scholarly journals Change from baseline as an outcome illustrates escape behaviour of rats in hot plate method

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 2348
Author(s):  
Rama Mohan Pathapati ◽  
Manchi Rajesh Kumar ◽  
B. L. Kudagi ◽  
Madhavulu Buchineni
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Thermal Hyperalgesia ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Escape Behaviour ◽  
Hot Plate Test ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Escape Reflex

Background: The Hot Plate test is a thermal hyperalgesia model to assess the analgesic activity of many compounds. Traditional analysis compares reaction times with controls, reports only analgesic activity without considering escape reflex. Escape reflex to pain sensation also provides an indirect measure of analgesic activity. However, it requires repeated exposure of rats to hot plate. We explored the learning activities and escape behaviour of rats by calculating the change from baseline of reaction times.Methods: Male Wister strain albino rats, weighing between 150-200mg were used for assessment of hot-plate induced hyperalgesia. Author analysed the analgesic activity of aspirin (100mg/Kg) and compared with animals receiving saline. Aspirin and saline were administered 1hr orally before the commencement of the experiment. The reaction time was recorded at every 30 min up to 6hrs.Results: With traditional analysis, we can observe that the onset of action, peak action and duration of analgesic activity of aspirin was at 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 hours respectively. Peak inhibition of reaction time was seen at 2 hours with a magnitude of 474%. When we applied a statistical procedure, absolute change from baseline statistics, we found that animals treated with aspirin also exhibited escape reflex after fading of drug response and animals treated with saline demonstrated early (0.5hr) escape behaviour from the hot plate and continued throughout the rest of the experiment.Conclusions: Change from baseline as an outcome illustrates escape behaviour of rats in hot plate method and it should be employed along with percentage inhibition during assessment of analgesic activity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of analgesic activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) in Wister rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangita Jogdand ◽  
Jagruti Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Hot Plate Test ◽  
Analgesic Activities

Background: NSAIDs like Aspirin etc. are randomly used for mild to severe types of pain but long-term and injudicious use of NSAIDs lead to a number of side effects. The present study is designed for exploring the analgesic potential of Curcuma longa Linn (Turmeric) in albino rats, which may widen the therapeutic horizon for the said agent.Methods: Ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa in the doses 100, 200 and 400mg/kg is given orally to 6 Wister rats against a control of normal saline and a standard using Aspirin (300mg/kg) and the animals were subjected to Eddy’s hot plate test at different time intervals i.e., 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after administration of the drugs and the parameters were noted.Results: The analgesic activity of Curcuma longa showed significant (p<0.05) increase in mean basal reaction time in Hot plate method when compared to the control (Normal saline). As the dose of the ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa was gradually increased from 100, 200 and 400mg/kg respectively, the analgesic activity significantly increased (<0.05). Effect of curcuma longa at a dose of 400mg/kg is found to be comparable with Aspirin.Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that turmeric (Curcuma longa) has significant analgesic activities in rats. 

scholarly journals Comparison the analgesic activity of watery suspension of Nigella sativa Linn. seeds with Naproxen in mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
W. H. Al-Shebani, And F. J. Al-Tahan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Antinociceptive Effect ◽  
Analgesic Action ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Hot Plate Test ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Increment

The present study was designed to investigated the antinociceptive effect of the waterysuspension of Nigella sativa seeds compared with that of Naproxen by using hot plate test, whichmainly measures the threshold of stimulus required to elicit a response , in mice at 30, 60, 90, 120minutes after administration of the test agents. Twenty four albino Swiss mice of either sex weredivided in four groups with (6) animals each, the first group was treated orally with 1000 mg/kgBW of watery suspension of Nigella seeds, the second group was treated orally with naproxen atdose of 500 mg/kg BW ,the third group drenched with 500mg/kg BW of watery suspension ofNigella seeds and 250 mg/kg BW of naproxen ,whereas the last group serve as control. Nigellasativa seeds suspension significantly (p<0.05) prolonged the latency of response at all posttreatmentobservation times (30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes) , the analgesic action of naproxen wasdiminished with time compared with Nigella seeds.Combination of equal amounts of Nigellaseeds and Naproxen (half the originally used doses) caused significant increment (p<0.05) ofanalgesic reaction time longer than shown by each agent when given alone indicating an obvioussynergistic effect between watery suspension of Nigella seeds and Naproxen.

