scholarly journals Understanding Cultural Relativism: A critical Appraisal of the Theory

Author(s):  
Yohannes Eshetu

The aim of this review article is to reveal the cons and pros of ethical relativism, especially conventionalism. This article is written with the intention of showing some of the practical upshots of conventionalism without totally denying some of its virtues in a world where diversity of cultures and customs is apparent. The article inquires the question: Is ethical relativism tenable? The review article relies on reviewing secondary sources. What I am arguing in this article is that despite the attraction of ethical relativism as an intellectual weapon to fight against ethnocentrism and cultural intolerance, the view still goes against the idea of intercultural comparison, criticism and moral argumentation, so that it would have serious disastrous implication on practice, especially on the universal character of human rights and shutters all together any sort of moral progress and reform. The article concludes that we can set forth certain objective moral codes, discovered through rational intercultural dialogue and discussion which could be applied regardless of cultural specificities upon which cultural inter-comparison, discussion and moral argumentation is possible.

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Palazzani

L’articolo analizza, nella prospettiva filosofica, i percorsi intrapresi dalla bioetica in rapporto al pluralismo culturale, discutendo criticamente i principali orientamenti di pensiero del dibattito attuale. Il punto di partenza è l’imperialismo culturale, quale posizione etnocentrica che assolutizza la cultura (ritenuta, in modo unilaterale, la migliore) marginalizzando le altre. L’orientamento opposto è quello del relativismo culturale che considera la bioetica il prodotto storico-sociale della cultura di appartenenza, proponendo il principio di tolleranza inteso nel senso di sopportazione pragmatica di ogni cultura, ritenuta equivalente rispetto a qualsiasi altra. Alla luce delle incongruenze dell’imperialismo culturale (che finisce con imporre arbitrariamente la propria come la cultura dominante) e del relativismo culturale (che accettando acriticamente ogni cultura non evita anzi acuisce i conflitti e porta alla separazione delle culture), l’articolo cerca le linee argomentative per giustificare una prospettiva bioetica trans-culturale (nell’orizzonte dei diritti umani fondamentali) che consenta il dialogo interculturale in bioetica come ricerca costruttiva dell’integrazione tra le culture nella ricerca della verità comune nel riconoscimento della dignità umana. ---------- The article analyses, in a philosophical perspective, the bioethical theories as regards cultural pluralism, discussing in a critical way the must important trends of actual debate. It identifies cultural imperialism as the ethnocentrical perspective which makes one culture as absolute (considered the best one), marginalizing the other cultures. As opposite trend, the articles discusses cultural relativism which considers bioethics as an historical and social product of a culture, emphasizing tolerance as a pragmatic principle of acceptance of every culture, without condition. In the light of the objections to imperialism (which impose in an arbitrary way one culture as the best one) and cultural relativism (which accepts any culture without condition with conflicts and separation of cultures as consequences) the article looks for arguments able to justify a transcultural bioethics (in the perspective of fundamental human rights) which permits intercultural dialogue in bioethics as a constructive research of integration of cultures in search of a common truth recognized in respect of human dignity.


Author(s):  
Antônio Walber Matias Muniz ◽  
Bianca Viana Thomaz ◽  
Taís Vasconcelos Cidrão

Resumo: Através de um estudo predominantemente bibliográfico acerca da correlação entre os institutos dos direitos humanos, da interculturalidade e da diplomacia cultural, o propósito primordial do presente trabalho é apresentar esta última como um instrumento de promoção do diálogo intercultural entre os povos. A escolha do tema adveio da necessidade impreterível da promoção e da proteção eficaz dos direitos humanos sem, contudo, desconsiderar as especificidades culturais de cada Estado. Busca-se superar a polêmica acerca da dicotomia "universalismo x relativismo cultural", propondo-se no seu lugar a interculturalidade. Tendo em vista que a cultura não deve ser utilizada como um empecilho à preponderância dos direitos humanos, tampouco pode ser aceita como uma imposição de valores. Dessa forma, a diplomacia cultural representa um instrumento ideal para a efetivação desse diálogo intercultural a fim de se alcançar uma confluência de chegada, e não de partida. A diplomacia cultural, por sua vez, é capaz de promover a compreensão mútua, a confiança e o respeito entre os povos e, assim, construir um engajamento internacional favorável entre os Estados e um diálogo sobre direitos humanos pautado no respeito e, sobretudo, na diversidade cultural. Defende-se aqui que a interculturalidade, sistematizada na hermenêutica diatópica, no respeito e na valorização da diversidade cultural, é a melhor forma de se propagar os direitos humanos sem causar conflitos secundários e inoportunos, sendo a diplomacia cultural um ótimo instrumento para alcançar esse propósito.  Abstract: Through a predominantly bibliographical study on the correlation between human rights, intercultural and cultural diplomacy, the main purpose of this paper is to present the cultural diplomacy as an instrument to promote intercultural dialogue among people. The choice of theme stemmed from the urgent need for the promotion and effective protection of human rights without, however, disregarding the cultural specificities of each State. It seeks to overcome the polemic about the dichotomy "universalism vs. cultural relativism", proposing instead the interculturality. Given that culture should not be used as a hindrance to the preponderance of human rights, it cannot be accepted as an imposition of values. In this way, cultural diplomacy represents an ideal instrument for the realization of this intercultural dialogue in order to reach a confluence of arrival, not departure. Cultural diplomacy, in turn, is capable of promoting mutual understanding, trust and respect among people and thus building a favorable international engagement among States and a human rights dialogue based on respect and, above all, on the cultural diversity. It is argued here that interculturality, systematized in diatopic hermeneutics, respect for and appreciation of cultural diversity, is the best way to propagate human rights without causing secondary and inopportune conflicts, and cultural diplomacy is an excellent instrument to achieve this.


