scholarly journals Cost variation analysis of different brands of commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs, available in Indian market: a pharmacoeconomic study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 556
Author(s):  
Shakeel Ahmad Mir
Keyword(s):  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Study ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Prescription Medications ◽  
Medical Spending ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost

Background: Worldwide, Hypertension is estimated to cause 7.5 million deaths, about 12.8% of the total of all deaths. This accounts for 57 million disability adjusted life years (DALYS) or 3.7% of total DALYS. Globally, the overall prevalence of hypertension in adults aged 25 and over was around 40% in 2008.Despite its benefits, treatment of hypertension is costly. Direct medical spending to treat hypertension totalled $42.9 billion in 2010, with almost half ($20.4 billion) in the form of prescription medications. Being, a silent disease, adherence to antihypertensive drugs is poor. One of the important factors of poor adherence to antihypertensives is the cost of the drugs. There is wide cost variation among different brands of the same antihypertensive drug. Clinician’s awareness of cost of therapeutics is poor. The costly brand of same generic drug is proved to be in no way superior to its economically cheaper counterpart.Methods: The minimum and the maximum cost in Rupees (INR) of a particular antihypertensive agent manufactured by various pharmaceutical companies in the same strength were noted. The cost of 10 tablets/capsules was calculated. The cost ratio and percent cost variation were calculated for each brand.Results: The cost variation observed in the present study was as high as 2337.50 % for Hydralazine. Other significantly high cost variations found in the present study were: 1315.25% (Telmisartan+Hydrochlorthiazide), 870.58% (Amlopdipine), 558.34% (Amlodipine+Atenolol), 537.68% (Valsartan), 394.44% (Metoprolol), 344.44% (Enalapril), 316.22% (Propranolol), 300% (Lisinopril), 290.90% (Carvedilol), 289% (Cilnidipine), 271.99% ( Labetolol), 268.04% (Indapamide), 256.31% (Losartan), 255.19% (Irbesartan), 226% (Methyldopa), 223.04% (Frusemide), 209.78% (Nitrendepine), 192.08% (Terazosin), 189.25% (Atenolol), 142.42% (Bisoprolol) and 120.51% (Felodipine).Conclusions: Financial constraints are a reality in almost all aspects of medicine. Doctors must consider drug costs to their patients. Increasing pharmaceutical costs negatively impacts patients. Given the increasing healthcare costs, there is growing interest in rational prescribing, which takes costs of medication into account.

scholarly journals Cost variation analysis of ACE inhibitors in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1522
Author(s):  
Prashant Wadagbalkar ◽  
Poonam Patel ◽  
Swati V. Raipurkar
Keyword(s):  
Ace Inhibitors ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
Antihypertensive Agents ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Single Drug ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent cause of death and disability in developed and developing countries. There is a wide variation in the prices of antihypertensive drugs marketed in India. Thus, a study was planned to find out variation in cost in the ACE Inhibitors available in India either as a single drug or in combination and to evaluate the difference in cost of various brands of the same ACE Inhibitors and ARBs by calculating percentage variation in cost in Indian rupees.Methods: Minimum and maximum costs in rupees (INR) of antihypertensive agents manufactured by different companies, in the same strength and dosage forms were obtained from “current index of medical specialties” January April 2016 and Drug Today October-December 2016. The cost ratio and percentage cost variation were calculated for each generic antihypertensive agent (ACE Inhibitors and ARBs).Results: This study shows that there is a wide variation in the prices of different brands of same ACE Inhibitors and ARBs in Indian market.Highest cost variation 400% is for Lisinopril (2.5mg), followed by Enalapril (10mg) 394.16%, Telmisartan (20mg) 322.22%.Conclusions: There is a wide difference in the cost of different brands of ACE Inhibitors and ARBs available in India. They have important role in management of hypertension particularly if associated with other morbidities like diabetes. The clinicians prescribing these drugs should be aware of these variations in cost so as to reduce the cost of drug therapy and increase the patient adherence to the therapy.

scholarly journals Rational use and cost variation analysis of antitussive-expectorants available in the Indian market: a pharmacoeconomic study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramod Kumar Manjhi ◽  
Sunil Kumar Singh ◽  
Chakrapani Kumar ◽  
Akhilesh Kumar Rana
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacoeconomic Study ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Indian Market ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Cost