scholarly journals Evaluation of dose dependent analgesic response by extracts of Myristica fragrans on albino wistar rats: an experimental study

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 2134
Author(s):  
Imran Zaheer ◽  
Syed Ziaur Rahman ◽  
Rahat Ali Khan ◽  
Mehtab Parveen ◽  
Priyamvada Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Tail Flick ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Methanol Fraction ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dose Dependent

Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate analgesic activity of ethanolic extract, methanol and benzene fraction of Myristica fragrans on wistar albino rats.Methods: The present study was carried out in the department of pharmacology JNMC AMU and F.H. Medical College, Agra. The analgesic activity was evaluated by employing the Eddy’s hot plate method and tail flick response method. In both the tests, Rats of either sex weighing 150-200 g were used. The total number of animals n=36 were allocated to six groups. Each group consist of six animals each. The response noted in animals that were tested by hot plate method was reaction time for licking/biting of both the paws before and after administration of control & test drugs. However in Tail flick test, the pain threshold response was recorded before and after administration of control & test drugs. The statistical analysis was done by using one-way ANOVA. The data is expressed as Mean±SEM. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: Ethanolic extracts and methanol fraction of M. fragrans showed statistically significant (p<0.001) increase in reaction time for licking/biting in hot plate method. On the contrary a significant increase in pain threshold was also recorded in tail flick response test. It is interesting to note that no significant degree of analgesia related to any dose of benzene fraction was observed.Conclusions: The present study reveals the dose dependent significant analgesic activity of the extracts of M. fragrans i.e. ethanolic extracts and methanol fraction in both the test. However, the degree of analgesia was recorded significantly higher in groups received higher doses of extracts of M. fragrans.

scholarly journals A study to evaluate the analgesic activity of Origanum vulgare in mice using hot plate method

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1563
Author(s):  
Siddhi Raveendran ◽  
A. V. Tilak ◽  
Shraddha Yadav ◽  
Sayan Das ◽  
Vishwadeep Madrewar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
International Association ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Plate Method

Background: The International Association for Study of pain, has defined pain as actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage. But the burden of unwanted side effects with current regimens are high. To explore the potential of Ayurveda drugs, this study is done by using Origanum vulgare.Methods: In vivo model used-Hot plate method. Origanum vulgare (84 mg/kg p.o) was administered in mice. The analgesic activity was studied by recording the reaction time after administration of the drug at frequent intervals up to 3 hrs. The results were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test. P value <0.05 was considered as significant. Pentazocine showed statistically prolongation in the reaction time after 30 min as compared to Origanum vulgare.Results: In hot plate method, pentazocine showed statistically significant increase in the reaction time after 30 min of administration as compared to control group. However, Origanum vulgare in a dose of 84 mg/kg showed significantly increase in the reaction time after 30 min of administration as compared to control group. On comparing pentazocine and Origanum vulgare, pentazocine showed highly significant increase in the reaction time after 30 min as compared to Origanum vulgare at 84 mg/kg dose.Conclusions: From the present study, it was concluded that extract of Origanum vulgare exerted analgesic activity in both the models. However, it was less potent than pentazocine. Thus, Origanum vulgare can be used in mild to moderate painful conditions.

