scholarly journals The Childhood of the Gender: the Visibility of Children in Prehistory of Northern Minas Gerais

Author(s):  
Glaucia Malerba Sene

Based on the idea that the construction of gender happens over time, it is essential to regard childhood as a structuring category in this process. Such as gender, childhood is a social construction, besides being dynamic and contextual, it is also historical, because it is strongly linked to the different stages of life. Our study intends to demonstrate the relationship between gender, age, and socialization through material culture, emphasizing how gender construction starts during the childhood. For this our analytical reference materials came from funerary contexts of children of the Gentio Cave, in Minas Gerais. In addition, we have not solely focused on mortuary remains, but also in outstanding items that were put together in these contexts. Our theoretical approach based on postprocessualism, archaeology of gender, of identity, and of childhood through dialectical and interdisciplinary perspectives. A Infância do Gênero: a Visibilidade das Crianças na Pré-história do Norte de Minas Gerais Partindo da ideia de que a construção de gênero se dá ao longo do tempo, consideramos fundamental inserirmos a infância como elemento estruturante nesse processo. Como gênero, a infância também é uma construção social, que além de dinâmica e contextual, é também histórica, uma vez que está fortemente vinculada aos diferentes estágios da vida. Nosso estudo busca demonstrar a relação entre gênero, idade e socialização, e como sua construção se dá a partir da infância, tendo como referência analítica os contextos funerários de crianças da Gruta do Gentio II, em Minas Gerais. Não tivemos como foco um estudo meramente bioarqueológico, mas de modo especial os itens diagnósticos dos contextos funerários, com base os pressupostos teóricos da arqueologia contextual, de gênero, identidade e da infância, numa perspectiva dialética e transdisciplinar com a antropologia e a história.

2020 ◽  
pp. 095935432096775
Author(s):  
Diego Romaioli ◽  
Sheila McNamee

This article aims to review the main criticisms of social construction (SC) after its formalization as a “movement” in the social sciences. The critiques are organized into six dominant areas that define the relationship between SC and reality, truth, language, human nature, scientific enterprise, and society. For each one of these categories, the more frequent objections raised over time by scholars will be outlined and counterarguments will be offered, centering on common misunderstandings of SC. We show how the major difficulty in embracing SC principles is attributable to the use of incommensurate assumptions and misunderstandings of the aim of social construction.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mark William Quinlivan

<p>This research focuses on policy-makers whose agendas impact on the leisure needs of an ageing New Zealand population. It aims to test a hypothesis that such agendas impact negatively on provision for such needs. The theoretical approach is from leisure studies, sociology and social gerontology, although relevant psychological research is also drawn upon. The thesis discusses the development of leisure over time. The findings suggest that the ageing population does not have as many unmet leisure needs as might generally be thought, but that it would welcome an increase in the level of leisure policy-maker involvement in their leisure lives. The findings also suggest a willingness on the part of the leisure policy-makers to focus more deliberate energies on the leisure needs of the ageing population. Arising from an examination of the relationship between active engagement in later life and longevity, a tentative 'Theory of Ageing Actively' is posited.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mark William Quinlivan

<p>This research focuses on policy-makers whose agendas impact on the leisure needs of an ageing New Zealand population. It aims to test a hypothesis that such agendas impact negatively on provision for such needs. The theoretical approach is from leisure studies, sociology and social gerontology, although relevant psychological research is also drawn upon. The thesis discusses the development of leisure over time. The findings suggest that the ageing population does not have as many unmet leisure needs as might generally be thought, but that it would welcome an increase in the level of leisure policy-maker involvement in their leisure lives. The findings also suggest a willingness on the part of the leisure policy-makers to focus more deliberate energies on the leisure needs of the ageing population. Arising from an examination of the relationship between active engagement in later life and longevity, a tentative 'Theory of Ageing Actively' is posited.</p>


Author(s):  
E.A. Pyrev

The article reveals the problems of human emotional motivation. The definition of this phenomenon is given. The theoretical aspect of emotional motivation is represented by an analysis of domestic and foreign literature on emotions and motivation. Also, the theoretical part of the study is devoted to the nature of emotions and the content of their motivational potential. The origins of this phenomenon are seen in the subjectivity of emotions, manifested in the relationship of a person with various aspects of his life. Emotion as an unconscious motive induces unintentional actions towards the subject of communication. There is emotion at several levels of human functioning: neural, physiological, psychological and behavioral. The first two levels provide the appearance of emotion, which is then realized in motor reactions and detailed behavior towards the subject of communication. The implementation of the motor program over time leads to awareness of emotions and a decrease in their motivational potential.


