scholarly journals The modelling of growth in the pig.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Moughan ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Cellular Activity ◽  
Energy Potential

The modelling of growth in the pig is reviewed, with particular reference to the schematic approach developed by the authors and others, in which growth is modelled from the supply of digested amino acids and the intake of protein-free energy. Potential gains in protein and fat content are used to calculate body weight gain, body composition and carcass composition. It is suggested that future models should be more deductive and less empirical than present models, and that it may be possible to describe the control of gains in fat and protein content in terms of cellular activity. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Effect of exercise training on energy balance of orchidectomized rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (3) ◽  
pp. R550-R555 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rivest ◽  
J. Landry ◽  
D. Richard
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Cytochrome C Oxidase ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Gain

The purpose of the present study was to investigate both the respective and interactive roles of exercise training and testosterone on energy balance. Male rats were divided into sedentary and exercise-trained groups. Each group formed was further divided into a sham-operated group, an orchidectomized group, or an orchidectomized group treated with testosterone. Rats were exercised on a motor-driven treadmill for 1 h/day over 28 consecutive days, after which rats were killed. Energy balance measurements, body composition analyses, and serum testosterone assay were then performed. The weight, protein content, and cytochrome-c oxidase activity of interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) were also measured. Results indicate that total food intake, final body weight, and body weight gain were generally lower in exercise-trained rats than in sedentary animals. In orchidectomized rats treated with testosterone, gains of both fat and protein were lower in exercise-trained than in sedentary animals. There was no difference in metabolizable energy intake and body energy gain between trained and sedentary rats that underwent orchidectomy without replacement therapy. In orchidectomized groups of rats, energy gain was lower in trained rats that were treated with testosterone than in those that did not receive any treatment. Furthermore, in trained orchidectomized rats treated with testosterone, both energetic efficiency and energy density of body weight gain were lower than those of trained orchidectomized rats that were not treated. Finally, a significant reduction in IBAT weight was observed in exercise-trained animals, whereas neither exercise nor the various hormonal manipulations affected IBAT protein content and cytochrome-c oxidase activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF THE DWARF CHICKEN

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. RAJARATNAM ◽  
J. D. SUMMERS ◽  
A. S. WOOD ◽  
E. T. MORAN Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Dwarf Chicken

A study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of hypothyroidism as an explanation for the smaller body size and lower metabolic activity of the recessive sex-linked dwarf chicken. A significant increase in body weight gain and feed intake for dwarf chicks with little change in these parameters for normal chicks receiving a diet supplemented with Protamone (brand name for iodinated casein) suggests a hypothyroidic state for the dwarfs. Similarly, a significantly lower body temperature, oxygen consumption and basal metabolic rate with a higher percentage of carcass fat in dwarf chicks as compared with normal ones supports the above hypothesis. Protamone supplementation of the diet increased body temperature and metabolic rate, and altered the carcass composition of the dwarfs to values closer to that of normal chicks, again suggesting a low thyroxine output for the dwarfs.

Fish-meal supplementation of grass silage offered to young steers: Effects on growth, body composition and nutrient efficiency

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. SANDERSON ◽  
M. S. DHANOA ◽  
C. THOMAS ◽  
A. B. McALLAN
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

