Studies on the amount and composition of digesta flowing through the duodenum of dairy cows. 2. Sites of net absorption of magnesium and calcium from the alimentary tract.

Two cows were fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulas, and four with T-piece duodenal annulas. Balance trials were carried out, the cows receiving either a winter ration, or freshly-mown herbage. Direct measurements were made of the flow of digesta, and of the amounts of Mg and Ca in both duodenal and faecal samples. Also indirect measurements were made of these parameters, using polyethylene glycol and chromium sesquioxide indicators. Net Ca absorption was restricted to the intestines, and, at high Mg intake, net Mg absorption was also largely intestinal, though too large an error attached to the indirect measurement of Mg absorption rates for reliable conclusions to be drawn. There was considerable secretion of Ca proximal to the duodenum. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Download Full-text

Direct and Indirect Vibro-Acoustic Measurements for Road Noise NVH Predictions

Volume 1: 20th Biennial Conference on Mechanical Vibration and Noise, Parts A, B, and C ◽

10.1115/detc2005-85633 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

Alessandro Zanarini ◽

Filip De Coninck ◽

Krzysztof Mendrok ◽

Paul Sas

Keyword(s):

Complex Structure ◽

Indirect Measurement ◽

Acoustic Measurements ◽

Road Noise ◽

Indirect Measurements ◽

Direct Measurements ◽

Path Direction ◽

Vehicle Technologies ◽

Structure Measurement ◽

Reverse Path

This paper describes vibro-acoustic direct and indirect measurements for road noise NVH predictions from a complete car. Attention is devoted to the dynamic response of the structure and interior pressure field toward tire patch displacement inputs. The direct measurements exploited the Team Corporation CUBE™ high frequency 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) shaker recently installed at the KULeuven Vehicle Technologies Laboratory; the input was provided directly at the tire contact patch, while the responses were measured as accelerations and pressures on the structure. In the indirect measurements a low-mid frequency volume velocity source (LMFVVS) was used to acoustically excite the structure in the reverse path direction from the inside of the interior car cavity, while accelerations on the car and forces/torques where acquired by a 6-DOF dynamometer at the tire patch. From both types of excitations Frequency Response Functions (FRF) were calculated in the frequency range [0–500 Hz]. The non-linearity of the full car system was investigated with different direct and indirect measurement tests, in order to assess the feasibility of the reciprocity principle in such a complex structure. Measurement set-ups, results and comparisons are described and discussed in detail.

Download Full-text

Diurnal and daily variations in the composition of cow faeces

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.71775 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 238-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maija-Liisa Salo ◽

Ulla Peltola ◽

Kaija Kotilainen

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Alimentary Tract ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Grab Sampling ◽

Daily Variations ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Growth Of Bacteria ◽

Intensive Growth

The work is concerned with the diurnal and daily variations in the composition of cow faeces. Samples were taken from four dairy cows five times a day during the course of three days. The cows were fed on roughage and concentrates. The faecal samples were analysed for hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, crude protein, total ash and the ash soluble in 1N HCI. The following results were noted: Large variations occur in the composition of cow faeces. The largest variations relate to the cellulose, crude protein and total ash, whereas the content of lignin varies only little. Diurnal regularity was not noted. A close positive correlation was noted between the contents of hemicellulose and cellulose, as well as between the crude protein and the ash contents. A close negative correlation existed between both groups of carbohydrates and the crude protein, both carbohydrate groups and the ash, and between the crude protein and crude lignin. A high ash peak, attributable to sparingly soluble ash, was noted on several days. These ash-rich samples always have a high content of crude protein but a low content of carbohydrates. The digestibilities of the cellulose and crude protein were inversely related and varied during the same day of sampling within a range of as much as 12—13 percent units. The digestibility and rate of feed passage cannot be reliably evaluated by a grab sampling technique, at least not in instances when the cows are receiving both roughage and concentrates. As a possible reason for the variations it is suggested that the feed leaves the reticulorumen as different fractions. Shortly after the feeding, the material rich in concentrate moves on, whereas later mainly roughage material passes further into the alimentary tract. In the large intestines the former fraction results in a more intensive growth of bacteria, and the faeces originating from it contains a relatively higher proportion of bacterial matter.

Download Full-text

Absorption of sugars by the piglet

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19680058 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 501-514 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

D. E. Kidder ◽

M. J. Manners ◽

M. R. McCrea ◽

A. D. Osborne

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

High Molecular Weight ◽

Alimentary Tract ◽

The Third ◽

Sugar Mixtures

1. Diets containing various sugar mixtures together with polyethylene glycol of high molecular weight as a marker were fed to pigs 1, 2 and 3 weeks old. The piglets were slaughtered 2.5 h later, and the ratio of sugar to marker was determined in the contents of the alimentary tract as far as the caecum.2. The greatest fall was found in the first part of the small intestine.3. Glucose had always disappeared by the third quarter of the small intestine.4. Xylose and fructose disappeared more slowly, especially in the younger pigs, but were usually absent from the contents of the last quarter of the small intestine.5. Sucrose was removed far less completely, and the ratio of sucrose to marker frequently did not decrease along the second half of the small intestine. Sucrose was removed much less efficiently when it formed 15% of the diet than when it formed only 5%, and much less efficiently by the younger than by the older pigs.

