scholarly journals The Biological Mechanism of Maternal Depression’s Negative Influences on Offspring Development: A Review

2022 ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
Jullian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Cortisol Level ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Biological Mechanism ◽  
Transgenerational Transmission ◽  
Depressed Mothers ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Different Levels

Maternal depression is a prevalent disorder among mothers: nearly 20% of women have experienced different levels of depressive symptoms during motherhood. The symptoms usually disappear by three years after their children were born, but some women experience them chronically. Maternal depression has been researched in terms of its negative influence on offspring since the 1960s. Children of chronically depressed mothers show delays in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral development. Moreover, they may even face mental health challenges themselves. How does maternal depression influence offspring? Previous studies have focused on the behaviors of mothers and found that mothers with depression interact with their children in a less engaging way. Recently, more researchers started to pay attention to the biological mechanism of this maternal depression’s negative influence. Cortisol, a hormone associated with stress, is regarded as a potential pathway of the transgenerational transmission of depression. Mothers with prenatal depression have elevated cortisol level during pregnancy, which is passed down to their children. After they are born, children of depressed mothers react to stress with more dramatic changes in cortisol level and compromised stress-coping abilities. Moreover, prenatal maternal depression also seems to shape the functional connectivity of amygdala, a brain area related to stress and emotions. For life situations like schooling, competing with peers or making significant decisions, children with decreased or abnormal stress-coping abilities will be in disadvantageous positions. Attenuated stress coping abilities brought by hormonal and neural changes may be a biological mechanism for children’s lower performance in cognitive and behavioral tasks.

Ways and Voices in the Psychoanalysis of Links According to Enrique Pichon-Rivière

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Jaitin
Keyword(s):  
Couple Therapy ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Different Levels

This article covers several stages of the work of Pichon-Rivière. In the 1950s he introduced the hypothesis of "the link as a four way relationship" (of reciprocal love and hate) between the baby and the mother. Clinical work with psychosis and psychosomatic disorders prompted him to examine how mental illness arises; its areas of expression, the degree of symbolisation, and the different fields of clinical observation. From the 1960s onwards, his experience with groups and families led him to explore a second path leading to "the voices of the link"—the voice of the internal family sub-group, and the place of the social and cultural voice where the link develops. This brought him to the definition of the link as a "bi-corporal and tri-personal structure". The author brings together the different levels of the analysis of the link, using as a clinical example the process of a psychoanalytic couple therapy with second generation descendants of a genocide within the limits of the transferential and countertransferential field. Body language (the core of the transgenerational link) and the couple's absences and presence during sessions create a rhythm that gives rise to an illusion, ultimately transforming the intersubjective link between the partners in the couple and with the analyst.

Maternal depressive disorder and contextual risk: Contributions to the development of attachment insecurity and behavior problems in toddlerhood

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANTE CICCHETTI ◽  
FRED A. ROGOSCH ◽  
SHEREE L. TOTH
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Child Behavior ◽  
Child Behavior Problems ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Depressed Mothers ◽  
And Behavior

Research has shown that offspring of depressed caregivers are at increased risk for maladaptive development and emotional difficulties. Specifically, infants and toddlers of depressed mothers have been shown to evidence higher percentages of insecure attachments and more behavioral difficulties than offspring of nondisordered mothers. However, even in studies that reveal significant differences between children of depressed and nondepressed caregivers, a substantial number of children with depressed caregivers do not evidence dysfunction. Such findings have resulted in increased attention to the broader social context in which children of depressed mothers develop. This investigation examined the direct influences of maternal depression on child development, as well as the role of contextual risks that may be particularly heightened in families with depressed parents. Toddlers with depressed mothers evidenced significantly more insecure attachments than did toddlers with nondisordered mothers, and this difference was not accounted for by contextual risk. In predicting child behavior problems, contextual risk was found to mediate the relation between maternal depression and child behavior problems. Father-report data on child behavior corroborated the mother report data. Results are discussed in terms of the diversity of functioning in offspring of depressed caregivers that can be attributed to varied levels of contextual risk accompanying depression.