Background: Antitussive-expectorants are among the most frequently prescribed drugs by physicians in clinical practice. Upper respiratory tract infections, such as common cold, acute pharyngitis and acute trachea-bronchitis, are the most common of all communicable diseases and significantly increase OPD burden. This study aimed to assess the rational use, cost ratio, and percentage cost variations in different brands of the commonly prescribed antitussive-expectorants available in the Indian market.Methods: The cost of antitussive-expectorant manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies was obtained by using drug today Jan-April 2021 vol 2. The maximum and minimum price was noted down, cost ratio and percentage cost variation of the individual formulation were analysed.  Results: Analysis of cost ratio and percentage cost variation for each formulation of the antitussive-expectorants drug, syrup (100 ml) chlorpheniramine (2 mg), dextromethorphan (10 mg), phenylephrine (5 mg) combinations show the highest cost ratio and percentage cost variation as 5.30 and 430.25 respectively, and syrup (100 ml) dextromethorphan (10 mg), guaifenesin (100 mg), phenylephrine (25 mg), chlorpheniramine (4 mg) combinations show lowest cost ratio and percentage cost variation as 1.17 and 17.69 respectively.Conclusions: There was a wide variation in the cost of different brands of antitussive-expectorant drugs available in the Indian market. So, clinicians should be aware of rational use and variations in cost to reduce the treatment cost and increase patient compliance.

scholarly journals Cost variation analysis of antihypertensive drugs acting through renin angiotensin aldosterone axis modulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1085
Author(s):  
Manju K. Nair ◽  
Neha M. S.
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Form ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
Rational Drug ◽  
The Cost

Background: Several brands of antihypertensive drugs are available in the Indian market with huge price variations. This study was undertaken to find out the percentage cost variation and cost ratio of antihypertensive drugs acting through renin angiotensin aldosterone axis modulation.Methods: Costs of different brands of renin angiotensin aldosterone axis modulatory drugs with antihypertensive action for the same dosage form and strength were found out using current index of medical specialties-134, July-October 2016. The maximum and minimum price of different brands of each drug was noted. Data was entered in Microsoft excel 2010. Percentage cost variation and cost ratio was calculated for each drug.Results: 16 antihypertensive drugs were analysed. Most of them were tablets. Ramipril and Valsartan were available as capsules also. Among tablets, percentage cost variation was highest for Atenolol 12.5 mg (683.93%) and least for Bisoprolol 2.5 mg (3.6538%). Valsartan capsules (160 mg) had no difference in the costs between the available 2 brands. Cost ratio ranged from 1.04 to 7.84 among the tablet form of drugs.Conclusions: There is a huge difference in the cost of antihypertensive drugs manufactured by different companies in the same strength and dosage form. To promote rational drug use and cost effective therapy, it is essential to create an awareness among clinicians regarding the availability of multiple brands for these drugs and the discrepancies in their costs.

scholarly journals Pharmacoeconomic study of antipsychotic drugs in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
S. Nagaraja Prasad ◽  
Vedavathi H.
Keyword(s):  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Study ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cure Rates ◽  
Very High

Background: Schizophrenia is a disorder of relatively high point prevalence, low incidence and high disability. It accounts for nearly 1.5-3% of total national expenditure on health care. There is a gross variation in the cost of various branded and generic versions of antipsychotics available in India. This can lead to decreased patient compliance. The present study was undertaken to highlight this variation in the cost of various preparations of antipsychotics (branded and generic) available in India.Methods: Cost ratio and Percentage variation in cost of various antipsychotics available were calculated by standard formulae and analysed.Results: There is a very high variation in the cost of various antipsychotics available in India. The highest variation in cost ratio was seen with risperidone 2mg, 3mg and olanzapine 10mg, while the highest percentage cost variation was seen with risperidone 3mg, 4mg, 1mg; olanzapine 2.5mg, 5mg, 50mg, 100mg; levosulpiride 25mg and chlorpromazine 20mg. The lowest percentage cost variation was seen with Flupenthixol 3mg and Amisulpiride 300mg.Conclusions: There is a definite need to further strengthen the Drug Price Regulatory Mechanisms with regard to antipsychotics available in India in order to improve the patient compliance and thus cure rates of this burdensome and costly illness.