scholarly journals A comparative evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two medicinal plants rubia cordifolia and cassia fistula in wistar albino rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Rajashekar Y. R. ◽  
Narasimhamurthy K. M.
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Plate Model ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Cassia Fistula ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Inflammatory Models ◽  
Cotton Pellet ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Pain and inflammation are disabling accompaniments of many medical conditions. So, controlling both pain and inflammation assumes the top priority for the physician. Inflammation is a part of a complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, chemicals or irritants. Therapy of pain and inflammation has always been debatable.Methods: Rats were divided into 8 groups of 6 animals of each. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied with carrageenan induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models. The analgesic activity was evaluated using Eddy’s hot plate model. The aqueous extract of Rubia cardifolia root and Cassia fistula leaf preparations were compared with Diclofenac in both acute and sub acute inflammatory models and also in pain model.Results: Various test result parameters were statistically analysed at P value <0.5. In Eddy's hot plate model both RC and CF preparations prolonged the response reaction time, while CF preparation showed longer reaction time than that of RC preparation. In carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models, both RC and CF preparations showed significant decrease in paw edema volume and granuloma dry weight respectively, but less than that of Diclofenac. RC preparation found to have dose dependant in inflammatory models.Conclusions: RC root and CF leaf preparations were compared head to head and they have been found to have significant dose dependant analgesic activity and dose independent acute and sub acute anti inflammatory activities. Though CF leaf preparation appeared to be a good analgesic than RF root preparation, but failed to do so as an anti inflammatory agent in both inflammatory models. But both test preparations were not equivalent to Diclofenac in all three models.

scholarly journals Evaluation of analgesic activity of Toxicodendron radicans in animal model using wistar albino rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1582
Author(s):  
Marzana K. V. ◽  
Nagapati Prabhakar Bhat ◽  
Roopa P. Nayak ◽  
Megha Rani N.
Keyword(s):  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Immersion Method ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Withdrawal Time ◽  
Tail Immersion ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

Background: Pain forms an integral part of many clinical conditions management is of great importance in every field of medicine. The core of medicine is to preserve and restore patient’s health and to minimize their suffering. Toxicodendron radicans (rhus toxicodendron) is a homoeopathic remedy with anti-inflammatory activity used for various arthritic pain. Rhus toxicodendron is commonly used in skin, mucus membrane affections, pain in joints, tendons, rheumatism in cold season, cellulitis and infection, fever. During the recent exponential rise in the use of alternative medicines and increasing integration into the health service little research has been done on alternative medicine in the context in which it is practiced.Methods: Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. group 1 received control (normal saline), group 2 received vehicle (alcohol with distilled water in ratio 1:4), and group 3 received standard (diclofenac-10 mg/kg), group 4 and 5 consist of 2 test groups-rhus toxicodendron 30x and 200c respectively. Analgesic activity was assessed using Hot water tail immersion method and Eddy’s hot plate method. Preliminary pilot study was done with 4 doses rhus toxicodendron 6x, 12x, 30x, 200c respectively. Data was analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey Kramer multiple comparison test. P value <0.05 was considered as significant.Results: In Eddy’s hot plate method, rhus toxicodendron 30 showed increase in paw withdrawal time which was statistically very significant at the end of 1 hr compared to the control group whereas statistically rhus toxicodendron 200 showed extremely significant analgesic property. In hot water tail immersion method rhus toxicodendron 30 showed increase in tail withdrawal time at the end of 1hr compared to the control group which was significant statistically.Conclusions: This study shows that toxicodendron radicans homoeopathic formulations possess significant analgesic property.

Synthesis of 8-alkoxy-1,3-dimethyl-2, 6-dioxopurin-7-yl-substituted acetohydrazides and butanehydrazides as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grażyna Chłoń-Rzepa ◽  
Agnieszka W. Jankowska ◽  
Małgorzata Zygmunt ◽  
Krzysztof Pociecha ◽  
Elżbieta Wyska
Keyword(s):  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Hot Plate Test ◽  
Peripheral Mechanism ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Inhibit Tumor Necrosis Factor

AbstractA series of new 8-alkoxy-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxopurin-7-yl-substituted acetohydrazides and butanehydrazides 6–12 was synthesized and evaluated for the analgesic activity in two in vivo models: the writhing syndrome and the hot-plate tests. Among the investigated derivatives, compounds with N′-arylidenehydrazide moiety 9–12 show analgesic activity significantly higher than that of acetylsalicylic acid, which may indicate the importance of this structural element for analgesic properties. The lack of the activity in the hot-plate test may suggest that the analgesic activity of the newly synthesized compounds is mediated by a peripheral mechanism. The selected compounds 7 and 12 inhibit tumor necrosis factor α production in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia, similarly to theophylline, which may confirm their anti-inflammatory properties.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF MURRAYA KOENIGII AND CORIANDRUM SATIVUM LEAVES EXTRACT IN ANIMAL MODEL.