Perfectionism, cognitive emotion regulation and perceived distress/coping

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S213-S213
Author(s):  
C. Juliana ◽  
M.J. Soares ◽  
A.T. Pereira ◽  
A. Macedo
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Cognitive Emotion Regulation ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Evaluative Concerns ◽  
Socially Prescribed Perfectionism ◽  
Mental Problems ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Different Levels

IntroductionPerfectionism and cognitive emotion regulation (CER) mechanisms have been associated with perceived stress/coping, negative affect (NA) and mental problems. Comparatively, the correlates of Positive Affect (PA) have been less studied.AimTo compare Perfectionism, CER and Perceived distress/coping by groups with different levels of NA/PA.MethodsA total of 344 medical students (68.4% girls) completed the Hewitt & Flett and the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scales (H&F-MPS/F-MPS), the Profile of Mood States, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.ResultsThe subjects with high NA, when compared to those with low NA, showed significant higher levels of Evaluative Concerns (EC), Positive Striving (PStr), of H&F-MPS/F-MPS total and dimensions scores (excluding Organization) of Rumination, Blaming others, Self-blaming, Catastrophizing and Perceived distress (all P < 0.01). They also revealed lower levels of Positive reevaluation and planning; Positive refocusing, Putting into perspective and Perceived coping (all P < 0.01). The subjects with high and medium levels of PA, when compared to the subjects with low PA, showed significant lower levels of Perceived distress, EC, Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism, Doubts about action, Concerns over Mistakes, (all P < 0.01), Self-Oriented Perfectionism, PStr (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively) and higher levels of Perceived coping, Positive reevaluation and planning, Positive refocusing, Putting into perspective (all P < 0.01) and Acceptance (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively).ConclusionsNA is associated with perfectionism, high maladaptive and low adaptive CER, and also with high Perceived distress/low coping, which might increase the subject's vulnerability to psychopathology. Low perfectionism, high adaptive CER and perceived coping are associated with PA and might be protective factors.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals La Santa Cruz de Huatulco, elemento sociocultural turístico

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Sonia López-Hernández ◽  
Gabriel Garduño-Félix
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Economic Interest ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Global Tourism ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Different Levels

In 1984, more than 21,000 hectares of Santa María Huatulco were expropriated, including the entire coastal area in favor of FONATUR, as a result of the positive global tourism trend and that Mexico began in the 1960s with the development of the Integrally Planned Centers. (CIP) to contribute to the economic development of backward or isolated areas of the country (Espinosa C., 2013). However, this model of tourism development of Sun and Beach, brought to the community challenges and impositions of regulations, new subsistence techniques and change of ownership of the land; what questions and deeply questions the methods, customs and, fundamentally, the identity of the community, leaving aside the importance of the local culture that was not subsumed to the economic interest but ignored. This descriptive research was carried out by crossing techniques at different levels: first of all, the data sources that were processed in the analysis were not solely of a disciplinary origin. Different institutions were attended as they are religious, historical and tourist. The data collection work is qualitative based on review of the hemerobibliographic file, as well as semi-structured interviews (Quivy, 2004, page 185) and non-participant observation (Quivy, 2004, page 188).

scholarly journals Family life stress, maternal depression and child behavioral health in industrialized Italian cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Bansal ◽  
S Renzetti ◽  
N Xhani ◽  
G Cagna ◽  
M Conversano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Behavioral Health ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Maternal Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Depressed Mothers

Abstract Although family life stress adversely impacts child health, few tools measure its relationship to child outcomes in the setting of maternal variables. This study validates the Italian version of Crisis in Family Systems-Revised (CRISYS-R) and characterizes relationships between family life stress, maternal depression and child behavior in two Italian cities. This cross-sectional study was nested in current research on health impacts of neurotoxic environmental exposures in children. 101 mother-child pairs (child age=9.91±2.17yrs; 53% female) and children's teachers were enrolled in Taranto (south Italy) and Brescia (north Italy). Mothers performed the Italian CRISYS-R and PHQ9; teachers completed Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/6-18). Spearman's rank correlation coefficients showed associations of family CRISYS-R, maternal PHQ9 and child CBCL/6-18. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test compared groups of continuous variables. Mothers with depressive symptoms (PHQ9≥5) reported higher ongoing stress and proportion of negative stressors on CRISYS-R than non-depressed mothers (p &lt; 0.05). Children of depressed mothers performed worse in all CBCL/6-18 domains: Internalizing Problems, Externalizing Problems and Total Problems (p &lt; 0.01). Specifically, children of depressed mothers scored higher on subscales of Anxious-Depressed (p &lt; 0.05), Withdrawn-Depressed (p &lt; 0.01), Rule-Breaking (p &lt; 0.01) and Aggressive Behavior (p &lt; 0.05). Maternal depressive symptoms correlated with ongoing stress (rs = 0.27; p &lt; 0.01), child Internalizing Problems (rs = 0.34; p &lt; 0.001), Externalizing Problems (rs = 0.28; p &lt; 0.01) and Total Problems (rs = 0.35; p &lt; 0.001). This study describes links among maternal depression, family life stress, and child behavioral health. It is first to validate Italian CRISYS-R and to explore these factors conjointly in Italian contexts with known neurotoxic exposures. Findings support considering maternal depression and family life stress in child behavioral and environmental health research and policy. Key messages Family life stress, maternal depressive symptoms, and preadolescent behavioral health were highly interrelated in two industrialized Italian cities. The Italian version of CRISYS-R is a useful instrument for assessing and understanding family life stress, a crucial yet under-explored contributor to child behavioral health outcomes.