scholarly journals A pharmacoeconomic study of different brands of commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 976
Author(s):  
Pooja C. Upasani ◽  
Rohidas M. Barve ◽  
Rajesh S. Hiray
Keyword(s):  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Study ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Common Chronic Disease ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
The Government

Background: The hypertension is the most common chronic disease, therefore treatment should be affordable. The antihypertensive drugs of same strength are available in market at different costs. This study was undertaken to create awareness among health care workers and patients, about cost difference among different brands of same antihypertensive drug. So that whenever possible, a cheaper effective brand can be prescribed to ensure better patient adherence.Methods: Maximum retail price (MRP) of various antihypertensive drugs of same strength, manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies was obtained from various offline and online sources. The minimum and maximum cost of 10 tablets/capsules noted. The cost ratio and percentage cost variation was calculated for single drug and fixed dose combinations. The ceiling price (as per DPCO) of essential antihypertensives (as per national list of essential medicines) was compared with their maximum cost.Results: The formulations of single antihypertensive drugs (41) and fixed dose combinations of two drugs (19) and three drugs (9) were included in the study. Among the single antihypertensives analyzed the highest cost difference was of eplerenone (50 mg) and high cost ratio and cost variation percentage was of amlodipine (5 mg). Among fixed dose combination of two drugs analyzed highest cost difference was found that of hydrochlorothazide (12.5 mg)+olmesartan (40 mg) combination and highest cost ratio and percentage cost variation was of amlodipine (5 mg)+telmisartan (40 mg).Conclusions: There was a huge price variation among the antihypertensive drugs manufactured by various companies. Some measures must be taken by the government to bring the uniformity in the price that will help to reduce the economic burden on the patients.

scholarly journals A COST VARIATION ANALYSIS STUDY OF DRUGS USED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA AVAILABLE IN THE INDIAN MARKET

2021 ◽  
pp. 152-155
Author(s):  
VIBHA RANI ◽  
SAILAXMI VENEPALLY
Keyword(s):  
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Study ◽  
Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Reductase Inhibitors ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Care Costs

Objectives: The objectives of the study are to evaluate the cost variation and cost ratio of different brands of the drugs used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods: The cost of alpha-blockers and 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors used in the treatment of BPH was noted from CIMS (Oct 2019–Jan 2020), Drugs Update, and Medline. The differences between the maximum and minimum cost of various brands of the same drug were analyzed and percentage variation in the cost was calculated. The results of the study were expressed in absolute numbers and percentages. Results: All the drugs used in the treatment of BPH are only available in tablet and capsule forms, in 10 different dosages and in 242 different brand names, of which 10 mg alfuzosin and 2.5 mg finasteride have the highest (518) and lowest (14) percentage of cost variation, while 0.4 mg tablet form of tamsulosin is available in the maximum number of brands-41. Conclusion: This pharmacoeconomic study reveals that there is wide variation in the cost of most of the drugs used in the treatment of BPH. Therefore, it is very much essential for both government and pharmaceutical companies to make combined efforts to reduce the cost of these drugs, which will reduce the economic burden on the patients and also reduce the overall health care costs.

Investing in Health Wisely: The Role of Needs-based Technology Assessment

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean T. Jamison ◽  
Helen Saxenian ◽  
Yves Bergevin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Improve Health

AbstractCountries worldwide spend huge sums on health—about $1,700 billion a year, or roughly 8% of global income. But the World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health shows that these monies could be spent much more wisely, in the process doing a great deal to help the world's 1 billion poor. Essential national public health and clinical packages are proposed based on assessment of the burden of disease (measured in disability adjusted life years) and the cost-effectiveness of interventions. Governments can play a central role in improving the health of their citizens: they can foster an environment that enables households to improve health and they can also improve their own spending on health, targeting it to support universal access to essential national public health and clinical packages based on the above methods. This is a good example of the concept of needs-based technology assessment, combining the disciplines of epidemiology, economics, and policy formulation. When applied, it should lead to improved effectiveness, efficiency, and equity.

scholarly journals Cost Effectiveness Analysis Using Disability-Adjusted Life Years for Cataract Surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 6010
Author(s):  
Thinni Nurul Rochmah ◽  
Anggun Wulandari ◽  
Maznah Dahlui ◽  
Ernawaty ◽  
Ratna Dwi Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
Small Incision Cataract Surgery ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Cost

