scholarly journals Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women and the need for universal screening: an observational study in Northern Andhra Pradesh population

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2536
Author(s):  
Krishnamma B. ◽  
Prabhavathi V. ◽  
Prasad D. K. V.
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Universal Screening ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tsh Levels

Background: The maternal thyroid dysfunction is associated with adverse outcomes such as miscarriage, preterm delivery, preeclampsia, postpartum haemorrhage in mother whereas increased risk of impaired neurological development in foetus. The present study was designed with an aim to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and the need for universal screening in pregnant women.Methods: Three hundred and eighty pregnant women between 8-36 weeks of gestation with age group 20-32 years were recruited. Serum free T3, free T4 and TSH levels were assayed by chemiluminescence method. The pregnant women were classified into euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroid (SH), overt hypothyroid (OH) and overt hyperthyroid groups based on the results obtained in the study.Results: In the present study, the mean ± SD age (in years) and BMI of all pregnant women was 23.9±3.9 and 22.9±1.6 respectively. The maternal age was high in OH and overt hyperthyroid and was statistically significant (p<0.05). Similarly, women with high BMI were prone to OH than normal BMI (p<0.05). The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was found to be 18.7%. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 17.4% in which the SH was 13.4% and overt hypothyroidism 3.9%, but overt hyperthyroidism was 1.3%. TSH levels increased with the advancement of gestational age from 2.72±1.85 in first trimester to 3.4±2.05 µIU/mL in third trimester, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Finally, it was also noticed that the prevalence of raised TSH in high-risk pregnant women was high compared to low-risk women (35.6% vs 5.1%) relative risk (RR) 7.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.62-12.65, (p<0.0001). However, 14 out of 51 (27.5%) with SH were in low-risk group.Conclusions: The present study states that the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 18.7% and also emphasizes the importance of screening all pregnant women for thyroid dysfunction rather than targeted high-risk pregnant women to prevent both maternal and fetal morbidity.

Low Prevalence of Clinically High-Risk Women and Pathological Thyroid Ultrasound among Pregnant Women Positive in Universal Screening for Thyroid Disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 119 (09) ◽  
pp. 530-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jiskra ◽  
J. Bartáková ◽  
Š. Holinka ◽  
Z. Límanová ◽  
D. Springer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Universal Screening ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Thyroid Ultrasound

AbstractIt is controversial whether screening program for thyroid disorders in pregnancy should be universal or targeted case-finding.To evaluate the relationship between history, laboratory parameters and thyroid ultrasound (TUS) in pregnant women positive in universal screening.The screening included investigation of serum TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) and TPOAb (antithyroperoxidase antibodies) in 5 520 unselected pregnant women in the 9–11th gestational week. In 822 the screening was positive: abnormal TSH (> 3.67 or < 0.06 mIU/l) and/or positive TPOAb (> 143 kIU/l). 200 consecutive women with positive screening were included it the study.41 women (21%) had transient gestational hyperthyroidism (TGH) and 159 (79%) had a thyroid pathology: 10 (5%) overt hypothyroidism; 76 (38%) subclinical hypothyroidism, 7 (3.5%) overt hyperthyroidism and 66 (33%) euthyroid TPOAb positivity. After exclusion of TGH, only 74/159 (47%) women were classified as high-risk for thyroid disease according to their history. There were no significant clinical and laboratory differences between the high- vs. low-risk women, except for higher proportion of FT4<75th percentile (P=0.008) and larger thyroid volume in the high-risk group (P=0.04). Finally, only 66/126 (52%) of TPOAb-positive pregnant women had autoimmune pattern in TUS in comparison with 41/49 (84%) TPOAb-positive non-pregnant control women of comparable age (P<0.001).Less than half of the positively screened pregnant women can be classified as high-risk and almost half of them had not autoimmune pattern in TUS. High- and low-risk pregnant women have similar clinical and laboratory characteristics.

scholarly journals A hospital based retrospective study of thyroid disorders on obstetric and perinatal outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 4590
Author(s):  
Sagar R. Patel ◽  
Pushpa A. Yadava ◽  
Shital T. Mehta ◽  
Bina M. Raval ◽  
Viditsinh P. Sisodiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Universal Screening ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Free T4

