the readiness of gas grids and consumers in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania before switching to higher hydrogen blend levels. If the applicability and safety of hydrogen blends above 5 %mol is approved, then it is necessary to analyse the possible reduction of the minimum requirements for the quality of the grid gas and evaluate the associated risks (primarily related to specific gravity).

scholarly journals Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Assessment Method for Fire Safety Accident in Liquefied Natural Gas Storage

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao Jiye
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Personal Risk ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Filling Station ◽  
Safety Accident

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has the characteristics of low temperature, volatile, flammable and explosive, and its safety issues are being highlighted. The probability and consequences of accident were quantitatively analyzed in combination with the possibility of LNG filling station pump or pipeline spillage. The DEGADIS and LNGFire3 models were used to determine the consequences of the accident. Based on the injury criterion data provided by relevant literature, the article concludes that the personal risk value derived from personal injury level and mortality rate, when compared with personal risk standards of United Kingdom, Netherlands and other countries and institutions, the personal risk value is much lower than the standard limit value, and shows the rationality of establishing 5kW/m2 as the safety distance from critical thermal radiation intensity.

scholarly journals Transport Costs Affecting LNG Delivery by Moss Type Carriers

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Tatjana Stanivuk ◽  
Tonći Tokić ◽  
Svetislav Šoškić
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Suez Canal ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

The paper discusses the influence of transportation costs on the delivery of liquefied natural gas (LNG) by sea. The research part of the project was carried out by using a dedicated LNG Moss type carrier with the capacity of 205,000 m3 and by taking into account the price of the propulsion engine fuel, LNG, as one of the most important factors of the final cost of LNG transportation. The fluctuation of the final costs also depends on the price of construction of a new vessel, the vessel’s design, sufficient number of the vessels required for transportation, and the amount of cargo to be shipped from a load port to the import terminal. The port of Murmansk, possibly one of Russia’s largest LNG load terminals, was used as port of departure, i.e. port of load. The final destinations, i.e. import terminals, included the ports of Zeebrugge, South Hook, Cove Point, Chiba and Fujian. It should be noticed that this study involved two sailing routes, the Suez Canal and the North East Passage, taking into consideration the harsh weather conditions the vessels might encounter during navigation.

Lifting and yellow tip characteristics of small-scale partially premixed combustor burning pipeline natural gas and liquefied natural gas

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1214-1229
Author(s):  
Zhiguang Chen ◽  
Yangjun Zhang ◽  
Pengfei Duan ◽  
Chaokui Qin
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Heat Input ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Input Rate ◽  
Partially Premixed ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Copper Aluminum ◽  
Head Temperature

In this article, a small-scale partially premixed combustor was designed with 1.5 kW heat input rate. Through altering premixing ratio of gas and air, the lifting and yellow tip characteristics were experimentally tested with the burner head material of cast-iron and copper–aluminum respectively. Combined with burner head temperature influences, the lifting and yellow tip characteristics of small-scale partially premixed combustor are discussed when natural gas is substituted. It is found that when lifting and yellow tip occur, the cast-iron burner shows a slow tendency of temperature change, but the temperature of copper–aluminum burner fluctuates sharply. Yellow tip is related to gas properties and burner structure, and is more likely to appear with the increase of the Wobbe index and heavy hydrocarbon fraction, while lifting is very likely to appear when temperature fluctuates. Yellow tip characteristic can be predicted by Wobbe index, but this method is unsuitable for lifting prediction.

Experiment Study on Interchangeability of Multi-Source Natural Gas for Domestic Appliance

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 1901-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Guang Chen ◽  
Chao Kui Qin ◽  
Yang Jun Zhang ◽  
Chun Yan Tian
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Experiment Study ◽  
Natural Gases ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Domestic Appliance ◽  
Domestic Appliances ◽  
Co Emission

With the growing importation of liquefied natural gas (LNG), the interchangeabilities issues of pipeline natural gas (PNG) and LNG are becoming increasingly serious in China. In this paper, some sampled domestic appliances were selected to experimentally investigate the interchangeability of multi-source natural gases including PNG and LNG in Guangdong province. Performances including heat Load, thermal efficiency, CO emission and NOx emission were examined. Through the testing result it can conclude that the heat load of domestic appliances changes consistently with Wobbe Index of gases; well-adjusted domestic appliances can interchange within the different source gases and without materially increasing in CO and NOx emissions, but the efficiency of gas appliance will be largely affected.

Evaluation of Synthetic Natural Gas Production From Renewably Generated Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Becker ◽  
R. J. Braun ◽  
M. Penev
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Methane Content ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Carbon Oxides ◽  
Synthetic Natural Gas ◽  
Methanation Reaction ◽  
Wobbe Index

The natural gas distribution infrastructure is well developed in many countries, enabling the fuel to be transported long distances via pipelines and easily delivered throughout cities. Using the existing pipeline to transport renewably generated synthetic natural gas (SNG) can leverage the value of the product. While the price of natural gas is near record lows in the United States, many other countries are working to develop SNG as an alternative fuel for transportation markets, especially in Europe and for island nations. This study presents an SNG plant design and evaluates its performance for producing SNG by reacting renewably generated hydrogen with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide feedstock is assumed to be captured and scrubbed from an existing coal fired power plant at the city-gate, where the SNG plant is co-located. Historically, methanation has been a common practice for eliminating carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in various chemical processes such as ammonia production and natural gas purification; for these processes, only small amounts (1–3% molar basis) of carbon oxides need to be converted to methane. A “bulk” methanation process is unique due to the high concentration of carbon oxides and hydrogen. In addition, the carbon dioxide is the only carbon source, and the reaction characteristics of carbon dioxide are much different than carbon monoxide. Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations of the methanation reaction are explored to model and simulate a system of reactors for the conversion of hydrogen and carbon dioxide to SNG. Multiple reactor stages are used to increase temperature control of the reactor and drain water to promote the forward direction of the methanation reaction. Heat recuperation and recovery using organic Rankine cycle units for electricity generation utilizes the heat produced from the methanation reaction. Bulk recycle is used to increase the overall reactant conversion while allowing a satisfactorily high methane content SNG product. A hydrogen membrane separates hydrogen for recycle to increase the Wobbe index of the product SNG by increasing the methane content to nearly 93% by volume. The product SNG has a Wobbe index of 47.5 MJ/m3 which is acceptable for natural gas pipeline transport and end-use appliances in the existing infrastructure. The overall plant efficiency is shown to be 78.1% HHV and 83.2% LHV. The 2nd Law efficiency for the SNG production plant is 84.1%.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document