scholarly journals Risk factors of Toxoplasma encephalitis among people living with HIV/AIDS at Wangaya hospital in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia: a case control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1622
Author(s):  
Hamong Suharsono ◽  
Ketut Suryana ◽  
Mochamad P. Pujasakti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Toxoplasma Encephalitis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) is the most frequent AIDS-related opportunistic infection. T. gondii infects the human population in both developed and developing countries. Toxoplasmosis among PLWHA manifests primarily as a life-threatening condition, TE, brain abscesses and death. Objective was to identify the risk factors of Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).  Methods: A case control study was conducted during May to November 2018. The study participants consisted of 90 PLWHA; 30 PLWHA with history of TE (cases) and 60 PLWHA without history of TE (controls). Data such as: socio-demographic, laboratory results, head CT scan findings were collected from the medical record and was analyzed using SPSS version 18.Results: A total of 90 participants PLWHA were enrolled, 30 participants as cases and 60 participants as a control. 49 (54.4%) participants were males and 41 (45.6%) participants were females. Among the risk factors evaluated; the lower lymphocyte level (p=0.016), the lower cluster differentiation (CD) 4 level (p=0.003), no taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (p=0.000) were observed to be an independent associated risk factor of TE.Conclusions: Our findings suggest lower lymphocyte levels, lower CD4 count and no taking HAART may constitute a significant associated risk factor for TE in PLWHA.

scholarly journals Determinants of Tuberculosis Among HIV Infected Adults in Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, West Ethiopia: A Facility-Based Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zelalem Belay Adugna ◽  
Belachew Etana Tolessa ◽  
Mekdes Tigistu Yilma
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Case Control ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Past ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis is a contagious air born disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis species and the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. Globally, it causes ill-health among millions of people living with HIV/AIDS each year. Objective: To identify determinants of Tuberculosis among HIV infected adults in public health facilities, in Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, 2019. Methods: Unmatched case-control study was conducted among 127 cases and 255 controls which were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected by record review and through face to face interview. Then, analysis was done using SPSS version 25.To identify determinants of tuberculosis multivariable logistic regression was employed. Adjusted odds ratio was calculated with 95 % CI to show strength of association and P-value < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance.Results: - A total of 127 cases and 255 controls were participated into the study with 97.2% response rate. Aged ≥35 years [ AOR= 2.63, 95% CI(1.29,5.36)], alcohol consumption [AOR=3.34,95%CI(1.68,6.99)], Having CD4 cells <200 [AOR=3.67, 95% CI (1.5, 9.1)], Having Haemoglobin <11g/dl [AOR=3.77, 95%CI(1.84,7.72)], Imprisoned in the past 2 years [AOR=4.22, 95%CI(1.56, 11.37)], Living with TB patients in the same house [AOR=14.97, 95% CI(1.99, 21.63)] were factors associated with TB among HIV infected adults. Importantly, using Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis [AOR=0.193, 95% CI(0.81,0.46)] had a protective effect from acquiring TB. Conclusion and Recommendation: Being in old age, alcohol use, Chewing khat, Having CD4cells <200, Advanced WHO clinical stage, Hgb <11g/dl, Imprisoned in the past 2 years, History of previous TB and living with TB patients in the same house were factors associated with TB/HIV co-infection. Using Cotrimoxazole had a protective effect from acquiring TB/HIV co-infection. For most of these determinants interventions can be made at individual and institutional levels, whereas, some factors need societal level integrations.

Risk Factors for Ectopic Pregnancy: A Multi-center Case Control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nooria Atta ◽  
Fahima Aram ◽  
Nafisa Naseri ◽  
Mahbooba Sahak
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Pelvic Surgery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is defined as a pregnancy in which fertilized oocyte implants outside the endometrial cavity. Although there is no known etiology for ectopic pregnancy, some risk factors of EP have been determined. It has been evident that ectopic pregnancy can be of multifactorial origin. This multicenter research aims to study risk factors associated with increased risk of ectopic pregnancy in women living in Kabul. Methods: A multicenter case control study was conducted in five tertiary maternity hospitals located in Kabul, Afghanistan. A total of 457 pregnant women were included in this study. In the case group, women with diagnosed ectopic pregnancy, while in control group women with intrauterine pregnancy were included. For each case in this study, two controls were enrolled. Results: The mean (SD) age of women in case group was 27.9 (6) years while in control group it was 26.4 (5.5) years. This difference was not statistically significant. We found a significant association between history of abortion and EP (Adj. OR=1.57; 95%CI: 1.02, 2.42). Having history of abdominal/pelvic surgery was a risk factor for EP with adjusted OR 1.94 (95%CI: 1.15, 3.30). In this study we found an increasing risk of EP in women of 35 years or older compared to younger women (Crude OR=2.26; p= 0.024). In women reporting prior EP, the chance of its recurrence was increased (Crude OR= 9.64; 95%CI: 1.1, 83.2). No association of gravidity and parity was found with EP incidence. Conclusions: In this study we found a statistically significant association between history of abdominal/pelvic surgery and EP. In addition, history of abortion was suggested as a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. In case of having a previous EP probability of its recurrence will be increased. Women with advanced age having other potential risk factors will be facing higher risk of EP.

scholarly journals Vulnerability factors associated with HIV/AIDS hospitalizations: a case-control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Maria Lopes ◽  
Rubia Laine de Paula Andrade ◽  
Tiemi Arakawa ◽  
Gabriela Tavares Magnabosco ◽  
Maria Ines Battistella Nemes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factor ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
Case Control ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Hiv Aids