Background: The study was undertaken in pregnant women to understand and analyze the obstetric and foetal outcomes of thyroid disorders.Methods: TSH estimation was used as universal screening in their first visit to our hospital. Those patients with abnormal TSH values, i.e. above 2.5 mIU/ml in first trimester and above 3 mIU/ml in second and third trimesters were evaluated for free T3, free T4 and TPO Abs. They were treated accordingly and dosage adjustments made and the tests repeated once in 4-6 weeks. They were followed throughout pregnancy and delivery.Results: Total no of pregnant women screened were 904 over a period of 1 year from 15 March 2019 to 14 March 2020, of which 115 had abnormal thyroid functions, thereby the prevalence of thyroid disorders being 12.72%. Of the 115 patients with thyroid disorders, 112 were hypothyroid and 3 were hyperthyroid. Among the 112 hypothyroid cases, 48 were known cases and 64 were new cases. The total cases of subclinical hypothyroidism were 88, prevalence being 9.73% and overt cases were 24, prevalence being 2.65%; 3 cases were overt hyperthyroid, prevalence being 0.33%. 66% of subclinical hypothyroidism were TPO positive and 34% of overt hypothyroidism were TPO positive (p<0.05). Out of 115 abnormal thyroid function patients, 92 patients delivered in our hospital. There were 15 abortions, 13 spontaneous and 2 terminations of pregnancies; 7 patients have delivered outside and 1 patient lost follow up.Conclusions: The prevalence of thyroid disorders during pregnancy was significantly more in our study, hypothyroidism being the commonest. Significant numbers of cases were newly diagnosed on universal screening. The commonest disorder was subclinical hypothyroidism. Adverse maternal and foetal outcomes were almost similar in both subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. The common adverse outcomes noted were abortions, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm births and increased rates of caesarean sections. The adverse outcomes were significantly more in autoimmune antibody positive patients.

scholarly journals Study on thyroid function test in pregnancy in a tertiary care hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Ajit Kumar Nayak ◽  
Manorama Swain ◽  
Sujata Misra ◽  
Manju Kumari Jain
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Singleton Pregnancy ◽  
Free T4

Thyroid disorder is a very common endocrine problem encountered by pregnant women. Maternal thyroid dysfunction is associated with adverse outcome both in mother and fetus. The aim of the study: to find out the prevalence of various thyroid disorders in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. Materials and methods. This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, F.M. Medical College & Hospital, Balasore, Odisha from June 2020 to May 2021. 220 women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancy were included. Serum Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4 (FT4) and free T3 (FT3) were estimated by using electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay technique. Results. Out of 220 pregnant women screened for thyroid dysfunction, 68 were found to have thyroid disorders. 27.3 % of pregnant women had subclinical hypothyroidism, 1.4 % had overt hypothyroidism, 1.8 % had subclinical hyperthyroidism and 0.5 % had overt hyperthyroidism. Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 6.36 % when the upper reference limit of TSH level taken as 4 mIU/L. Prevalence of thyroid disorder among pregnant women in the age groups 18–25 years, 26–30 years and 31–40 years were 28.9 %, 32.1 % and 38.9 % respectively. There were 35.5 %, 28 % and 26 % pregnant women with thyroid disorders in the first, second and third trimester respectively. Prevalence of both subclinical and overt hypothyroidism were more in multigravida compared to primigravida. Conclusion. Our study revealed high prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnant women and maternal subclinical hypothyroidism was the most common pattern.

scholarly journals Adherence to Anticoagulant Guideline for Atrial Fibrillation Improves Outcomes in Asian Population

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1772-1780
Author(s):  
Rungroj Krittayaphong ◽  
Arjbordin Winijkul ◽  
Rapeephon Kunjara-Na-Ayudhya ◽  
Sirin Apiyasawat ◽  
Khanchai Siriwattana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Guideline Adherence ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Intermediate Risk ◽  
Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Adherence Group

