scholarly journals THE SEMANTIC ORGANIZATION OF DIPLOMATIC TERMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-162
Author(s):  
K. Ashinova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Semantic Organization ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Complex Term ◽  
Main Thing

This article provides a brief description of semantic processes such as expansion, contraction or specialization of meanings. Nowadays there is no common understanding and continuity of main semantic categories known in the field of linguistics. It is known such categories as sign (symbol), concept, meaning, types of linguistic meanings, absolute and relative semantic content and others are included in that.The main thing in terminology process is word meaning, and it is determined by main featuresof term concept. As a result of semantic development of ancient words and changes in internal semantic structure the new nominative semewill be defined. Language is directly related to processes of differentiation and integration. These processes are characterized by semantic interpretation of language signs in understanding and communication. The diplomatic terms are formed according to general rules of word formation striving for individuality and stylistic neutrality. The meaning of complex term does not derive from individual meaning of its components. The component function is equal to function of phonemes in single-root terms particularly in distinctive form. The article was prepared on the basis of written sources and literature.

Morphological Knowledge as an Aid to Word Learning: A Cross-Situational Word Learning Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Finley
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Artificial Language ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Morphological Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Morphological Cues

The present study explores morphological bootstrapping in cross-situational word learning. Adult, English-speaking participants were exposed to novel words from an artificial language from three different semantic categories: fruit, animals, and vehicles. In the Experimental conditions, the final CV syllable was consistent across categories (e.g., /-ke/ for fruits), while in the Control condition, the endings were the same, but were assigned to words randomly. After initial training on the morphology under various degrees of referential uncertainty, participants were given a cross-situational word learning task with high referential uncertainty. With poor statistical cues to learn the words across trials, participants were forced to rely on the morphological cues to word meaning. In Experiments 1-3, participants in the Experimental conditions repeatedly outperformed participants in the Control conditions. In Experiment 4, when referential uncertainty was high in both parts of the experiment, there was no evidence of learning or making use of the morphological cues. These results suggest that learners apply morphological cues to word meaning only once they are reliably available.

scholarly journals Distinct cortical systems reinstate the content and context of episodic memories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Kragel ◽  
Youssef Ezzyat ◽  
Bradley C. Lega ◽  
Michael R. Sperling ◽  
Gregory A. Worrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Cortical Activity ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Cortical Networks ◽  
Semantic Organization ◽  
Episodic Memories

AbstractEpisodic recall depends upon the reinstatement of cortical activity present during the formation of a memory. We identified dissociable cortical networks via functional connectivity that uniquely reinstated semantic content and temporal context of previously studied stimuli during free recall. Network-specific reinstatement predicted the temporal and semantic organization of recall sequences, demonstrating how specialized cortical systems enable the human brain to target specific memories.

Adjectival Suffixes: From Latin to Romance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
European Languages

All languages seem to have nouns and verbs, while the dimension of the class of adjectives varies considerably cross-linguistically. In some languages, verbs or, to a lesser extent, nouns take over the functions that adjectives fulfill in Indo-European languages. Like other such languages, Latin and the Romance languages have a rich category of adjectives, with a well-developed inventory of patterns of word formation that can be used to enrich it. There are about 100 patterns in Romance standard languages. The semantic categories expressed by adjectival derivation in Latin have remained remarkably stable in Romance, despite important changes at the level of single patterns. To some extent, this stability is certainly due to the profound process of relatinization that especially the Romance standard languages have undergone over the last 1,000 years; however, we may assume that it also reflects the cognitive importance of the semantic categories involved. Losses were mainly due to phonological attrition (Latin unstressed suffixes were generally doomed) and to the fact that many derived adjectives became nouns via ellipsis, thereby often reducing the stock of adjectives. At the same time, new adjectival patterns arose as a consequence of language contact and through semantic change, processes of noun–adjective conversion, and the transformation of evaluative suffixes into ethnic suffixes. Overall, the inventory of adjectival patterns of word formation is richer in present-day Romance languages than it was in Latin.

scholarly journals LANGUAGE EXPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT "RESISTENCE" IN NEWSPAPER AND PUBLICISTIC DISCOURSE: ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC PECULIARITIES OF THE KEY LEXEME-REPRESENTATIVE IN SUBJECT-PREDICATE RELATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
L XU ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Character Trait ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
The Media ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Type Of Behavior

Objective of the article is to examine the representation of the mental concept "persistence" in the media discourse. Applied methods: The research is carried out within the framework of the linguo-cognitive approach to linguistic phenomena. The features of the key representative lexeme of the concept "persistence" in subject-predicate syntactic relations are considered on the material of the National Corpus of the Russian language. Results. Research shows that in speech contexts, the lexeme "persistence" mainly expresses two interrelated semantic categories: a character trait and a type of behavior. A significant place in the content of the concept "persistence" is occupied by pragmatic and evaluative cognitive features. In expressing the volitional quality of a person, the emphasis is on the positive-evaluative connotation of the concept under study. Thus, perseverance is considered necessary for various fields of activity. This trait often leads to positive results, evokes positive emotions and feelings in people. In case of designating such behaviors as persistent upholding of one's position, avoiding compromise, etc., in the structure of the concept "persistence", mainly cognitive features with a negative evaluative connotation are distinguished: "incomprehensible, inexplicable and strange behavior", "a factor that interferes that hinders, complicates the implementation of something. " Conclusion. The analysis of the compatibility of the lexeme "persistence" with verbs in the constructions "subject-predicate" on the material of newspaper texts allows us to reveal various aspects of the semantic content of the concept.