Cataracts are the second most prioritized eye disease in the world. Cataracts are an expensive treatment because surgery is the only method that can treat the disease. This study aims to analyze the cost effectiveness of each operating procedure. Specifically, phacoemulsification and Small Incision Cataract Surgery (SICS) with Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) as the effectiveness indicator is used. This study is an observational analytic study with a prospective framework. The sample size is 130 patients who have undergone phacoemulsification and 25 patients who have undergone SICS. The DALY for phacoemulsification at Day-7 (D-7) is 0.3204, and at Day-21 (D-21), it is 0.3204, while the DALY for SICS at D-7 is 0.3060, and at D-21, it is 0.3158. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) for cataract surgery at D-7 is USD $1872.49, and at D-21, it is USD $5861.71, whereas the Indonesian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is USD $4174.90. In conclusion, the phacoemulsification technique is more cost effective than the SICS technique. The ICER value is very cost effective at D-7 post-surgery compared to at D-21 post-surgery because the ICER is less than 1 GDP per capita per DALY.

scholarly journals Cost analysis of various topical eye preparations currently available in Indian market

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1754
Author(s):  
Shweta Agrawal ◽  
Neelesh Arya ◽  
Mehul Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Drug Formulations ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cost Of Drugs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

Background: topical eye preparations are very commonly used in India for different eye diseases hence their prices should not be much different in Indian pharmaceutical industry. The common man therefore has to shell out more money with medicine prices spinning out of his reach. Aim of this study was to compare the cost of drugs of the different brand of topical ophthalmic drugs.Methods: cost of various topical eye preparations was compared using “Current Index of Medical Specialties” (CIMS) January-April 2019 and cost variation was recorded. Drugs were categorized into anti-infective and antiseptics, topical corticosteroids, mydriatics, anti-glaucoma drugs, anti-inflammatory and lubricants.Results: That of the 26 drug formulations studied, the percentage cost variation of 10 drug formulations was more than 100%, out of which one formulation of moxifloxacin had more than 1000% variation. Cost ratio of 10 drug formulations were more than two. Moxifloxacin 0.5% eye drops had maximum percentage cost variation of 5610.66% and cost ratio of 57.11, followed by ofloxacin 0.30% eye drops (310.92%, 4.11), timolol 0.50% eye drops (263.64%, 3.64), ciprofloxacin 0.30% eye drops (142.42%, 2.42), tobramycin 0.30% eye drops (120.14%, 2.20).Conclusions: There is a significant variation in the price of various topical eye preparations. As most of the preparations being prescribed on an out-patient basis, which was not covered under most of the insurance program. Out of pocket expenditure adversely affects the drug compliance in the long run. There should be a comprehensive action from policymakers, regulatory authorities, government agencies, doctors, pharmacists, and the general public to solve this issue of cost variation of drugs.

scholarly journals Study of the Variation in Prices of Antidepressant Drugs Available in Nepali Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1006-1010
Author(s):  
Anjan Khadka ◽  
Pradeep Manandhar ◽  
Nagendra Katuwal ◽  
Mahesh Khatri
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
Multiple Drugs ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: Depression often remains unrecognized, misdiagnosed and/or under treated. There are multiple drugs from multiple companies which are available for treatment of depression. The prices of same drug with different brands are variable which questions the afford ability of treatment to the patients and their compliance. Objective The study was conducted to analyze the cost variation of different brands of antidepressant drugs prescribed in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal. Methodology This study design was cross-sectional and method was quantitative method and conducted at department of pharmacology of a tertiary care hospital from September 2018 to January 2019 after getting approval from institutional review committee. The commonly prescribed antidepressant drugs were recorded from prescription records of department of psychiatry and their cost, cost ratio and percentage variation were calculated as per current index of medical specialties and National index of medical specialties. The data were recorded in MS excel and presented as simple descriptive statistics. Result The study included seven commonly prescribed antidepressants obtained from 214 prescription records. The cost of one course of citalopram 40 mg tablet was found to be higher and the cost of one course of imipramine 25 mg tablet was found to be lower. The maximum and minimum cost ratio was 2.46 and 1.08 with fluoxetine 20 mg capsule and dothiepin 50 mg tablet respectively. The maximum and minimum percentage of cost variation was with fluoxetine 20 mg capsule and dothiepin 50 mg tablet. Conclusion Costs of antidepressants had wider variations depending on the manufacturers and availability of different dose and brands.

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