The incidence detection of tuberculosis in patients with infertility and abnormal uterine bleed: a study in North Indian population

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem, responsible for ill health among millions of people each year. TB ranks as the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide, after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The latest estimates included in this report are that there were 9.0 million new TB cases in 2013 and 1.5 million TB deaths (1.1 million among HIV-negative people and 0.4 million among HIV-positive people). In India the incidence of genital tuberculosis is nearly about 18%. And in female genital tract it is estimated that 18% in India suffer from genital TB.Methods: The study was carried-out during November 2014 to March 2016 at Maharishi Markandeshwar deemed to be University, MMIMSR Mullana (Ambala). A total of 100 females of reproductive age attending the Gynaecology Outpatient were finally recruited on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: In our study majority i.e. 39 (39.0%) patient were found in the group of 20-29 years of age followed by 38 (38.0%) patients in the group of 30-39 years of age. Only 23 (23.0%) were found in the group of 40-49 years of age. In our study majority i.e. 54 (54.0%) patients were from Haryana followed by 44 (44.0%) patients were from Uttar Pradesh and only 2 (2.0%) patients were from Punjab. Out of 100 patients majority i.e. 76 (76.0%) patients had negative TB with either of investigation and only 24 (24.0%) patients had positive TB with either of investigation.Conclusions: Female genital tuberculosis affects the females of reproductive age group. The disease manifests itself as pelvic inflammatory disease in its acute form with menstrual irregularities and later infertility, and is almost always secondary to a primary lesion elsewhere.

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Female Genital Tuberculosis

Faridpur Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/fmcj.v13i1.38022 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 53-55

Author(s):

Shahana Ahmed ◽

Dipti Rani Shaha ◽

Poly Begum ◽

Tahmina Akter

Keyword(s):

Young Women ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Age Group ◽

Genital System ◽

Genital Tuberculosis ◽

The Social ◽

Female Genital Tuberculosis ◽

Anti Tubercular Therapy ◽

Reproductive Age Group ◽

Female Genital

The incidence of genital tuberculosis varies widely with the social status of the patient and her environment. The incidence is about 1% amongst gynecological patients attending the outpatient department in the developing country. Genital TB may be asymptomatic and the majority of women are diagnosed during investigations of infertility. Genital system TB represents 15-20% of extrapulmonary TB and is usually asymptomatic affecting mainly young women in the reproductive age group. Here we presented a case of genital TB which was diagnosed during laparotomy. After confirmation of diagnosis by histopathology, the case was successfully managed by anti-tubercular therapy for 9 months.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jan 2018;13(1): 53-55

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A STUDY ON CO-RELATION BETWEEN INFERTILITY AND FEMALE GENITAL TUBERCULOSIS

10.36106/gjra/3900496 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 11-12

Author(s):

Bharti Maheshwari ◽

Srishti Singh

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Age Group ◽

Genital Tuberculosis ◽

Infertile Women ◽

Female Genital Tuberculosis ◽

History Of ◽

High Degree ◽

Reproductive Age Group ◽

Female Genital

Background: Female genitourinary tuberculosis (FGTB) is an important cause of infertility in women of reproductive age group. The disease remains undetected due to its asymptomatic nature and lack of sensitive tests. This study was conducted with the aim of detecting the prevalence of genital tuberculosis in infertile women. Aim And Objectives: To evaluate the rate of female genital tuberculosis in patients of infertility. Method And Materials: Questionnaire survey was done among 100 infertile women in 6 months from May 2020 to October 2020. Females of reproductive age group from 18 years to 35 years with the duration of infertility of more than 2 years were included. Results: Total 100 infertile females were included in the study. Out of 100 subjects, 81 cases had primary infertility & 19 had secondary infertility. There was positive history of extra genital TB in past in 30 cases and family history was positive in 26 cases. FGTB was diagnosed in 14 females in past on basis of diagnostic methods used in alone or in combination. Conclusion: FGTB is common in our population and women presenting with infertility should be evaluated for genital tuberculosis. A high degree of suspicion and combination of histopathological and microbiological tests are important methods for the detection of genital tuberculosis

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Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of bactec culture, gene-xpert and histopathology in the diagnosis of genital tuberculosis in women with infertility

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20201233 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1614

Author(s):

Rachna Chaudhary ◽

Vandana Dhama ◽

Manisha Singh ◽

Shakun Singh

Keyword(s):

Endometrial Biopsy ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Specific Method ◽

Suspected Case ◽

Genital Tuberculosis ◽

Diagnostic Dilemma ◽

Medical College ◽

Female Genital Tuberculosis ◽

Actual Incidence ◽

Female Genital

Background: Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is often a silent disease sparing no age group but majority of patients are in the reproductive age. In infertility patient’s incidence of FGTB varies from 3-16% in India but the actual incidence of genital tuberculosis may be under reported due to asymptomatic presentation and paucity of investigations.Methods: Prospective case control study was conducted from June 2018 to May 2019 in LLRM Medical College Meerut. A total 100 Endometrial samples were collected during diagnostic laparoscopy from all suspected case of genital TB, presented with either primary or secondary infertility and samples sent for histopathology, Gene-xpert and Bactec culture.Results: Out of 100 samples Bactec culture was positive in 2 samples, Gene-xpert positive in 3 samples. On histopathology out of 100 cases, non-specific endometritis was found in 1 case, tubercular-endometritis in 1 case, proliferative enometrium (anovulatory) in 40 cases and secretory endometrium found in 58 cases.Conclusions: Female genital TB poses a diagnostic dilemma because of its varied presentation and lack of sensitive and specific method of diagnosis. Culture though remains the gold standard of diagnosis of female genital TB, gene-xpert, histopathology, Bactec culture or laparoscopy can be used for starting treatment. Endometrial biopsy on histopathology shows not only Tubercular endometritis but also gives hormone response on endometrium, local factors of endometrium concerning non-specific and specific infections and anovulatory cycles.

