scholarly journals Manuel R. Rodríguez, A New Deal for the Tropics. Puerto Rico during the Depression Era 1932-1935, Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2010

Secuencia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rosa Suárez Argüello
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New Deal ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Depression Era

.

An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Seasonal Precipitation and Thermodynamic Environment in Puerto Rico

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Miller ◽  
Thomas L. Mote ◽  
Craig A. Ramseyer
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Seasonal Precipitation ◽  
Surface Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Forecasting ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
K Index ◽  
Groundwater Reserves ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract With limited groundwater reserves and few reservoirs, Caribbean islands such as Puerto Rico are largely dependent on regular rainfall to meet societal and ecological water needs. Thus, the ability to anticipate seasonal rainfall shortages, such as the 2015 drought, is particularly important, yet few reliable tools exist for this purpose. Consequently, interpolated surface precipitation observations from the Daymet archive are summarized on daily, annual, and seasonal time scales and compared to the host thermodynamic environment as characterized by the Gálvez–Davison index (GDI), a convective potential parameter designed specifically for the tropics. Complementing the Daymet precipitation totals, ≥1.1 million WSR-88D volume scans between 2002 and 2016 were analyzed for echo tops ≥ 10 000 ft (~3 km) to establish a radar-inferred precipitation activity database for Puerto Rico. The 15-yr record reveals that the GDI outperforms several midlatitude-centric thermodynamic indices, explaining roughly 25% of daily 3-km echo top (ET) activity during each of Puerto Rico’s primary seasons. In contrast, neither mean-layer CAPE, the K index, nor total totals explain more than 11% during any season. When aggregated to the seasonal level, the GDI strongly relates to 3-km ET (R2 = 0.65) and Daymet precipitation totals (R2 = 0.82) during the early rainfall season (ERS; April–July), with correlations weaker outside of this period. The 4-month ERS explains 51% (41%) of the variability to Puerto Rico’s annual rainfall during exceptionally wet (dry) years. These findings are valuable for climate downscaling studies predicting Puerto Rico’s hydroclimate in future atmospheric states, and they could potentially be adapted for operational seasonal precipitation forecasting.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico X1. Cassava.

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 145-151
Author(s):  
Edmundo Rivera ◽  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
The Tropics

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), one of the major sources of carbohydrates throughout the tropics, was found to be very tolerant to high soil acidity in two Ultisols and one Oxisol. About 85% of maximum yields were obtained when Al saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity of the soil was around 60%, but highest yields were attained at about pH 5.3 with no exchangeable Al. Soil acidity factors did not affect the chemical composition of the cassava leaves, except for Mn, which increased with decreasing pH of the Oxisol. Tolerance of cassava to soil acidity was also confirmed by the fact that yields of 12 commercial varieties were not affected by Al saturation levels varying from 0 to 60% in an Ultisol.

scholarly journals Dispersion to the Tropics of the Spiraea Aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch

1969 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
George N. Wolcott
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Central America ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Aphis Spiraecola ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northern United States ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Young Growth

The spiraea aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch, which previous to 1924 was known only on species of Spiraea in the northern United States, in that year appeared in mass infestations on citrus trees in Florida and Cuba, causing enormous damage by distorting and resetting the young growth. By 1926 it had spread to Puerto Rico, attacking not only various endemic trees and plants, but being implicated in the transmission of a new virus disease of papaya. By 1928, it was reported on citrus from Honduras in Central America, and it has since dispersed to Costa Rica, and on a great variety of hosts to California, Oregon, and Washington on the Pacific Coast.

Before Montgomery

2019 ◽  
pp. 54-82
Author(s):  
Traci Parker
Keyword(s):  
New Deal ◽  
Department Store ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Black Neighborhoods ◽  
Depression Era ◽  
Black Consumer

Chapter 2 examines the rise of the department store movement in the urban North and Midwest. It begins with a look into the “Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work” movement. The “Don’t Buy” movement built on an earlier tradition of black consumer protests and leveraged black purchasing power to secure better jobs in sales and office work in white-owned business located in urban black neighborhoods. The department store movement was an outgrowth of this Depression-era campaign. Shaped by New Deal and wartime programs, the department store movement built on the tactics, goals, and momentum of its predecessor but targeted department stores exclusively. These stores were now not only symbols of American democracy and prosperity but also inherently public spaces where all the races, gender, and classes might confront each other daily, and consequently where conflict and eventual resolution would be most visible.

Potassium Supplying Power of the Major Ultisols and Oxisols of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Jacinto Figarella ◽  
Servando Silva
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
First Year ◽  
Coastal Plains ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Good Criterion ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Soil Groups

The K supplying power of 17 Ultisols and 6 Oxisols typical of vast areas in the tropics was determined by cropping 181 pots, each filled with 11.4 kg (25 lb) of soil from as many sites, with Pangola grass for 4 consecutive years. During the first year of cropping the soil groups released the following amounts of K: Oxisols, 234 kg/ha (209 lb/acre); Ultisols of the uplands, 260 kg/ha (232 lb/acre); clay Ultisols of the coastal plains, 230 kg/ha (206 lb/acre); and sandy Ultisols of the coastal plains, 90 kg/ha (81 lb/acre). After the first year, K removal dropped off sharply averaging about 50 kg/ha (45 lb/acre) yearly for the Oxisols and clay Ultisols of the coastal plains, 35 kg/ha (31 lb/acre) yearly for the sandy Ultisols of the coastal plains and 90 kg/ha (80 lb/acre) for the Ultisols of the uplands. There was close agreement between various soil K values determined at the beginning and at the end of the experiment and K removal by Pangola grass over different periods. The close relationship between exchangeable K at start of the experiment and K re moved by Pangola grass over the first year of cropping shows that exchangeable K values are a good criterion for evaluating the capacity of these soils to supply K to grasses.

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