Background and Purpose— Guideline adherent oral anticoagulant (OAC) management of patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation has been associated with improved outcomes, but limited data are available from Asia. We aimed to investigate outcomes in patients who received guideline compliant management compared with those who were OAC undertreated or overtreated, in a large nationwide multicenter cohort of patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in Thailand. Methods— Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation were prospectively enrolled from 27 hospitals—all of which are data contributors to the COOL-AF Registry (Cohort of Antithrombotic Use and Optimal INR Level in Patients With Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation in Thailand). Patients were categorized as follows: (1) guideline adherence group when OAC was given in high-risk or intermediate-risk, but not in low-risk patients; (2) undertreatment group when OAC was not given in the high-risk or intermediate-risk groups; and (3) overtreatment group when OAC was given in the low-risk group or when OAC was given in combination with antiplatelets without indication. Results— A total of 3327 patients who had follow-up clinical outcome data were included. The mean age of patients was 67.4 years and 58.1% were male. The numbers of patients in the guideline adherence group, undertreatment group, and overtreatment group were 2267 (68.1%), 624 (18.8%), and 436 (13.1%) patients, respectively. The overall rate of ischemic stroke, major bleeding, all bleeding, and death was 3.0%, 4.4%, 15.1%, and 7.8%, respectively. Undertreated patients had a higher risk of ischemic stroke and death compared with guideline adherent patients, and overtreated patients had a higher risk of bleeding and death compared with OAC guideline-managed patients. Conclusions— Adherence to OAC management guidelines is associated with improved clinical outcomes in Asian nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients. Undertreatment or overtreatment was found to be associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes compared with guideline-adherent management.

scholarly journals Alert for TSH Measurement in High-Risk Pregnancies in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A848-A849
Author(s):  
Lívia Marcela Santos ◽  
Déborah Buso Piccinalli Marietto ◽  
Juliana Miyuki Miura ◽  
Luisa Lacaz Martins Megale ◽  
Gabriela Terzian Ganadjian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Health System ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Introduction: The hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to alterations in fetal neurological formation and has metabolic impact on pregnant women. If not diagnosed and treated it can cause complications during pregnancy and childbirth, besides causing changes in fetal formation. The TSH test is not part of routine examinations of the pregnancy monitoring care in Brazilian public health system (SUS). The test is not requested in low-risk pregnant women like those at high risk. The Overt Hypothyroidism (no subclinical) is prevalent in 0.3% to 0.5% of pregnant women and is asymptomatic in 70% of these patients. Thus, in order to avoid risks to the mother and fetus health due absence of early diagnosis, it would be ideal for pregnancy monitoring care examinations in the public health system to request a TSH test, especially in high-risk pregnancies. Method: A cross-sectional observational study was approved by the Ethics Committee (CAAE 22906619.2.0000.0062) to review 83 medical records of high-risk pregnant women in a Brazilian public hospital, State of São Paulo, Brazil in 2020. Inclusion criteria: All patients who are being followed up in high-risk childbirth or are hospitalized in the high-risk sector on the maternity during the year 2020. Complete medical records containing the data proposed to be researched and results of exams to be analyzed in the research. Results: The study included the review of 83 medical records of high-risk pregnant women with average age of 30 years old, average gestational age of 31 weeks and average weight of 84 kg. From these 11.4% (n = 10) declared that they had hypothyroidism and 2.4% (n = 2) hyperthyroidism in the first consultation. The 47% (n = 39) had their TSH measured during pregnancy, of which TSH had changed 30.8% (n = 12), 5.1% (n = 2) with suppressed TSH and 25.6% (n = 10) with TSH above the limit for pregnancy. Of the pregnant women who had a diagnosis prior to the pregnancy of hypothyroidism, only 1 did not have their TSH collected during pregnancy. Of the pregnant women who had hyperthyroidism, all had TSH collected during pregnancy, but kept TSH suppressed and free T4 at the upper limit throughout the pregnancy. 10% (n = 8) had gestational bleeding, of which only 25% (n = 2) had TSH measured at some point during pregnancy, of these, one had an altered TSH, but no medication was prescribed or the test repeated. Conclusion: Recognizing that the evolution of pregnancy depends on the normal thyroid eixo, we believe that for high-risk pregnant women they should have their thyroid eixo evaluated in the first trimester.