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Mullerian adenosarcoma of the cervix: case report

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20164690 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 335

Author(s):

Akinfenwa T. Atanda ◽

Osondu C. Agu ◽

Abubakar K. Modu K. Modu

Keyword(s):

Genital Tract ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Female Genital Tract ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Age Group ◽

Rare Tumours ◽

Histopathological Evaluation ◽

Optimum Management ◽

Reproductive Age Group ◽

Female Genital

Mullerian adenosarcomas are rare tumours that may be found in any part of the female genital tract including cervix. They are more common in the reproductive age group and rare among blacks. When they present in the cervix they may be clinically misdiagnosed as an endocervical polyp and histologically as an adenofibroma. Clinical presentation is mostly as irregular vagina bleeding and as a mass in the vagina. Meticulous histopathological evaluation is crucial for its optimum management.

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A Ten year Clinicopathological Study of Female Genital Tuberculosis and Impact on Fertility

Journal of Nepal Medical Association ◽

10.31729/jnma.202 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 48 (173) ◽

Author(s):

Santosh Kumar Mondal ◽

TK Dutta

Keyword(s):

Histopathological Examination ◽

Female Genital Tract ◽

Diagnostic Procedures ◽

Genital Tuberculosis ◽

Secretory Phase ◽

Tissue Sections ◽

Female Genital Tuberculosis ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Age Range ◽

Female Genital

INTRODUCTION:To determine the histological pattern of involvement, clinical presentation, impact on fertility in women with genital tuberculosis.METHODS:A total number of 68 cases of gynaecological tuberculosis affecting different parts of female genital tract from 56 patients were selected. The age range of the patients was 17-36 years with mean age of 25.6 years. The diagnostic procedures used included endometrial curettage and biopsy, histopathological examination, culture and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Polymerase Chain Reaction (MTB PCR), laparoscopy, Hysterosalpingography (HSG) and Ultrasonography (USG). Most of the specimens received were biopsies of endometrial curettage for evaluation of infertility. In 7 cases, specimens of total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were submitted with lesions involving multiple sites.RESULTS:Patients presented with infertility (65-70%), pelvic/abdominal pain (50-55%), and menstrual disturbances (20-25%). Tuberculosis involved the endometrium in 55.88%, tubes in 23.53%, ovaries in 14.71% and cervix in 5.88% of the 68 cases. The endometrium(38 cases)was in the proliferative phase in 31 cases (81.57%), secretory phase in 4 cases (10.52%) and it was atrophic in 3 cases (7.89%).Caseation was present in 9 out of 68 cases and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain revealed Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) in tissue sections in only 4 cases . After therapy, 9 patients conceived of which 8 suffered spontaneous abortions. Only one patient had a successful pregnancy and the baby was born through caesarean section.CONCLUSIONS:Genital tuberculosis is an important cause of female infertility in developing countries like India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Successful uterine pregnancy is rare after treatment and chances of ectopic pregnancy are high.Keywords: Key Words:female infertility, genital tuberculosis, histology

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Effect of Antitubercular Therapy on Endometrial Function in Infertile Women with Female Genital Tuberculosis

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871526516666151223103534 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 101-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jai Bhagwan Sharma ◽

Jayaramaiah Sneha ◽

Urvashi B. Singh ◽

Sunesh Kumar ◽

Kallol Kumar Roy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antitubercular Therapy ◽

Genital Tuberculosis ◽

Infertile Women ◽

Female Genital Tuberculosis ◽

Female Genital

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Vaginal, Cervical and Uterine pH in Women with Normal and Abnormal Vaginal Microbiota

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10020090 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 90

Author(s):

Malene Risager Lykke ◽

Naja Becher ◽

Thor Haahr ◽

Ebbe Boedtkjer ◽

Jørgen Skov Jensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Genital Tract ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Female Genital Tract ◽

Uterine Cavity ◽

Vaginal Microbiota ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Ph Gradient ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Female Genital

Introduction: Healthy women of reproductive age have a vaginal pH around 4.5, whereas little is known about pH in the upper genital tract. A shift in the vaginal microbiota may result in an elevated pH in the upper genital tract. This might contribute to decreased fertility and increased risk of preterm birth. Therefore, we aimed to measure pH in different compartments of the female genital tract in both nonpregnant and pregnant women, stratifying into a normal and abnormal vaginal microbiota. Material and methods: In this descriptive study, we included 6 nonpregnant, 12 early-pregnant, and 8 term-pregnant women. A pH gradient was recorded with a flexible pH probe. An abnormal vaginal microbiota was diagnosed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique for Atopobium vaginae; Sneathia sanguinegens; Leptotrichia amnionii; bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterium 1, 2, 3, and TM7; and Prevotella spp. among others. Results: In all participants we found the pH gradient in the lower reproductive canal to be most acidic in the lower vagina and most alkaline in the upper uterine cavity. Women with an abnormal vaginal microbiota had an increased pH in the lower vagina compared to the other groups. Conclusions: There is a pronounced pH gradient within the female genital tract. This gradient is not disrupted in women with an abnormal vaginal microbiota.

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