scholarly journals Gongsun Longzi’s “Form”: Minimal Word Meaning

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Limin Liu ◽  
Qiao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Contextual Elements ◽  
Semantic Minimalism ◽  
Internal Lexicon ◽  
Meaning Holism ◽  
Conceptual Meaning ◽  
Language Meaning

Inspired by Gongsun Longzi’s “form-naming” idea about word meaning, this paper argues that 1) the internal lexicon contains only the list of word-meaning pairs, with no additional information either as part of word meaning or as a structural level above it; 2) the meaning of word is a minimal C-Form, the identifying conceptual meaning that individuates a concept; 3) C-Form is the interface between word meaning and concept meaning; and 4) a sentence has a minimal semantic content, consisting of the minimal meanings of the words composing it, which is propositional and truth-evaluable, and contextual elements contribute nothing to the meaning of language expressions. This paper adheres to semantic minimalism, believing meanwhile that meaning holism helps in semantics inquiry, since reflection on language meaning differs from language meaning itself.  

scholarly journals Abstract concepts, language and sociality: from acquisition to inner speech

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1752) ◽  
pp. 20170134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Borghi ◽  
Laura Barca ◽  
Ferdinand Binkofski ◽  
Luca Tummolini
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
Inner Speech ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
System Activation ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Conceptual Meaning

The problem of representation of abstract concepts, such as ‘freedom’ and ‘justice’, has become particularly crucial in recent years, owing to the increased success of embodied and grounded views of cognition. We will present a novel view on abstract concepts and abstract words. Since abstract concepts do not have single objects as referents, children and adults might rely more on input from others to learn them; we, therefore, suggest that linguistic and social experience play an important role for abstract concepts. We will discuss evidence obtained in our and other laboratories showing that processing of abstract concepts evokes linguistic interaction and social experiences, leading to the activation of the mouth motor system. We will discuss the possible mechanisms that underlie this activation. Mouth motor system activation can be due to re-enactment of the experience of conceptual acquisition, which occurred through the mediation of language. Alternatively, it could be due to the re-explanation of the word meaning, possibly through inner speech. Finally, it can be due to a metacognitive process revealing low confidence in the meaning of our concepts. This process induces in us the need to rely on others to ask/negotiate conceptual meaning. We conclude that with abstract concepts language works as a social tool: it extends our thinking abilities and pushes us to rely on others to integrate our knowledge. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use, and representation in the brain’.

Contribution à l’acquisition automatique de nouveaux sens

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-172
Author(s):  
Coralie Reutenauer ◽  
Evelyne Jacquey
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Meaning Change ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

This paper tackles the question of automated meaning acquisition. In several cases, meaning change can be considered as a process spreading both in time and through domains. In addition, this phenomenon relies on interactions between word meaning in discourse and dictionary definitions. We outline the main steps of a procedure to highlight the spread of a new word meaning in corpus, to extract semantic content represented by domain labels and to match corpus and dictionary information. The methodology is illustrated by experiments on several lexical units observed in a press corpus ranging from 2004 to 2010 and divided into several domains.

scholarly journals Abstract concepts, language and sociality: from acquisition to inner speech

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Borghi ◽  
Laura Barca ◽  
Ferdinand Binkofski ◽  
Luca Tummolini
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
Inner Speech ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
System Activation ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Conceptual Meaning

The problem of representation of abstract concepts, such as “freedom” and “justice”, has become particularly crucial in recent years, due to the increased success of embodied and grounded views of cognition. We will present a novel view on abstract concepts and abstract words. Since abstract concepts do not have single objects as referents, children and adults might rely more on input from others to learn them; we therefore suggest that linguistic and social experience play an important role for abstract concepts. We will discuss evidence obtained in our and other labs showing that processing of abstract concepts evokes linguistic interaction and social experiences, leading to the activation of the mouth motor system. We will discuss the possible mechanisms that underlie this activation. Mouth motor system activation can be due to re-enactment of the experience of conceptual acquisition, which occurred through the mediation of language. Alternatively, it could be due to the re-explanation of the word meaning, possibly through inner speech. Finally, it can be due to a metacognitive process revealing low confidence in the meaning of our concepts. This process induces in us the need to rely on others to ask/negotiate conceptual meaning. We conclude that with abstract concepts language works as a social tool: it extends our thinking abilities and pushes us to rely on others to integrate our knowledge.