scholarly journals Linguistic Data Model for Natural Languages and Artificial Intelligence. Part 6. The Еxternal Logic

Discourse ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
O. M. Polyakov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Double Negation ◽  
Negative Particle ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Linguistic Model ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Language Interpretation ◽  
General Rules

Introduction. The article continues a series of publications on the linguistics of the relationship (hereafter R-linguistics) and is concerned with the semantic interpretation in terms of the linguistic model that is the initial stage to consider the logic of natural language (external logic).Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. In particular, the verbal categorization method is used to represent concepts and verbs. To develop the necessary mathematical representations in the field of logic and semantics of natural language, the previously formulated concept of the interpretation operator is used. The interpretation operator maps the sentences of the language into the model, taking into account the previously interpreted sentences.Results and discussion. The problems that arise during the operation of the natural language interpretation operator are analyzed using examples of text translation and utterance algebra. The source of problems is the dependence of the interpretation of sentences on the already accumulated results of interpretation. The features of the interpretation of negation and double negation in the language are analyzed. In particular, the negation of a sentence affects the interpretation of previous sentences, and double negation usually denotes a single negation with an indication of its scope. It is shown that even from the point of view of classical logic, linguistic negation is not unconditional, and the operation of concatenation is not commutative and associative. General rules of text interpretation in the form of step-by-step mapping of sentence elements into a linguistic model are formulated.Conlcusion. From the considered examples of the implementation of the interpretation operator, it follows that the negation of a sentence requires a change in the meaning of the operation of attributing sentences in the text. For this reason, the negative particle ”not” in the language is actually a label for changing the interpretation rule. The double negation rule in sentence logic does not hold, so sentences containing double negations are likely to contain information about the scope of the sentence negation in the text. Based on the analysis, the contours of the interpretation operator for the linguistic model are indicated.

scholarly journals KATA SERAPAN BAHASA SUNDA (Pendekatan Étimologi, Morfologi, dan Grafologi)

LOKABASA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Eva Nurlatifah ◽  
Yayat Sudaryat ◽  
Usep Kuswari
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Original Language ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Word Writing ◽  
Root Word ◽  
Everyday Communication ◽  
Descriptive Method

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh anggapan bahwa seluruh kosa kata bahasa Sunda yang digunakan oleh penutur dalam berkomunikasi sehari-hari merupakan bahasa asli. Padahal sebagian dari kosa kata tersebut merupakan kata serapan dari bahasa lain. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan kata serapan bahasa Sunda. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode desktiptif, dengan teknik mengumpulkan data menggunakan teknik dokumentasi. Sumber data berupa majalah Manglé nomor 2517 yang terbit bulan Maret 2015. Pengolahan data menggunakan teknik analisis unsur langsung dengan pendekatan etimologi, morfologi, dan grafologi. Hasil dari penelitian ini ditemukan lima hal, diantaranya adalah (1) ditemukan 12 asal kata serapan, kata serapan terbanyak berasal dari bahasa Arab yaitu sejumlah 61 kata; (2) ada lima bentuk kata serapan bahasa Sunda, jumlah data terbanyak adalah bentuk kata dasar (63,81%); (3) proses pembentukan kata pada kata serapan bahasa Sunda terdapat 12 proses penyerapan, kebanyakan dari data yang telah ditemukan mengalami proses adaptasi sebanyak 32 data; (4) ditemukan 41 pola penulisan kata serapan, delapan pola memiliki kesamaan dengan pola yang terdapat dalam bahasa Indonesia, delapan pola lainnya memiliki pola yang berbeda dalam penulisan fonem kata serapan, sedangkan 29 pola lain merupakan pola baru yang ditemukan dalam proses penyerapan; dan (5) perbandingan makna kata serapan bahasa Sunda dan makna pada kata asal ditemukan lima pola yang berbeda. AbstractThis research is motivated by the assumption that all Sundanese vocabularies used by speakers in everyday communication are the original language. However, some of the vocabularies are borrowing words of other languages. The purpose of this study is to describe the Sundanese borrowing words. The method used in this research is descriptive method, and documentation technique is used as data collecting technique. The data source is Manglé magazine number 2517 which was published in March 2015. Data processing used direct element analysis technique with etymology, morphology and graphology approach. The results of this study found five things, i.e. (1) there are 12 original borrowing words, the borrowing words come from the Arabic word are 61 words; (2) there are five forms of Sundanese borrowing word, the largest amount of data is root word (63,81%); (3) the process of word formation in the Sundanese borrowing words consisted of 12 borrowing processes, most of the data found that have adaptation process are 32 data; (4) there are 41 borrowing word writing patterns, eight patterns have similarities to the patterns contained in the Indonesia language, eight other patterns have different patterns in the writing of phonemes of the borrowing words, whereas 29 patterns are new patterns found in the borrowing process; and (5) the comparison between Sundanese borrowing word meaning and the meanings in the original word found five different patterns.

