Trade indices of volume and unit value/price

2016 ◽  
pp. 373-379
Keyword(s):  
Unit Value

Terms and Balance of Trade of Indian Agricultural Sector during Pre and Post-WTO Period

2020 ◽  
pp. 288-293
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Basmati Rice ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
The Us ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
Frozen Shrimp ◽  
Plantation Crops

India is the world’s third-largest economy after the US and China. India is also one of the leading producer of spices, fish, poultry, livestock and plantation crops, and leading exports consisted of basmati rice, meat of bovine animals, frozen shrimp and prawns, cotton and refined sugar. The study was based on secondary data collected from the various published sources, viz., various issues of handbook of RBI, FAO trade yearbook, Statistical Abstract of India, FAOSTAT, etc. The data were grouped into two periods Pre-WTO 1975-94 and Post-WTO 1995-2015.The exports volume indices for agricultural sector of India were increased by 129.41 percent from 17 in 1975 to 39 in 1994. Besides, the volume indices of imports declined by 56.16 percent from 73 in 1975 to 32 in 1994 for agricultural sector of India. The unit value indices of agricultural exports of India declined by 17.69 percent from 113 in 1975 to 93 in 1994. However, the agricultural import indices grew considerably 171.42 percent from 42 in 1975 to 114 in 1994.The quantity terms of trade for agricultural sector of India was deteriorated by 80.89 percent from 429.41 in 1975 to 82.05 in 1994. Likewise, value terms of trade for agricultural sector of India also depreciated by 67.44 percent from 269.05 in 1975 to 81.58 in 1994. The exports volume indices for agricultural sector of India were increased by 125 percent from 72 in 1995 to 162 in 2015. The volume indices of imports were also enlarged by 934.78 percent from 23 in 1995 to 238 in 2015 for agricultural sector of India. The unit value indices, which measure the average price realization, indicated a significant increase in unit value indices of agricultural exports of India turn up by 131.76 percent from 85 in 1995 to 197 in 2015. However, the agricultural import indices declined by 0.64 percent during post-WTO period. The quantity terms of trade, as well as value terms of trade for agricultural sector of India, was improved by 359.95 and 133.25 percent, respectively during post-WTO regime. The trade balance of Indian agricultural sector showed a favorable balance during pre-WTO period as well as post-WTO period.

scholarly journals Adjusted Unit Value Transfer as a Tool for Raising Awareness on Ecosystem Services Provided by Constructed Wetlands for Water Pollution Control: An Italian Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1531
Author(s):  
Anacleto Rizzo ◽  
Giulio Conte ◽  
Fabio Masi
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Pollution Control ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Value Transfer ◽  
Unit Value

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are nature-based solutions (NBS) for water pollution control that can also be designed to be multipurpose in terms of additional ecosystem services (ESs), such as biodiversity support and social benefits. Awareness about additional ESs of CWs can be raised with value transfer (VT) methods for ESs monetization, in particular, the simplified adjusted unit VT method. A multi-criteria analysis (MCA) was performed to compare grey and green infrastructure alternatives for the management of a combined sewer overflow in the Buccinasco town (Italy), in which the criteria related to ESs were monetized with an adjusted VT method (B£ST software). The results highlighted the potential interest in the implementation of the green infrastructure in a new urban park, due to the activation of additional ESs of interest, such as health and recreational aspects. The results were also confirmed by a sensitivity analysis, which simulated the variation of preferences among different stakeholder groups (e.g., citizens, environmentalists). In conclusion, this work provided a transparent methodology to support decisions regarding green and grey infrastructure, allowing to evaluate additional ESs from the beginning of the decision stage with low cost and efforts.

Vertical Trade Specialization and the Formation of North-South PTAs

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Manger
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Trade Specialization ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Rationale ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
Vertical Trade ◽  
Capital Intensive

During the last two decades, the number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) grew almost exponentially to over 270 by 2010. A majority of these are agreements between developed and developing countries. Existing models provide little economic rationale for these agreements, but the existing literature lumps North-South PTAs together with other types of trade pacts. This article offers an explanation focused on the movement of less capital-intensive manufacturing from North to South, which in turn stimulates the exchange of similar goods differentiated by unit value—also referred to as vertical intra-industry trade. The North exports more capitalintensive goods, while more labor-intensive goods are produced and traded by the South. This kind of specialization creates incentives for governments to support PTAs. The author tests this model using a new measure of vertical trade specialization and finds strong evidence that such specialization promotes PTA formation. North-South PTAs should therefore be seen as part of a broader shift of manufacturing from high- to middle-income countries.

Analysis of Ecological Service Value in Vulnerable Karst Area of Southwestern Guizhou

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 2241-2244
Author(s):  
Feng Tai Zhang ◽  
La Chun Wang ◽  
Wei Ci Su ◽  
Yu Hua Liang ◽  
Ji Xin Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Karst Area ◽  
Karst Region ◽  
Ecosystem Service Value ◽  
Rocky Desertification ◽  
Service Value ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
Southwestern Guizhou

The domestic and foreign evaluations of ecosystem service value are difficult to draw on results accepted by the public and academia. This reflects the research methods are still not mature, need to continue to be improved. In this paper, an attempt has been made to give urban unit value of ecosystem services and set up the values per unit area in southwestern Guizhou of China, in accordance with unit value of global ecosystem services developed by Costanza, et al., Chinese one by Xie, et al. and the actual situation of karst region. The analysis revealed that in the study area, the total ecosystem service value is $1.876×109 in 2006, equivalent to 104.3% of 2006 GDP (Gross Domestic Product), $1.799×109（1US$=7.8136，2006）. If the rocks change into forest in the study area, ecosystem service value will add $0.221×109, equivalent to 12.28% of GDP in 2006. Therefore, we conclude that the ecosystem services value is higher, compared to the local economy. In addition, the rocky desertification area is larger, and has already seriously influenced ecosystem service function. The tasks of ecological environment protection, propaganda and education in this region are of great significance.