Growth and efficiencies of nitrogen and energy utilization for growth by 72 young British Friesian steers (initial live weight (LW) 110 kg) offered a well preserved, formic acid-treated, perennial ryegrass silage with and without supplements of fish meal were examined. Silage was offered either alone or mixed with 50, 100 or 150 g fish meal/kg silage dry matter (DM) and each diet was offered either ad libitum or intakes were restricted to 16, 19 or 22 g dietary DM/kg LW/day. Treatments were imposed over a period of 132 days. Body component weight gains were determined by comparative slaughter.Increasing the level of either feeding or fish meal increased rates of empty body weight gain linearly (P<0·001) and curvilinearly (P<0·05) respectively. Fish-meal supplementation increased rates of ash and crude protein gain (P<0·001) but, in comparison with the curvilinear response to increasing level of feeding (P<0·001), had small linear effects on fat gain (P>0·01). Consequently, in terms of whole body composition, animals given fish meal were leaner than animals offered silage alone. Fish-meal supplementation had no significant effect on the composition of the carcass but increased the concentration of protein in the liver and gastrointestinal tract.The increase in nitrogen intake associated with feeding fish meal resulted in a reduction in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization as level of fish meal increased. Nitrogen intake required for maintenance was estimated to be 1·054 g/kg LW0·75. In spite of marked differences in the composition of the empty body-weight gain, there was no evidence to support an effect of fish meal on the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization for growth (kf) which was estimated to be 0·346 on the basis of data scaled by LW0·75. ME intake required for maintenance (MEm) was estimated to be 0·536 and 0·502 MJ/kg LW0·75 for silage alone and the 150 g fish-meal level respectively.

scholarly journals Whey protein isolate and glycomacropeptide decrease weight gain and alter body composition in male Wistar rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Royle ◽  
Graeme H. McIntosh ◽  
Peter M. Clifton
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Whey Protein Isolate ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Whey Protein Concentrate ◽  
Protein Concentrate

The effect of feed protein type on body composition and growth has been examined. Evidence exists that whey protein concentrate is effective at limiting body fat expansion. The presence of caseinomacropeptide, a mixture of glycosylated and non-glycosylated carbohydrate residues, in particular glycomacropeptide (GMP) in whey protein concentrate may be important for this effect. The influence of whey protein isolate (WPI) and GMP on weight gain and body composition was examined by feeding Wistar rats ad libitum for 7 weeks with five semi-purified American Institute of Nutrition-based diets differing in protein type: (1) casein; (2) barbequed beef; (3) control WPI (no GMP); (4) WPI+GMP at 100 g/kg; (5) WPI+GMP at 200 g/kg. Body composition was assessed, and plasma samples were assayed for TAG, insulin and glucose. Body-weight gain was lower ( − 21 %) on the control WPI diet relative to casein, with a non-significant influence associated with GMP inclusion ( − 30 %), the effect being equivalent at both levels of GMP addition. Renal and carcass fat mass were reduced in the highest GMP diet when compared with WPI (P < 0·05). Plasma insulin was lowered by GMP at the highest addition compared with WPI alone ( − 53 %; P < 0·01). Plasma TAG in the WPI+GMP (200 g/kg) group were lower ( − 27 %; P < 0·05) than the casein and beef groups. In conclusion, GMP appears to have a significant additional influence when combined with WPI on fat accumulation. WPI alone appears to have the predominant influence accounting for 70 % of the overall effect on body-weight gain. Mechanisms for this effect have not been identified but food intake was not responsible.

scholarly journals Zur N-reduzierten Fütterung von Mastschweinen bei Einsatz freier Aminosäuren

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-192
Author(s):  
H. Nonn ◽  
H. Jeroch
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Fattening Pigs

Abstract. Title of the Paper: Investigation on N-reduced feeding and use of free amino acids in fattening pigs The aim of the present study was to investigate the N-reduced feeding by fattening pigs feed by cereals rieh feedmixture supplemented with the free amino-acids L-lysine, DL-methionine, L-threonine, L-tryptophane, Lleucine, L-isoleucine, L-histidine and L-valine. It was to test extreme low crude protein content by requirement sufficient supply on amino-aeid. The reaction of the animals in growth, carcass quality and the reduction of Nexeretion was to investigate. The pigs were divided in two groups (control and experimental group) with 24 animals per group (12 females and 12 castrates). The experiment was divided into three periods (25–60, 60–85 and 85–110 kg body weight). The protein content of the feedmixture was by the control group 18.3, 15.6 and 13.6% and by the experimental group 14.0, 11.8 and 10.7%, respectively. The lysine-energy ratio of the feedmixture was by all three feeding periods by 0.72 or 0.74, 0.61 or 0.62 and 0.55 or 0.57 g lysine per MJ ME in control feedmixture or experimental feedmixture, respectively. By a high Performance are the average daily life weight gain (control group 869 and experimental group 863 g) and the lean meat rate (control group 55.2 and experimental group 55:0%) not influenced by the high of crude protein supply. The calculated N-excretion were by the control group 4.16 kg (as 100%) and by experimental group 2.60 kg (62.5%) per 100 kg body weight gain.