scholarly journals The Language of Smell: Connecting Linguistic and Psychophysical Properties of Odor Descriptors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Iatropoulos ◽  
Pawel Andrzej Herman ◽  
Anders Lansner ◽  
Jussi Karlgren ◽  
Maria Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Association Index ◽  
Semantic Organization ◽  
Olfactory Sense ◽  
Individual Consistency ◽  
Science Investigations ◽  
Integrate Research ◽  
Linguistic Models ◽  
Odor Descriptors

The olfactory sense is a particularly challenging domain for cognitive science investigations of perception, memory, and language. Although many studies show that odors often are difficult to describe verbally, little is known about the associations between olfactory percepts and the words that describe them. Quantitative models of how odor experiences are described in natural language are therefore needed to understand how odors are perceived and communicated. In this study, we develop a computational method to characterize the olfaction-related semantic content of words in a large text corpus of internet sites in English. We introduce two new metrics: olfactory association index (OAI, how strongly a word is associated with olfaction) and olfactory specificity index (OSI, how specific a word is in its description of odors). We validate the OAI and OSI metrics using psychophysical datasets by showing that terms with high OAI have high ratings of perceived olfactory association and are used to describe highly familiar odors. In contrast, terms with high OSI have high inter-individual consistency in how they are applied to odors. Finally, we analyze Dravnieks’s (1985) dataset of odor ratings in terms of OAI and OSI. This analysis reveals that terms that are used broadly (applied often but with moderate ratings) tend to be olfaction-unrelated and abstract (e.g., “heavy” or “light”; low OAI and low OSI) while descriptors that are used selectively (applied seldom but with high ratings) tend to be olfaction-related (e.g., “vanilla” or “licorice”; high OAI). Thus, OAI and OSI provide behaviorally meaningful information about olfactory language. These statistical tools are useful for future studies of olfactory perception and cognition, and might help integrate research on odor perception, neuroimaging, and corpus-based linguistic models of semantic organization.

The ways of forming the Old Church Slavonic lexical fund

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeriya S. Efimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Single Root ◽  
New Research

In the monograph, the ways of forming the Old Church Slavonic lexical fund are analyzed with the use of new research methods. The author puts forward a hypothesis concerning St. Cyril’s translation strategies in different areas of nomination – derivation, compounding, transfer of the Greek superlatives by Slavonic means, etc. Attention is paid to poorly investigated nominations by substantivized participial forms and multi-word nominations. The new data confirm the considerations expressed earlier by the author of the monograph that there is a fundamental difference between the procedure of compounding and the procedure of formation of single-root derivatives, and that morphemic calquing as a word-formation procedure in the Old Church Slavonic needs special revision.

Tensor Representation of Topographically Organized Semantic Spaces

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 3259-3280
Author(s):  
Andrés Pomi ◽  
Eduardo Mizraji ◽  
Juan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Semantic Space ◽  
Tensor Representation ◽  
Host Matrix ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Semantic Organization ◽  
Output Information ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
Flow Of Information

Human brains seem to represent categories of objects and actions as locations in a continuous semantic space across the cortical surface that reflects the similarity among categories. This vision of the semantic organization of information in the brain, suggested by recent experimental findings, is in harmony with the well-known topographically organized somatotopic, retinotopic, and tonotopic maps in the cerebral cortex. Here we show that these topographies can be operationally represented with context-dependent associative memories. In these models, the input vectors and, eventually also, the associated output vectors are multiplied by context vectors via the Kronecker tensor product, which allows a spatial organization of memories. Input and output tensor contexts localize matrices of semantic categories into a neural layer or slice and, at the same time, direct the flow of information arriving at the layer to a specific address, and then forward the output information toward the corresponding targets. Given a neural topographic pattern, the tensor representation will place a set of associative matrix memories within a topographic regionalized host matrix in such way that they reproduce the empirical pattern of patches in the actual neural layer. Progressive approximations to this goal are accomplished by avoiding excessive overlap of memories or the existence of empty regions within the host matrix.

Contribution à l’acquisition automatique de nouveaux sens

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-172
Author(s):  
Coralie Reutenauer ◽  
Evelyne Jacquey
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Meaning Change ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

This paper tackles the question of automated meaning acquisition. In several cases, meaning change can be considered as a process spreading both in time and through domains. In addition, this phenomenon relies on interactions between word meaning in discourse and dictionary definitions. We outline the main steps of a procedure to highlight the spread of a new word meaning in corpus, to extract semantic content represented by domain labels and to match corpus and dictionary information. The methodology is illustrated by experiments on several lexical units observed in a press corpus ranging from 2004 to 2010 and divided into several domains.

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