Download Full-text

Low-cost Indirect Measurement Methods for Self-x Integrated Sensory Electronics for Industry 4.0

tm - Technisches Messen ◽

10.1515/teme-2020-0020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 87 (s1) ◽

pp. s79-s84

Author(s):

Qummar Zaman ◽

Senan Alraho ◽

Andreas König

Keyword(s):

Industry 4.0 ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Low Cost ◽

Indirect Measurement ◽

Measurement Methods ◽

Instrumentation Amplifier ◽

Performance Parameters ◽

Current Feedback ◽

Indirect Measurements

AbstractThe conventional method for testing the performance of reconfigurable sensory electronics of industry 4.0 relies on the direct measurement methods. This approach gives higher accuracy but at the price of extremely high testing cost and does not utilize the new degrees of freedom for measurement methods enabled by industry 4.0. In order to reduce the test cost and use available resources more efficiently, a primary approach, called indirect measurements or alternative testing has been proposed using a non-intrusive sensor. Its basic principle consists in using the indirect measurements, in order to estimate the sensory electronics performance parameters without measuring directly. The non-intrusive property of the proposed method offers better performance of the sensing electronics and virtually applicable to any sensing electronics. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of model accuracy by using six different classical metrics. It uses an indirect current-feedback instrumentation amplifier (InAmp) as a test vehicle to evaluate the performance parameters of the circuit. The device is implemented using CMOS 0.35 μm technology. The achieved maximum value of average expected error metrics is 0.24, and the lowest value of correlation performance metrics is 0.91, which represent an excellent efficiency of InAmp performance predictor.

Download Full-text

Association Between Scapular Posture and Two Different Pectoralis Minor Length Tests in Adolescents

International Journal of Athletic Therapy & Training ◽

10.1123/ijatt.2021-0064 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Leyla Eraslan ◽

Gulcan Harput ◽

Damla Deniz ◽

Taha Yildiz ◽

Burak Ulusoy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Direct Measurement ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Indirect Measurement ◽

Rank Test ◽

Postural Asymmetry ◽

Limited Knowledge ◽

Pectoralis Minor ◽

Direct Measurements ◽

Length Measurements

Postural asymmetry due to the alterations in scapular posture is typically considered to be associated with injury. Pectoralis minor (PM) has played a crucial role in scapular posture, but limited knowledge exists that shows the possible effect of PM length on static scapular positioning in adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between static scapular positioning and two different PM length measurements in adolescents. Pearson rank test demonstrated that direct measurements of the PM length significantly and strongly inversely correlated to scapular anterior tilting (p = .01; r = −.592)and significantly and moderately inversely correlated to scapular internal rotation (p = .013; r = −.465) and scapular downward rotation (p = .028; r = −.416). However, indirect measurement of the PM length was not related to scapular posture. No significant correlation was found between direct and indirect PM length measurements. Direct measurement of PM length presents more information regarding alterations of the static scapular positioning.

Download Full-text

The Use of Natural Sorbents to Reduce Ammonia Emissions from Cattle Faeces

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11122543 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2543

Author(s):

Agnieszka Szymula ◽

Łukasz Wlazło ◽

Naďa Sasáková ◽

Wioletta Wnuk ◽

Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Animal Production ◽

Control Group ◽

Ammonia Emissions ◽

Natural Sorbents ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Effective Reduction ◽

Cattle Faeces ◽

Cattle Farms

Intensification of animal production leads to an increase in ammonia emissions into the environment. For this reason, various methods and strategies are sought to reduce ammonia emissions from faeces. The aim of the study was to test the possibility of using natural sorbents and sorbent mixtures to reduce ammonia emissions from cattle faeces. Faecal samples for analysis were collected from Holstein-Friesian dairy cows during the winter. The amount of ammonia emissions from cow faeces was determined every seven days, after mixing the faeces with a mixture of selected sorbents. All of the sorbents used have the potential to remove ammonia. The most effective reduction in ammonia was achieved using biochar and a mixture of bentonite with zeolite. The reduction in these groups was 42.56% and 24.56%, respectively, relative to the control group. The results indicate that these sorbents can be used to reduce ammonia emissions from cattle farms.

Download Full-text

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for estimating food intake in housed dairy cows

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200002489 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 1999 ◽

pp. 93-93

Author(s):

Y. Unal ◽

P. C. Garnsworthy

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Infrared Reflectance ◽

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared Reflectance ◽

Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽

Faecal Samples

Dry matter intake (DMI) is a major limitation to milk production in dairy cows, but is difficult to measure under commercial conditions where cows are housed and fed in groups. Several methods have been developed to estimate DMI by individual cows, such as using inert markers, where dual markers can be used to predict digestibility and faecal output simultaneously. However, their scope is limited by the laboratory analyses required and there are problems with marker dosing and recovery. Predictions of DMI by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) have been reported, but they have been based on scanning forage samples to predict intake potential. Since DMI is a function of the animal as well as the diet, it is more logical to scan samples of faeces when predicting individual intakes. The objective of this study was to see whether NIRS could accurately predict DMI from faecal samples of individual cows.

Download Full-text

Substances in the Calf Alimentary Tract interfering in the Determination of Polyethylene Glycol

Nature ◽

10.1038/182260a0 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 182 (4630) ◽

pp. 260-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

R. H. SMITH

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Alimentary Tract

Download Full-text

A device for indirect measurements: An entertaining individual project

The Arithmetic Teacher ◽

10.5951/at.20.2.0124 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 124-127

Author(s):

William Patterson

Keyword(s):

Indirect Measurement ◽

Indirect Measurements ◽

Individual Project

Indirect measurement is often studied in geometry courses. Usually textbook examples and exercises involving the measurement of the heights of objects are presented. Very seldom, though, do students actually make indirect measurements. The purpose of this article is to outline the construction and use of a device to measure the heights of objects. The device will enable students to actually make indirect measurements and thus appreciate the fact that there are applications of the mathematics they study in class.

Download Full-text