scholarly journals Performance Chickens Kedu, Arab and Its Cross Breeds (Poncin) Of Distribution Content Protein Of Growth Fase (Age 0 -12 Week)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
I. Irmawaty ◽  
Tuti Widjastuti ◽  
Asep Anang ◽  
Muhammad Nur Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Random Design ◽  
Dietary Consumption

This experiment shows performance chickens of Kedu, Arab, and Poncin with Giffen different protein content.  This experiment uses chickens of Kedu, Arab, and Poncin (a crossbreed of male Arab and female Kedu) that each breed consists of 40 Day Old Chicken. Each species was randomly placed in 8 units of experiment cage, and every experiment cage consists of 5 Day Old Chicken.  Treatment dietary is used 15% (R1) dan 18% (R2).  The experiment's design is used a completely random design 2x3 factorial, that i two treatments of dietary and three breeds of chickens. Every treatment is replayed four times, and the show used 24 units of experiment cage.  The parameter is limited watch on dietary Consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion. The result showed that Poncin chickens gave better growth performance when compared to Arab and Kedu chickens. Simultaneously, the ration protein content of 18 % resulted in better growth performance compared to 15% ration protein.

Effect of rate of body weight gain of steers during the stocker phase. II. Visceral organ mass and body composition of growing-finishing beef cattle

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2355-2366 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Sharman ◽  
P. A. Lancaster ◽  
C. P. McMurphy ◽  
G. G. Mafi ◽  
J. D. Starkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Visceral Organ ◽  
Organ Mass ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

scholarly journals Body weight gain and nutrient utilization in starter pigs that are liquid-fed high-moisture corn-based diets supplemented with phytase

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Columbus ◽  
C L Zhu ◽  
J R Pluske ◽  
C F.M. de Lange
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
P Content ◽  
High Moisture Corn

A total of 384 starter pigs were used to examine the application of exogenous phytase in high-moisture corn (HMC)-based liquid diets. Pigs were randomly assigned to 24 pens in six blocks. Pens were randomly assigned one of four HMC-based diets formulated to vary in total phosphorus (P) content (Low, Medium and High), with phytase added to only the Low P diet (Phy). Body weight gain and feed intake were monitored until body weight exceeded 20 kg. Apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein and P were measured on day 21 (Phase II) and day 42 (Phase III). At the end of the trial, two pigs from each pen were sacrificed for analysis of carcass composition and evaluation of metacarpals. Pigs fed the Phy treatment had increased digestibility of crude protein (P < 0.05) and P (P = 0.062) in Phase III, and increased metacarpal breaking strength (P < 0.01) and P content (P < 0.05). Average daily gain, feed intake, and carcass composition were not affected by treatment (P > 0.05). In conclusion, performance of starter pigs fed liquid HMC-based diets was maintained at dietary P levels below established requirements, but addition of phytase improved bone strength and mineralization. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of phytase, and that P requirement for maximum rate of weight gain in pigs is not sufficient for maximum skeletal development.Key words: High-moisture corn, liquid feed, phosphorus, phytase, starter pigs

Finishing steers on high-grain rations. Effects of type of silage, level of urea, vitamin A and cobalt supplementation on body-weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass composition

1967 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Morris ◽  
R. J. W. Gartner
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
Sorghum Grain

1. A 23 factorial with a split-plot allocation of treatments was used to investigate the effects of silage type, (sweet v. grain sorghum); level of urea, (60ν. 120 g. per head per day); vitamin A,(0ν. 40,000 i.u. per head per day), and intraruminal cobalt oxide pellet on the performance of steers fed rations of 90% sorghum grain, 10% sorghum silage.

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