Time Dummy Hedonic and Quality-Adjusted Unit Value Indexes: Do They Really Differ?

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan de Haan ◽  
Frances Krsinich
Keyword(s):  
Unit Value

scholarly journals Hounsfield unit value has null effect on thyroid nodules at 18F-FDG PET/CT scans

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-465
Author(s):  
Filiz Eksi Haydardedeoglu ◽  
Gulay Simsek Bagir ◽  
Nese Torun ◽  
Emrah Kocer ◽  
Mehmet Reyhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Hounsfield Unit ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Null Effect ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
18F Fdg ◽  
Fdg Pet Ct

A Simplified Model for the Flow Inside Cascade Impactor

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyyed Mahdi Nemati Mehr ◽  
Salman Sohrabi ◽  
Pedram Falsafi ◽  
Paniz Gorji
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mass Difference ◽  
Cascade Impactor ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Simplified Model ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
Cascade Impactors

In this paper we developed a new mathematical model for the flow inside cascade impactors and via this simplified model, we determined the particle size distribution by a fast and low cost computational method. Using cascade impactors for determining the particle size distribution, one can use comprehensive CFD methods to fully simulate the particle traces. Although the results from those CFD analyses can be very accurate, usually that is not a time and cost efficient routine. In contrast, we showed that by using our proposed calculation we can estimate the particle size distribution very fast and yet with the slight error — comparing to the results from CFD method. Cascade impactors are being used to measure the range of substances moving through an opening and determine the particle size of distributed substances. Air flow containing aerosol entering in each stage, after colliding vertically with a plate will deviate 90 degrees from its original direction. Larger (massive) particles cannot follow the flow because of their larger linear momentum. Hence, they will deviate from the flow and deposit on the plate instead. The mass difference before and after the experiment represents the deposited mass in each stage. By integrating multiple uniquely designed stages into one impactor, we can determine size of particles in the flow. Typical cascade impactors consist of up to ten stages in which different size of aerosols are being separated. This paper presents a simple model for the flow in one single stage of a cascade impactor. Flow inside cascade impactor is approximated by stagnation point potential flow with the stream function of Psi = Axy, and particles are tracked by velocity verlet algorithm. Absorbed particles are associated with unit value; otherwise they are associated with zero. It is assumed that particles in entrance have random size distribution and location. Drag, Saffman and Brownian forces are taken into account in this model for different particle sizes. The results are discussed in detail and compared with data driven from different approaches in the literature.

scholarly journals The effect of additional turmeric flour in rations on the performance and egg quality of laying chicken isa brown strain age 70th weeks

2021 ◽  
Vol 888 (1) ◽  
pp. 012054
Author(s):  
A Jaelani ◽  
N Abelina ◽  
R Samudera ◽  
T Rostini ◽  
Masganti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Haugh Unit

Abstract This research aims to study and analyze the effect of adding turmeric flour (Curcuma domestica Val) in the rations on the performance of 70 weeks old Isa Brown strain of laying hens. The research method used in this study was an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) step with five treatments and four replications. The number of chickens used was as many as 40 laying hens. The treatments given to the sample were P0 = feed without giving turmeric flour (control), P1 = feed with 0.3% turmeric flour, P2 = feed with 0.5% turmeric flour, P3 = feed with 0.7% turmeric flour and treatment P4 = feed by giving turmeric flour 0,9%. The results showed that giving turmeric flour in the rations of the Isa Brown strain of laying hens affected chicken performance and egg quality. This research concludes that giving turmeric flour a percentage of 0.7% in Isa Brown’s 70-week old laying hens is the best for ration consumption, Hen Day Production, egg weight, feed conversion, and egg quality: Haught Unit, yolk egg color, yolk egg index, grading egg and egg mass. Based on the haugh unit value, all eggs produced are still in the AA grade category

scholarly journals Performance evaluation of mdora protocol in vehicular ad-hoc networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1674
Author(s):  
Dania Mohammed ◽  
Ahmed Ghanim Wadday
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Simulation Environment ◽  
Matlab Program ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Vehicle Movement

the successful solutions used to manage traffic at intersections is the Vehicular ad hoc Network (VANET). The main problems in VANET are the preparation of the blocked route, repeated topology differences, and continuous vehicle movement. These problems are difficult to route data towards destinations. To work around this problem, use the Position-Based Routing Protocol (MDORA) name. One of the objectives of this protocol is to choose the best way to rely on the jump by the jump and on the footing of the farthest dis-tance of the interface from the source, thus ensuring the full transfer of data. This protocol reduces frequent connections by detecting the following packets and sending packets without first discovering the path. The environment is simulated by the Matlab program to show protocol results. The random distribution of nodes generation in the simulation environment has been changed in order to change con-tract locations compared to the first state of simulation and to show new result in second state of the protocol. as well The time unit value is also changed to reach the ratio of the number of dropped packets.  

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