Invisible minimalism

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Falcato
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Striking Resemblance ◽  
Semantic Minimalism

AbstractThis essay attempts a rapprochement between Kent Bach’s view on semantic minimalism and the most radical version of contextualism about language on offer: Charles Travis’s occasion-sensitivity. Despite common assumptions held by defenders of semantic literalism – which cast Bach’s proposal as a form of contextualism – Bach rejects all conceivable forms of contextualism. In this paper, I argue that in spite of his systematic rejection of contextualism, Bach’s position bears a striking resemblance to Travis’s occasion-sensitivity. Further, when analyzed in light of the conceptual framework developed by Travis, Bach’s strand of minimalism can be shown to contain a deep-rooted conceptual inconsistency to the extent that he aims to ascribe “pure semantic content” to a linguistic entity that is necessarily pragmatic.

scholarly journals Microbiota Composition and Functional Profiling Throughout the Gastrointestinal Tract of Commercial Weaning Piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gresse ◽  
Chaucheyras Durand ◽  
Dunière ◽  
Blanquet-Diot ◽  
Forano
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Archaeal Community ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Functional Profiling ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Weaning Piglets

Dietary, environmental, and social stresses induced by weaning transition in pig production are associated with alterations of gut microbiota, diarrhea, and enteric infections. With the boom of -omic technologies, numerous studies have investigated the dynamics of fecal bacterial communities of piglets throughout weaning but much less research has been focused on the composition and functional properties of microbial communities inhabiting other gastrointestinal segments. The objective of the present study was to bring additional information about the piglet bacterial and archaeal microbiota throughout the entire digestive tract, both at the structural level by using quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing, and on functionality by measurement of short-chain fatty acids and predictions using Tax4Fun tool. Our results highlighted strong structural and functional differences between microbial communities inhabiting the fore and the lower gut as well as a quantitatively important archaeal community in the hindgut. The presence of opportunistic pathogens was also noticed throughout the entire digestive tract and could trigger infection emergence. Understanding the role of the intestinal piglet microbiota at weaning could provide further information about the etiology of post-weaning infections and lead to the development of effective preventive solutions.

Learning Test on Expressive Phonetic Symbolism

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Langenmayr ◽  
Harald Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Mixed List ◽  
Presentation Mode ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Phonetic Symbolism ◽  
Mode Of Presentation ◽  
Learning Conditions ◽  
Learning Test

We asked 249 students to learn three different vocabulary lists, each containing 19 word-pairs (Indonesian, Suaheli, and one mixed list composed of items from 13 different languages) in three versions: “normal” (factual classification), “reversed” (opposite classification), and “disarranged” (word meaning imputed in a completely different dimension). That those word-pairs with “normal” classification would lead to best learning was not generally confirmed but was corroborated for favourable learning conditions (items at the top of the list, items at the beginning of the questioning, easy to learn items), whereas the effect of phonetic symbolism combined with “normal” presentation proved rather abstruse. We assume that in the latter cases encoding worked rather automatically, and additional information used energy. The encoding process uses so much energy that further information is not useful under unfavourable learning conditions. We found a relation between performance on each mode of presentation and sex. Independent of presentation mode, learning depends on age, sex, membership in a seminar, and subject matter studied. Therefore, we examined the distribution of these in our nine groups (three languages by three versions). Since no statistically relevant differences in distribution arose, our results do not have to be qualified.

scholarly journals THE SEMANTIC ORGANIZATION OF DIPLOMATIC TERMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-162
Author(s):  
K. Ashinova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Semantic Organization ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Complex Term ◽  
Main Thing

This article provides a brief description of semantic processes such as expansion, contraction or specialization of meanings. Nowadays there is no common understanding and continuity of main semantic categories known in the field of linguistics. It is known such categories as sign (symbol), concept, meaning, types of linguistic meanings, absolute and relative semantic content and others are included in that.The main thing in terminology process is word meaning, and it is determined by main featuresof term concept. As a result of semantic development of ancient words and changes in internal semantic structure the new nominative semewill be defined. Language is directly related to processes of differentiation and integration. These processes are characterized by semantic interpretation of language signs in understanding and communication. The diplomatic terms are formed according to general rules of word formation striving for individuality and stylistic neutrality. The meaning of complex term does not derive from individual meaning of its components. The component function is equal to function of phonemes in single-root terms particularly in distinctive form. The article was prepared on the basis of written sources and literature.

