Reduction of Salmonella Excretion into Drinking Water Following Treatment of Chicks with Nurmi Culture

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 917-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. STERSKY ◽  
B. BLANCHFIELD ◽  
C. THACKER ◽  
H. PIVNICK
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Salmonella Infection

Day-old chicks (Gallus domesticus) were treated with cultured feces of adult chickens according to the Nurmi concept and were challenged 2 days later with Salmonella typhimurium. Treated chicks were less susceptible to infection than untreated chicks (16% vs. 79% infected). Those treated chicks that did become infected, contaminated their drinking water with fewer Salmonella than the untreated chicks (maximum of 104/ml vs. ⩾ 107/ml). Fecally contaminated water may be a major source for spreading Salmonella infection within a flock.

Prevention of Salmonella Infection in Chicks by Treatment with Fecal Cultures from Mature Chickens (Nurmi Cultures)

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 909-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. PIVNICK ◽  
B. BLANCHFIELD ◽  
J. -Y. D'AOUST
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Salmonella Infection

Chicks (Gallus domesticus) were treated per os with 24-h-old anaerobic cultures of feces from mature chickens 1 day after hatching, challenged with Salmonella typhimurium in the drinking water 2 days later, and sacrificed on day 11 or 12; then the lower third of the intestinal tract was examined for salmonellae. Cultures of feces inoculated directly into the crop or added to the drinking water, even after holding at −70 C for 21 days, protected chicks against infection by S. typhimurium. Cultures serially subcultured daily up to four times were protective, and dilution to 1:80 in drinking water containing 4 % skim milk powder did not decrease their protective effect. Treated chicks were about 1000-fold more resistant to infection by Salmonella than untreated chicks.

Comparison of Fresh Feces with Lyophilized and Frozen Cultures of Feces as Inocula to Prevent Salmonella Infection in Chicks

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (13) ◽  
pp. 1188-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. PIVNICK ◽  
B. BLANCHFIELD ◽  
C. RIGBY ◽  
E. ORMSBY
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Mixed Treatment ◽  
Fresh Feces ◽  
Chicken Feces ◽  
Anaerobic Medium

Mixed treatment cultures obtained by inoculating anaerobic medium with chicken feces were administered to 0 to 1 d-old chicks in their drinking water. Three types of treatment cultures (all fourth passage) were compared: FFC (fresh fecal cultures started with inocula of fresh feces followed by four daily, uninterrupted serial subcultures), LFC (cultures started with inocula obtained by lyophilizing third-passage cultures), and FrFC (cultures started with inocula obtained by freezing third-passage cultures). Protection of treated chicks against infection by Salmonella typhimurium was assessed by challenging the chicks via their drinking water 2 d after treatment and culturing their ceca 8 to 9 d later, or at weekly intervals for 7 weeks. FFC protected chicks against infection more consistently than LFC or FrFC. However, some LFC and FrFC were as protective as FFC (α= .05). Treatment with cultures did not increase mortality or decrease weight gain.

Legionnaire’s disease and COVID-19: Could Legionella be acting in conjunction with the Corona virus to aggravate the COVID-19 disease?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew John PENDERY
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Cooling Towers ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Legionnaire's Disease ◽  
Legionnaire’S Disease

There are some striking similarities between Legionnaire’s disease and COVID-19. Thesymptoms, age group and sex at risk are identical. The geographical distribution of both diseases is similar in Europe overall, and within the USA, France and Italy. The environmental distributions are also similar. However Legionnaire’s disease is caused by Legionella bacteria while COVID-19 is caused by the Corona virus. Whereas COVID-19 is contagious, Legionnaire’s disease is environmental. Legionella bacteria are commonly found in drinking water systems and near air conditioning cooling towers. Legionnaire’sdisease is caught by inhaling contaminated water droplets. The Legionella bacteria does not spread person to person and only causes disease if it enters the lungs.Could the Corona virus be making it easier for Legionella bacteria to enter the lungs?