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-542
Author(s):  
Taís Vasconcelos Cidrão ◽  
Antonio Walber Muniz ◽  
Bianca Viana Thomaz

Procurou-se através de um estudo predominantemente bibliográfico a correlação entre institutos da interculturalidade e da diplomacia cultural. O objetivo primordial do presente artigo é apresentar esta última como um instrumento de promoção do diálogo intercultural entre os países. A determinação do tema adveio da necessidade de promoção e da proteção das especificidades culturais de cada Estado e também o que cada um deles entende por direitos humanos. Busca-se, então, superar a polêmica acerca da dicotomia “universalismo x relativismo cultural”, propondo-se a interculturalidade como solução. Como a cultura não deve ser entendida como uma imposição de valores de um grupo sobre o outro, também não deve ser vista como um empecilho à preponderância dos direitos humanos. Dessa forma, a diplomacia cultural representa um instrumento ideal para a efetivação desse diálogo intercultural a fim de se alcançar uma confluência de chegada, e não de partida. A diplomacia cultural, por sua vez, é capaz de promover um diálogo sobre direitos humanos pautado no respeito e, sobretudo, na diversidade cultural. Defende-se aqui que a interculturalidade, entendida sob a perspectiva da hermenêutica diatópica. Palavras-chave: Brasil. Interculturalidade. Diplomacia cultural.     Abstract: It was sought through a predominantly bibliographic study the correlation between the institutes interculturality and cultural diplomacy. The primary objective of this article is to present the last as an instrument to promote intercultural dialogue among countries. The determination of the theme came from the need to promote and protect the cultural specificities of each State and also what each one understands by human rights. It seeks, then, to overcome the polemic about the dichotomy "universalism vs. cultural relativism", proposing interculturality as a solution. Since culture should not be understood as an imposition of values from one group to another, it should not be seen either as a hindrance to the preponderance of human rights. In this way, cultural diplomacy is an ideal instrument for the realization of this intercultural dialogue in order to reach a confluence of arrival, not departure. Cultural diplomacy is capable of promoting a dialogue on human rights based on respect and, above all, on cultural diversity. It is argued here that interculturality, understood from the perspective of diatopic hermeneutics. Keywords: Brazil. Interculturality.Cultural diplomacy.     Recebido em: julho/2017 Aprovado em: dezembro/2017


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1609
Author(s):  
Lutfun Nahar ◽  
Shaymaa Al-Majmaie ◽  
Afaf Al-Groshi ◽  
Azhar Rasul ◽  
Satyajit D. Sarker

Dihydrofuranocoumarin, chalepin (1) and furanocoumarin, chalepensin (2) are 3-prenylated bioactive coumarins, first isolated from the well-known medicinal plant Ruta chalepensis L. (Fam: Rutaceae) but also distributed in various species of the genera Boenminghausenia, Clausena and Ruta. The distribution of these compounds appears to be restricted to the plants of the family Rutaceae. To date, there have been a considerable number of bioactivity studies performed on coumarins 1 and 2, which include their anticancer, antidiabetic, antifertility, antimicrobial, antiplatelet aggregation, antiprotozoal, antiviral and calcium antagonistic properties. This review article presents a critical appraisal of publications on bioactivity of these 3-prenylated coumarins in the light of their feasibility as novel therapeutic agents and investigate their natural distribution in the plant kingdom, as well as a plausible biosynthetic route.


2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon John-Stewart

Abstract Universal human rights and particular cultural identities, which are relativistic by nature, seem to stand in conflict with each other. It is commonly suggested that the relativistic natures of cultural identities undermine universal human rights and that human rights might compromise particular cultural identities in a globalised world. This article examines this supposed clash and suggests that it is possible to frame a human rights approach in such a way that it becomes the starting point and constraining framework for all non-deficient cultural identities. In other words, it is possible to depict human rights in a culturally sensitive way so that universal human rights can meet the demands of a moderate version of meta-ethical relativism which acknowledges a small universal core of objectively true or false moral statements and avers that, beyond that small core, all other moral statements are neither objectively true nor false.


2009 ◽  
pp. 541-563
Author(s):  
Clelia Bartoli

- This paper will deal with the issue of human rights and multiculturalism away from cultural relativism and universalism while taking inspiration from Nietzsche's Moral Genealogy. In particular, the concepts of karma, dharma and trivarga (an indian traditional form of particularism in the law) will be explained as they are expressed in the Bhagavad Gita, one of the most important texts of Indian philosophical literature. From this analysis it will emerge the impossibility of deducing the idea of human rights from the Sanskrit text. Not because the Bhagavad Gita adopts a communitarian conception of the self but because it entails a very complex and interesting idea of freedom which is little compatible with contemporary human rights discourse. Then, it will be quoted a criticism against the Bhagavad Gita based on the historical genealogy of cultural values, as it was formulated by B.R. Ambedkar - Chairman of the Drafting Committee of Indian Constitution. Finally, this writing will highlight some of the misunderstandings revolving around human rights and multiculturalism. This will be done while suggesting a genealogical approach where different intellectual and law traditions challenge and implement each other, rather than being locked in a sterile mutual respect.


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