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
Kartik Salwe J ◽  
Mirunalini R ◽  
Jervin Mano ◽  
Manimekalai K
Keyword(s):  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Coriandrum Sativum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tail Flick ◽  
Murraya Koenigii ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus

 Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the analgesic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Murraya koenigii and Coriandrum sativum leaves and compared it with standard drug in an animal model.Methods: Hydroalcoholic extracts of M. koenigii and C. sativum leaves were obtained using Soxhlet apparatus. The central analgesic property was screened by hot plate method in mice and tail flick method in rats. The pain reaction time (PRT) was measured at 30, 60, and 120 min. The peripheral analgesic activity was evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing in mice.Results: In hot plate method M. koenigii leaves extract at both doses and tramadol showed significant increase in PRT at 30, 60, and 120 min compared with control group. C. sativum leaves extract showed significant increase in PRT only at 60 and 120 min compared to control group. In tail flick method M. koenigii leaves extract at both doses, higher dose of C. sativum leaves extract and tramadol showed significant increase in PRT at 30, 60, and 120 min compared with control group. Higher dose of M. koenigii leaves extract (200 mg/kg) was comparable with standard drug tramadol in both the methods. M. koenigii leaves extract at both dose showed significant reduction in the number of writhing but C. sativum leaves extract failed to show any significant reduction in the number of writhing compared with control. Higher dose of M. koenigii leaves extract was comparable with standard drug tramadol.Conclusion: M. koenigii leaves extract showed both peripheral and central analgesic effect while C. sativum leaves extract showed only peripheral analgesic effect.

scholarly journals Analgesic Activity of the Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist RU-1205 in Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA Spasov ◽  
OY Grechko ◽  
DM Shtareva ◽  
AI Raschenko ◽  
Natalia Eliseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Receptor ◽  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Kappa Opioid Receptor ◽  
Kappa Opioid ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Hot Plate Test ◽  
Plate Test

Introduction: Opioid analgesics are the most efficient and widely used drugs for the management of moderate to severe pain. However, side effects associated with mu receptor activation, such as respiratory depression, tolerance and physical dependence severely limit their clinical application. Currently, the kappa-opioid system is the most attractive in terms of the clinical problem of pain, because kappa-agonists do not cause euphoria and physical dependence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of the novel compound - RU-1205. Methods: The analgesic activity of RU-1205 was studied on nociceptive models that characterize the central and peripheral pathways of pain sensitivity (hot plate test, electrically induced vocalisation, formalin test, writhing test). Results: RU-1205 exhibited highly potent antinociceptive effects in rodent models of acute pain with ED50 values of 0.002 - 0.49 mg /kg. Pretreatment with the κ-opioid receptor antagonist norBinaltorphimine significantly attenuated the analgesic activity of investigated substance in a hot plate test. Conclusions: It was established that the compound shows a significant dose-dependent central and peripheral analgesic effect. It was assumed kappa-opioidergic mechanism of analgesic effect of RU-1205.

scholarly journals Evaluation of opioid sparing effect of dexmedetomidine and pregabalin using acute pain model in male wistar rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1911
Author(s):  
Sudar Codi R. ◽  
Sumina . ◽  
Uma N. ◽  
Manimekalai K.
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Heated Surface ◽  
Opioid Consumption ◽  
Tail Flick ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Opioid Sparing ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Sparing Effect

Background: Adjuvant analgesics are added to pain management regimen to reduce opioid consumption and minimise their side effect. Newer ones like dexmedetomidine and pregabalin have not been thoroughly researched. Objectives of the study to study the opioid sparing effect of dexmedetomidine and pregabalin using tail flick and hot plate method in male wistar rats.Methods: Forty two rats were grouped into seven groups with six in each group. Analgesic activity was tested using tail flick, where in the reaction time to flick its tail on a heated surface was noted. In the hot plate method, the reaction time to withdraw or lick the paws when placed on heated surface was noted.Results: The reaction time to flick its tail was prolonged with dexmedetomidine and pregabalin when combined with opioids even in sub therapeutic doses.Conclusion: Adjuncts like dexmedetomidine and pregabalin can be very useful  in mutimodal pain management and also to reduce the opioid consumption.

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