scholarly journals Developmental cascade effects of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed mothers: Longitudinal associations with toddler attachment, temperament, and maternal parenting efficacy

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth D. Handley ◽  
Louisa C. Michl-Petzing ◽  
Fred A. Rogosch ◽  
Dante Cicchetti ◽  
Sheree L. Toth
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Interpersonal Psychotherapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Parenting Efficacy ◽  
Positive Adaptation ◽  
Maternal Parenting ◽  
Depressed Mothers ◽  
Cascade Effects

AbstractUsing a developmental cascades framework, the current study investigated whether treating maternal depression via interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) may lead to more widespread positive adaptation for offspring and mothers including benefits to toddler attachment and temperament, and maternal parenting self-efficacy. The participants (N= 125 mother–child dyads; mean mother age at baseline = 25.43 years; 54.4% of mothers were African American; mean offspring age at baseline = 13.23 months) were from a randomized controlled trial of IPT for a sample of racially and ethnically diverse, socioeconomically disadvantaged mothers of infants. Mothers were randomized to IPT (n= 97) or an enhanced community standard control group (n= 28). The results of complier average causal effect modeling showed that engagement with IPT led to significant decreases in maternal depressive symptoms at posttreatment. Moreover, reductions in maternal depression posttreatment were associated with less toddler disorganized attachment characteristics, more adaptive maternal perceptions of toddler temperament, and improved maternal parenting efficacy 8 months following the completion of treatment. Our findings contribute to the emerging literature documenting the potential benefits to children of successfully treating maternal depression. Alleviating maternal depression appears to initiate a cascade of positive adaptation among both mothers and offspring, which may alter the well-documented risk trajectory for offspring of depressed mothers.

scholarly journals Relative impact of maternal depression and associated risk factors on offspring psychopathology

2012 ◽  
Vol 200 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward D. Barker ◽  
William Copeland ◽  
Barbara Maughan ◽  
Sara R. Jaffee ◽  
Rudolf Uher
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Maternal Mental Health ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Clinically Depressed ◽  
Internalising Disorders ◽  
Depressed Mothers

BackgroundIn general, mothers with depression experience more environmental and family risk factors, and lead riskier lifestyles, than mothers who are not depressed.AimsTo test whether the exposure of a child to risk factors associated with mental health adds to the prediction of child psychopathology beyond exposure to maternal depression.MethodIn 7429 mother–offspring pairs participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the UK, maternal depression was assessed when the children were aged 1.5 years; multiple risk factor exposures were examined between birth and 2 years of age; and DSM-IV-based externalising and internalising diagnoses were evaluated when the children were 7.5 years of age.ResultsChildren of clinically depressed mothers were exposed to more risk factors associated with maternal mental health. Maternal depression increased diagnoses of externalising and internalising disorders, but a substantial portion of these associations was explained by increased risk factor exposure (41% for externalising and 37% for internalising disorders). At the same time, these risk exposures significantly increased the odds of both externalising and internalising diagnoses, over and above the influence of maternal depression.ConclusionsChildren of clinically depressed mothers are exposed to both maternal psychopathology and risks that are associated with maternal mental health. These results may explain why treating mothers with depression shows beneficial effects for children, but does not completely neutralise the increased risk of psychopathology and impairment.

scholarly journals Developing Strategy for Water Conflict Management and Transformation at Euphrates–Tigris Basin

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameh W. H. Al-Muqdadi
Keyword(s):  
Water Security ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Developing Strategy ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Water Conflict ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
Different Levels

Developing water technology and management systems is not sufficient to cope with the water shortage, where political decisions might be considered as a critical element in this context. The Euphrates–Tigris basin has been suffering for decades from political instability and mismanagement. The tension over the water allocation that was on the negotiating table since the 1960s ended with no substantial agreement between the riparian countries (Iraq, Turkey and Syria). The objective is to evaluate the impact of the political dimension by creating a conceptual model for the hydropolitical cycle, addressing the importance of the negotiation concepts to reach an agreement; the research also aims to develop a strategy that might support the transformation from conflict to collaboration. The approaches of situation map and systems thinking have been implemented to build the model. The tools of negotiation skills have been adopted to assist the water conflict. The results describe the challenges within different levels and demonstrating the hydropolitical cycle and adding a sustain toolkit to the theory of water conflict and transformation management. Moreover, the paper produces the structure and workflow of establishing the Global Water Security Council.

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