scholarly journals Comparison of universal screening with targeted high-risk case finding for diagnosis of thyroid disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sima Nazarpour ◽  
Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani ◽  
Masoumeh Simbar ◽  
Maryam Tohidi ◽  
Hamid AlaviMajd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Universal Screening ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
High Risk Case

ObjectiveDebate about the need for universal screening of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy is ongoing. The present study aimed to compare universal screening with targeted high-risk case findings for early diagnosis of thyroid disorders in Iranian pregnant women.Study designThis cross-sectional prospective study was carried out on 1600 pregnant women in their first trimester. A checklist, including all related risk factors recommended by The American Thyroid Association, was completed for all participants. Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), T-uptake, TSH and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were measured and thyroid status was documented, based on hormonal measurements and clinical examinations.ResultsThere were 656 women (44.3%) that had at least one risk factor for thyroid diseases and were eligible for the targeted high-risk case finding (high-risk group) approach, while 55.7% had no risk factors (low-risk group). Using the universal screening approach, there were 974 women (65.8%) with normal thyroid status and 506 participants (34.2%) with thyroid disturbances, including overt hyperthyroidism (0.7%), overt hypothyroidism (1.1%), subclinical hypothyroidism (30.1%; positive TPOAb (5.5%) and negative TPOAb (24.6%); and euthyroid and positive TPOAb (2.3%). Of women with thyroid dysfunction, 64.4% were in the high-risk group and 35.6% were in the low-risk group (P<0.0001).ConclusionsThe targeted high-risk case finding approach overlooks about one-third of pregnant women with thyroid dysfunction. If ongoing prospective trials provide evidence on the efficacy of treating subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy, in populations with a low prevalence of presumed risk factors, the targeted high-risk case finding approach will be proven inefficient.

scholarly journals SUN-431 Case Finding Versus Routine Screening of Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Ahmed Al Qarni ◽  
Reem Mohammad Alamoudi ◽  
Khalida Shahid ◽  
Amal Almanei ◽  
Muneera Alotaibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Universal Screening ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Saudi Women ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
High Risk Case

Abstract Background: Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy is associated several adverse outcomes. This has triggered a debate about whether universal screening should be implemented. Despite recommendations against universal screening, the clinical practice of many caregivers may differ. We aimed to assess the sensitivity of using targeted high-risk case finding for diagnosing thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy compared to routine screening in pregnant Saudi women, and to evaluate if gestational diabetes (GDM) specifically affected the risk. Methods: A cross-sectional study in two hospitals under the Ministry of National Guards Health affairs of Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz Hospital, Al-Ahsa, and Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal Hospital, Dammam. Pregnant ladies attending the Family medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Endocrinology clinics in both hospitals were assessed by the caring physician based on a check list for risk stratification for thyroid dysfunction as per the 2012 Endocrine society clinical practice guidelines for management of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. Presence of one risk factor defined high risk. All patients had a routine serum TSH measured as universal screening is commonly practiced in both institutions, the physician doing the risk stratification was not aware of the TSH result. Sensitivity and specificity for the case finding approach was calculated using and abnormal TSH value as the gold standard for presence of thyroid dysfunction. The institutions lab reference TSH 0.35 – 4.94 mIU/L was used as cutoff. Results: 1571 pregnant women were included in the study; mean age 29.3± 6.2 years, 396 (23.5%) were primigravida. The mean TSH value was 1.898 ± 1.459 mlU/L. 1178 (75%) pregnant women had an indication for screening based on presence of at least one risk factor, of which 95 (8.1%) tested abnormal for TSH. 393 women had no risk factors, of which 379 (96.4%) had normal TSH, (Chi square 9.3, p-value 0.002). [Sensitivity 87.2%, (95%CI 79.4% – 92.8%), Specificity 25.9%, (95%CI 23.7% – 28.3%)]. Total abnormal TSH values was 109 (6.9%), 43 were abnormal high (i.e. hypothyroid); of which 40 screened positive by case finding approach [Sensitivity 93.02%, (95%CI 80.9% – 98.5%), Specificity 25.52%, (95%CI 23.4% – 27.8%)]. Moreover, 178 (11.3%) women screened positive for GDM at some stage in pregnancy out of which only 5 (2.8%) had an abnormal TSH value, while of the 1393 pregnant women who screened negative for GDM 1289 (92.5%) had a normal TSH value, (Chi square 5.3, p-value 0.02). [Sensitivity 4.6%, (95%CI 1.5% – 10.4%), Specificity 88.2%, (95%CI 86.4% – 89.8%)]. Conclusion: Targeted high-risk case finding predicts thyroid dysfunction in pregnant Saudi women with high sensitivity supporting its utility in screening our pregnant population. Gestational diabetes is highly prevalent in Saudi women, but does not increase risk of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy.