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the association between HIV/AIDS hospitalizations and factors that integrate individual, social, and programmatic vulnerabilities. Methods: a case-control study conducted in 2014 in a municipality in the state of São Paulo. “Cases” included people living with HIV (PLHIV) hospitalized and “control” those who were outpatients. Interviews were conducted using a tool with sociodemographic variables, clinical characteristics and other vulnerabilities. Data were analyzed by conditional logistic regression. Results: fifty-six cases and 112 control participated. Risk factors for HIV hospitalization were: unemployed and retired individuals; homeless people; non-antiretroviral users; individuals who did not regularly attend returns. Access to social workers was a protective factor for hospitalization. Conclusions: this research contributed to measure the social, individual and programmatic vulnerabilities that interfere with HIV worsening and, consequently, unfavorable outcome such as hospitalization.

scholarly journals Association of Obesity with Peripheral Vascular Disease- A Case-control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadhasiva Bhavadeep Kumar Reddy ◽  
Kothareddy Dileep ◽  
Raja Reddy Ramya ◽  
Shripad B Deshpande
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
P Value ◽  
Peripheral Vascular ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Introduction: Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) is an important public health problem, due to its insidious course and the associated co-morbidities. Obesity has been implicated as one of the risk factor besides others. However, the reports on obesity are not consistent. Aim: To assess the association between central obesity and PVD along with other risk factors and the present study is undertaken to examine the correlation of central obesity as a risk factor for PVD. Further, the association between other risk factors and PVD was also ascertained. Materials and Methods: A total of 124 subjects were recruited in this case-control study. Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) was measured using peripheral Doppler studies. Patients with ABI <0.9 were taken as cases and with ABI >0.9 were taken as controls. Blood pressure was measured in the sitting position and the authors obtained anthropometric and demographic data. Chi-square test was used as the test of significance and p-value <0.05 to be considered as level of significance. Results: Of the total 124 participants in the study, 62 participants were the cases and 62 participants were controls. Body Mass Index (BMI) was higher in cases with PVD but Waist Circumference (WC) and hip circumference were significantly lower (p-value=0.003 and <0.001 respectively) and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) did not show any significant difference between cases and controls. Thus, fat mass is located elsewhere in these individuals, possibly it may be accumulated in the extremities. Other risk factors like history of smoking, history of alcoholism and history of diabetes mellitus had a positively significant association with PVD with p-values <0.001, 0.023 and <0.001 respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained from this data suggests that PVD is not associated with central obesity, instead it provides evidence that PVD correlates with peripheral fat mass. Subsequent studies separating central and peripheral obesity are required to get more clarity on the relationship between obesity and PVD.

scholarly journals Hubungan Faktor Risiko dengan Kejadian Pre-Eklampsia Berat di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurulia Muthi Karima ◽  
Rizanda Machmud ◽  
Yusrawati Yusrawati
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

AbstrakPre-eklampsia Berat (PEB) masih merupakan salah satu penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas ibu apabila tidak ditangani secara adekuat. Ada banyak hal yang mempengaruhi terjadinya PEB, beberapa diantaranya adalah usia ibu, paritas, usia kehamilan, jumlah janin, jumlah kunjungan ANC, dan riwayat hipertensi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor risiko dengan pre-eklampsia berat di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang.Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan case-control study dengan metode analitik observasional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada Januari 2013 dengan menggunakan data sekunder, yakni data rekam medik ibu melahirkan dengan pre-eklampsia berat dan tanpa pre-eklampsia di bagian obstetrik dan ginekologi RSUP Dr. M. Djamil, periode 1 Januari 2010 – 31 Desember 2011. Dari 148 data sampel didapatkan angka distribusi pada variabel riwayat hipertensi yang hanya didapatkan pada ibu dengan PEB. Hasil analisis bivariat dengan menggunakan uji chi-square diperoleh hasil tidak terdapat hubungan signifikan antara faktor risiko (usia ibu, paritas, usia kehamilan, jumlah janin, jumlah kunjungan ANC) dengan masing-masing nilai p > 0,05. Analisis multivariat dengan menggunakan uji regresi logistik didapatkan bahwa usia ibu > 35 tahun merupakan faktor risiko terhadap kejadian PEB dengan nilai p = 0,034. Jadi, usia ibu > 35 tahun dan riwayat hipertensi memiliki hubungan terhadap kejadian pre-eklampsia berat.Kata kunci: pre-eklampsia berat, faktor risiko, hipertensi AbstractSevere Pre-eclampsia is one of the contributors of maternal morbidity and mortality if not getting an adequate treatment. There are many things that affect it, such as maternal age, parity, gestational age, number of fetuses, the number of ANC visits, and history of hypertension. The objective of this study was to determine relationship between the risk factors and the incidence of severe pre-eclampsia The design of this research is case-control study with observational analytic methods. The data was collected in January 2013 by using secondary data, maternal medical record data with severe pre-eclampsia and without pre-eclampsia of the obstetrics and gynecology department Dr. M. Djamil, period 1 January 2010-31 December 2011. From 148 samples obtained figures the variable history of hypertension which is only found in women with severe pre-eclampsia. The results of the bivariate analysis using chi square test results obtained there was no significant relationship between risk factors (maternal age, parity, gestational age, number of fetuses, the number of ANC visits) with each p value > 0.05. While the results of the multivariate analysis using logistic regression found that maternal age> 35 years was a risk factor for the incidence of severe pre-eclampsia with p = 0.034. Maternal age > 35 years and history of hypertension had a relationship to the incidence of severe pre-eclampsia. Keywords: severe pre-eclampsia, risk factor, hypertension

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