2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie von Stumm

Intelligence-as-knowledge in adulthood is influenced by individual differences in intelligence-as-process (i.e., fluid intelligence) and in personality traits that determine when, where, and how people invest their intelligence over time. Here, the relationship between two investment traits (i.e., Openness to Experience and Need for Cognition), intelligence-as-process and intelligence-as-knowledge, as assessed by a battery of crystallized intelligence tests and a new knowledge measure, was examined. The results showed that (1) both investment traits were positively associated with intelligence-as-knowledge; (2) this effect was stronger for Openness to Experience than for Need for Cognition; and (3) associations between investment and intelligence-as-knowledge reduced when adjusting for intelligence-as-process but remained mostly significant.


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-141
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. Locke

Abstract. Person–job (or needs–supplies) discrepancy/fit theories posit that job satisfaction depends on work supplying what employees want and thus expect associations between having supervisory power and job satisfaction to be more positive in individuals who value power and in societies that endorse power values and power distance (e.g., respecting/obeying superiors). Using multilevel modeling on 30,683 European Social Survey respondents from 31 countries revealed that overseeing supervisees was positively associated with job satisfaction, and as hypothesized, this association was stronger among individuals with stronger power values and in nations with greater levels of power values or power distance. The results suggest that workplace power can have a meaningful impact on job satisfaction, especially over time in individuals or societies that esteem power.


Author(s):  
Melanie K. T. Takarangi ◽  
Deryn Strange

When people are told that their negative memories are worse than other people’s, do they later remember those events differently? We asked participants to recall a recent negative memory then, 24 h later, we gave some participants feedback about the emotional impact of their event – stating it was more or less negative compared to other people’s experiences. One week later, participants recalled the event again. We predicted that if feedback affected how participants remembered their negative experiences, their ratings of the memory’s characteristics should change over time. That is, when participants are told that their negative event is extremely negative, their memories should be more vivid, recollected strongly, and remembered from a personal perspective, compared to participants in the other conditions. Our results provide support for this hypothesis. We suggest that external feedback might be a potential mechanism in the relationship between negative memories and psychological well-being.


2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Levitt ◽  
Deepak Lamba-Nieves

This article explores how the conceptualization, management, and measurement of time affect the migration-development nexus. We focus on how social remittances transform the meaning and worth of time, thereby changing how these ideas and practices are accepted and valued and recalibrating the relationship between migration and development. Our data reveal the need to pay closer attention to how migration’s impacts shift over time in response to its changing significance, rhythms, and horizons. How does migrants’ social influence affect and change the needs, values, and mind-frames of non-migrants? How do the ways in which social remittances are constructed, perceived, and accepted change over time for their senders and receivers?


Author(s):  
Ruha Benjamin

In this response to Terence Keel and John Hartigan’s debate over the social construction of race, I aim to push the discussion beyond the terrain of epistemology and ideology to examine the contested value of racial science in a broader political economy. I build upon Keel’s concern that even science motivated by progressive aims may reproduce racist thinking and Hartigan’s proposition that a critique of racial science cannot rest on the beliefs and intentions of scientists. In examining the value of racial-ethnic classifications in pharmacogenomics and precision medicine, I propose that analysts should attend to the relationship between prophets of racial science (those who produce forecasts about inherent group differences) and profits of racial science (the material-semiotic benefits of such forecasts). Throughout, I draw upon the idiom of speculation—as a narrative, predictive, and financial practice—to explain how the fiction of race is made factual, again and again. 


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