Modes of transmission of rumen protozoa between mature sheep

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon H. Bird ◽  
R. S. Hegarty ◽  
R. Woodgate
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Faecal Material ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Rumen Protozoa ◽  
Animal Contact ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate routes by which viable rumen ciliate-protozoa may be transferred between mature sheep. Feed, water and faecal material were tested as possible vectors for protozoal transfer in addition to direct animal to animal contact. In Experiment 1, protozoa-free sheep were either offered or orally dosed with protozoa-contaminated material or allowed contact with faunated animals. The treated sheep were then monitored over a 4-week period for the appearance of protozoa in the rumen. Protozoa were successfully transferred to protozoa-free animals via contaminated water but no transfer occurred via feed or faeces or by direct animal to animal contact. In Experiment 2, the drinking water of penned faunated sheep was found to become contaminated with protozoa within 4–6 h of being placed in the pen. In Experiment 3, nine protozoa-free sheep were grazed in a paddock with a flock of 75 faunated ewes for periods of 1–3 weeks, and protozoa became established in one protozoa-free sheep. The results of these studies suggest that the most likely mode of transfer of protozoal cells from one sheep to another is via water, rather than by rumen fluid contaminating feed, or from faeces of faunated sheep. Further tests are required to demonstrate protozoal transmission via water occur under a range of conditions and inoculum levels.

scholarly journals Fate of Salmonella Typhimurium in laboratory-scale drinking water biofilms

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Schaefer ◽  
V. S. Brözel ◽  
S. N. Venter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
In Situ Detection

Investigations were carried out to evaluate and quantify colonization of laboratory-scale drinking water biofilms by a chromosomally green fluorescent protein (gfp)-tagged strain of Salmonella Typhimurium. Gfp encodes the green fluorescent protein and thus allows in situ detection of undisturbed cells and is ideally suited for monitoring Salmonella in biofilms. The fate and persistence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in simulated drinking water biofilms was investigated. The ability of Salmonella to form biofilms in monoculture and the fate and persistence of Salmonella in a mixed aquatic biofilm was examined. In monoculture S. Typhimurium formed loosely structured biofilms. Salmonella colonized established multi-species drinking water biofilms within 24 hours, forming micro-colonies within the biofilm. S. Typhimurium was also released at high levels from the drinking water-associated biofilm into the water passing through the system. This indicated that Salmonella could enter into, survive and grow within, and be released from a drinking water biofilm. The ability of Salmonella to survive and persist in a drinking water biofilm, and be released at high levels into the flow for recolonization elsewhere, indicates the potential for a persistent health risk to consumers once a network becomes contaminated with this bacterium.

Quality assessment of drinking water in the communities of São Francisco do Conde, Baiacu, Santo Amaro and Cachoeira

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEINA MOUTINHO TAVARES ◽  
Anderson Silva de Oliveira ◽  
Paulo Moutinho Andrade de Souza ◽  
Walter da Silva Junior
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chlorine Content ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Total Coliforms

This work aims to evaluate the quality of drinking water in the communities of Baiacu, Sao Francisco do Conde, Santo Amaro and Cachoeira. It was verified that in some places of Santo Amaro and Sao Francisco do Conde, from the microbiological point of view, it is not appropriate for consumption, because it was found that the presence of total coliforms in 50% of the samples and that the chlorine content is below the values indicated by the standards in 75% of the analyzed samples. Thus, the consumption of contaminated water can cause diseases, so it is recommended cleaning of residential reservoirs, maintenance in pipes periodically, as well as the need for continuous monitoring of water quality and the intense participation of public agencies in these actions. Through these actions and the active participation of the population, one can preserve the environment and the lives of all those who transit in the communities of the Bay of All Saints

scholarly journals Bacteria Detection and Differentiation Using Impedance Flow Cytometry

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casper Clausen ◽  
Maria Dimaki ◽  
Christian Bertelsen ◽  
Gustav Skands ◽  
Romen Rodriguez-Trujillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Electrical Response ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Microbiological Control ◽  
Frequency Phase

Monitoring of bacteria concentrations is of great importance in drinking water management. Continuous real-time monitoring enables better microbiological control of the water and helps prevent contaminated water from reaching the households. We have developed a microfluidic sensor with the potential to accurately assess bacteria levels in drinking water in real-time. Multi frequency electrical impedance spectroscopy is used to monitor a liquid sample, while it is continuously passed through the sensor. We investigate three aspects of this sensor: First we show that the sensor is able to differentiate Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) bacteria from solid particles (polystyrene beads) based on an electrical response in the high frequency phase and individually enumerate the two samples. Next, we demonstrate the sensor’s ability to measure the bacteria concentration by comparing the results to those obtained by the traditional CFU counting method. Last, we show the sensor’s potential to distinguish between different bacteria types by detecting different signatures for S. aureus and E. coli mixed in the same sample. Our investigations show that the sensor has the potential to be extremely effective at detecting sudden bacterial contaminations found in drinking water, and eventually also identify them.