scholarly journals Relative Clauses in Syntax

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Internal Variable ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Resumptive Pronouns ◽  
Additional Information

A relative clause is a clausal modifier that relates to a constituent of the sentence, typically a noun phrase. This is the antecedent or “head” of the relative construction. What makes the configuration special is that the subordinate clause contains a variable that is bound by the head. For instance, in the English sentence Peter recited a poem that Anne liked, the object of the embedded verb liked is relativized. In this example, the relative clause is a restrictive property, and the possible reference of a poem is narrowed to poems that Anne likes. However, it is also possible to construct a relative clause non-restrictively. If the example is changed to Peter recited this poem by Keats, which Anne likes, the relative clause provides additional information about the antecedent, and the internal variable, here spelled out by the relative pronoun which, is necessarily coreferential with the antecedent. Almost all languages make use of (restrictive) relative constructions in one way or another. Various strategies of building relative clauses have been distinguished, which correlate at least partially with particular properties of languages, including word order patterns and the availability of certain pronouns. Relative clauses can follow or precede the head, or even include the head. Some languages make use of relative pronouns, while others use resumptive pronouns, or simply leave the relativized argument unpronounced in the subordinate clause. Furthermore, there is cross-linguistic variation in the range of syntactic functions that can be relativized. Notably, more than one type of relative clause can be present in one language. Special types of relative constructions include free relatives (with an implied pronominal antecedent), cleft constructions, and correlatives. There is an extensive literature on the structural analysis of relative constructions. Questions that are debated include: How can different subtypes be distinguished? How does the internal variable relate to the antecedent? How can reconstruction and anti-reconstruction effects be explained? At what structural level is the relative clause attached to the antecedent or the matrix clause?

Linguistic Signs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Garrett Millikan
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Intentional Content ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Sentence Meaning ◽  
Speaker Intentions ◽  
Natural Information ◽  
Descriptive Language

The semantic meaning of a linguistic form is its intentional content. Parts of sentence meaning that have traditionally been thought to be determined by speaker intentions—the resolution of ambiguity and vagueness, the reference of proper names, indexicals, demonstratives, and anaphors—are actually settled by public semantics. True descriptive language carries natural information that matches semantic content, so it can be understood by an interpreter in the same way that ordinary non-intentional infosigns are understood; no recognition of speaker intentions is required. But true descriptive language also carries much additional information the understanding of which is supplied by speakers and hearers from their own prior knowledge.

Semantic Content-Based Image Retrieval System Using Deep Learning Model for Lung Cancer CT Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2675-2682
Author(s):  
T. Rajasenbagam ◽  
S. Jeyanthi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Retrieval System ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Lung Cancer Diagnosis

When compared to other kinds of cancer, lung cancer is more prevalent worldwide. While computerised tomography (CT) images capture the required information for lung cancer diagnosis, clinicians must spend time analysing various sections of CT images. With the exponential rise of CT scans and the increasing prevalence of lung cancer, having an effective method for quickly analysing CT pictures can assist radiologists or doctors in planning for their treatment early. When compared to the usual method of categorising a patient’s kind of lung cancer, retrieving the nearest CT image already saved in the database gives additional information to the patient. This is accomplished through the use of a method for retrieving images depending on their content. In comparison to typical machine learning techniques, deep learning models extract more meaningful characteristics. As a consequence, this study analysis famous pre-trained deep learning models such as the VGG16 deep neural network and the ResNet residual neural network. Among these, the VGG16 model outperforms the others for the supplied hyper parameters. Thus, the characteristics restored through training the VGG16 model on the pre-processed picture are further processed by the KNN method to obtain comparable pictures to the input query picture. As a result of merging the VGG16 and KNN algorithms, this research produces a content-based picture retrieval system. The suggested CBIR system achieves an accuracy of 0.97 and a recall of 0.96.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document