scholarly journals Pregnancy outcomes among women with thyrotoxicosis a retrospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panwad Harn-a-morn ◽  
Prapai Dejkhamron ◽  
Theera Tongsong ◽  
Suchaya Luewan
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Obstetric Outcomes ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
Singleton Pregnancies

Abstract Objective: To compare adverse outcomes between: 1) pregnant women with thyrotoxicosis and low risk pregnancies, 2) pregnant women with thyrotoxicosis requiring no anti-thyroid drug (ATD) and low risk pregnancies, and 3) those treated with methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU)Methods: The medical records of singleton pregnancies with thyrotoxicosis were comprehensively reviewed. Low-risk pregnancies matched for age and parity were randomly recruited as controls. The obstetric outcomes were compared between both groups, and the outcomes of various subgroups of the study group were also compared.Results: A total of 408 pregnant women with thyrotoxicosis were recruited. Compared with the controls, the women of the study group had significantly higher rates of low birth weight (LBW) (23.7% vs 17.7%; p:0.036), preterm birth (19.3% vs 12.3%; p:0.007), preeclampsia (8.5% vs 4.4%; p: 0.019) and cesarean section (21.5% vs 16.0%; p:0.046). In the study group (thyrotoxicosis), 67, 127, and 158 patients were treated with MMI, PTU and no anti-thyroid drug (ATD), respectively. All obstetric outcomes were comparable between the women treated with PTU and those with MMI, and between the controlled and uncontrolled groups. However, women who needed ATD had significantly higher rates of LBW and preterm birth than those without medications.Conclusions: Thyrotoxicosis, whether treated or not needing ATDs, was significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Also, active disease, indicated by the need for ATD significantly increased the risk of such adverse outcomes, whereas the patients treated with MMI or PTU had comparable adverse outcomes.

scholarly journals Pregnancy Outcomes among Women with Graves’ Hyperthyroidism: A Retrospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 4495
Author(s):  
Panwad Harn-a-morn ◽  
Prapai Dejkhamron ◽  
Theera Tongsong ◽  
Suchaya Luewan
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Obstetric Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Objective: The primary objectives of this study are to compare the rates of preterm birth; fetal growth restriction and low birth weight between the following groups: (1) pregnant women treated for thyrotoxicosis and low-risk pregnancies; (2) between pregnant women with thyrotoxicosis with no need of medication and low-risk pregnancies; and (3) between those treated with MMI and PTU. Methods: The medical records of singleton pregnancies with thyrotoxicosis were comprehensively reviewed. Low-risk pregnancies matched for age and parity were randomly recruited as controls. The obstetric outcomes were compared between both groups; the outcomes of various subgroups of the thyrotoxicosis group were also compared. Results: A total of 408 pregnant women with thyrotoxicosis were recruited. Compared with the controls; the women of the thyrotoxicosis group had significantly higher rates of low birth weight (LBW) (23.7% vs. 17.7%; p: 0.036), preterm birth (19.3% vs. 12.3%; p: 0.007), preeclampsia (8.5% vs. 4.4%; p: 0.019) and cesarean section (21.5% vs. 16.0%; p: 0.046). In the thyrotoxicosis group; 67; 127; and 158 patients were treated with MMI; PTU and no anti-thyroid drug (ATD), respectively. All obstetric outcomes were comparable between the women treated with PTU and those with MMI; and between the controlled and uncontrolled groups. However, women who needed ATD had significantly higher rates of LBW and preterm birth than those without medications. Conclusions: Thyrotoxicosis, whether treated or not needing ATDs, was significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Also, active disease, indicated by the need for ATD significantly increased the risk of such adverse outcomes; whereas the patients treated with MMI or PTU had comparable adverse outcomes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document