scholarly journals Study on Knowledge about Arsenic Contamination in Drinking Water among the People Living in Selected Villages of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Akbar Hossain ◽  
Afroza Begum ◽  
Khursheda Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Arsenic Contamination ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Arsenic Toxicity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The People ◽  
Tube Well

Background: Excessive amounts of arsenic (As) in the groundwater in Bangladesh and neighbouring countries are also a major public health problem.Objective: The purpose of the present study was to find out the knowledge of arsenic contamination in drinking water and health hazards due to chronic arsenic toxicity among the people living in selected villages of Bangladesh.Methodology: This cross sectional descriptive type of study was conducted purposively among the people of the selected two villages of Bhanga Upazilla of Faridpur district from January 2007 to June 2007. All the relevant socio-demographic characteristics and data were collected by face to face interview.Results: A total number of 360 people were recruited. It was found that 273(85.3%) of the respondents family member used tube well water for drinking purpose of the respondents, 317(99.1%) persons heard of arsenic contamination in drinking water. About 284 (88.8%) respondents had the correct knowledge about identifying color of arsenic contaminated and arsenic free tube well. It was found that l76(55.5%) people knew the correct answer about the duration of use of arsenic contaminated water to causes chronic arsenic toxicity. It also revealed that 107(33.4%) respondents did not know about sign of chronic arsenic toxicity.Conclusion: Excellent knowledge on arsenic contamination in drinking water and health hazards due to chronic arsenic toxicity is found among the people living in selected villages of Bangladesh.J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, 2014; 6(2):57-59

scholarly journals The role of phagocytosis-dependent activation of TFEB in the clearance of salmonella

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Ospina Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Phagosome Maturation ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Transcription Factor Eb ◽  
Insight Into

During phagocytosis, macrophages engulf and sequester pathogens into phagosomes. Phagosomes then fuse with acidic and degradative lysosomes to degrade the internalized pathogen. We previously demonstrated that phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized particles and non-opsonized E.coli causes activation of the Transcription Factor EB (TFEB), which enhances the expression of lysosomal genes, increases the degradative capacity of lysosomes and boosts bactericidal activity. However, pathogens like Salmonella typhimurium have evolved mechanisms to evade and/or alter phagosome maturation to promote their own survival. We investigated: i) whether pathogens like Salmonella can alter TFEB activation and ii) whether phagocytosis-dependent activation of TFEB can counteract the pathogenicity of microorganisms. Here, we show that non-viable (heat-killed) S. typhimurium, pathogenic (EHEC and UPEC) and non-pathogenic E.coli (DH5α) all caused TFEB nuclear translocation in RAW macrophages, while strikingly live S. typhimurium maintained TFEB in the cytosol in the first hours post-infection. By contrast, Salmonella mutants for ΔsifA, ΔsopD2, ΔphoP all triggered TFEB activation in the first hour of infection. However, Salmonella infection eventually triggered a steady increase in nuclear TFEB after 4 h of infection, suggesting a more complex interplay between TFEB and Salmonella infection. We dissected the importance of TFEB activation towards Salmonella survivability by pre-activating TFEB before infection within WT macrophages and macrophages with a CRISPR-based deletion of TFEB. Our work suggests that Salmonella actively interferes with TFEB signaling in order to enhance its own survival. These results could provide insight into using TFEB as a target for the clearance of infections.

scholarly journals Toxicology and Clinical Manifestation of Arsenicosis: An Evaluation

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clinical Feature ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Skin Involvement ◽  
Almost All

Arsenicosis is an adverse health condition due to prolong ingestion of arsenic contaminated water. It is most prevalent in Bangladesh. More than 67 million people in Bangladesh are exposed to 0.05 mg/ liter or above of arsenic in their drinking water and it is now considering a biggest crisis in health and social sector in the modern world. Arsenicosis affects almost all the vital system of the body. Skin involvement is the earliest and commonest feature. Major dermatological manifestations are melanosis, keratosis and skin malignancies. Diagnosis is usually done by history, clinical feature and laboratory analysis. In this article, author describes the extent of arsenicosis in Bangladesh and emphasizes dermatological manifestations of the disease.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document