scholarly journals Allocation of Resources for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventions in Rare Diseases”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Mobinizade ◽  
Zeinab Fakoorfard
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Health System ◽  
Rare Diseases ◽  
National Level ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Cost

Background: The health system is facing limited financial resources in all countries. Resource allocation is one of the tasks of the health system. Prioritizing interventions is one of the strategies that can help health policymakers in allocating financial resources. Rare diseases require more attention than other diseases due to their high cost and complex treatments. The countries use different policies to determine the effectiveness of interventions in the field of rare diseases. The purpose of this study is to refer to some policies in the field of allocating resources for rare diseases and to explain the importance of determining the threshold of cost-effectiveness for rare diseases in Iran. Methods: This research is a review study. First, a study was conducted on how to prioritize health interventions in the world and the thresholds of cost-effectiveness in different countries. Articles related to the research topic were then searched in accessible databases in Iran such as SID, Google Scholar and Medline. Finally, the obtained articles were screened and analyzed based on a thematic approach. Results: The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a threshold for determining the cost-effectiveness of health system interventions , that is determined and calculated based on the per capita GDP of each country. There are many differences between countries on policies related to the treatment of rare diseases, medicines, health care budgets and patient access. Conclusions: Due to the very high cost of treating rare diseases, it is impossible to use the threshold used for general disease interventions in rare diseases and it is necessary to use a higher threshold for rare diseases. In addition to cost-effectiveness, budget, justice, feasibility, and other criteria that are considered important at the national level should be considered.

Rational and Irrational Drug Use: Factors, Impacts and Strategies to Combat Irrational Drug Use: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
Zahra Hassan AL Qamariat ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Health System ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Rational Drug Use ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Rational Drug ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Misuse of drugs is a serious health problem all around the world. Rational drug use can be characterized as follows: patients receive drugs that meet their clinical needs, at doses that meet their requirements, promptly and at the lowest cost to themselves and their region. Drug abuse, polypharmacy, and misuse are the most prominent drug use problems today. Misuse of drugs can occur for a variety of reasons at different levels, including recommended mistakes and over-the- counter medications. Inappropriate use of income can lead to real negative benefits and financial results. There are many irrational drug mixtures available. Appropriate rational use of medicines will increase personal satisfaction and lead to better local health services. A list of essential medicines recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) can assist the countries around the globe in rationalizing the distribution and purchasing of medicines, thus decreasing the costs to healthcare systems. Irrational drug use has been a subject of concern for years as it affects the health system and patients badly. Irrational use of drugs can result from several factors such as patient, prescriber, dispenser, health system, supply system, or regulations. Thus, diverse strategies have been used to promote rational drug use and also to tackle irrational use. Thereby the concept of rational and irrational drug use and factors that lead to either result should be identified and monitored.

Rhinovirus and Influenza Disease Swamedication Information System using the Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) method

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
Husnul Khotimah ◽  
Tijaniyah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
World Health ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Multi Attribute Decision Making ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Cost

Self-medication, known as self-medication, has now been widely used by people to treat their own diseases without a doctor's prescription. This is because the cost of examining and just consulting a doctor is very expensive for the community. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) self-medication is defined as the selection and use of drugs, including herbal and traditional medicine, by individuals to treat themselves from disease or symptoms of disease. As well as the world of digital information is currently mushrooming in various information systems to provide information to the public in real time. Therefore, the author will make a research on how web-based information systems can provide information to the public about self-medication for coughs and colds, which people often suffer from. The Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) method is one of the superior methods for calculating the parameters for drug decisions that can be consumed by the public, making it easier for people to choose the type of medicine according to the disease they are suffering

Book reviews: Out, damned spots!

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-147
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
World Health ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Global Campaign ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Richard B. Fisher, Edward Jenner 1749-823.London: André Deutsch, 1991. Pp. 361, £20.00. ISBN 0 233 98681 2 In the summer of 1796, Joseph Banks, long-serving President of the Royal Society, turned down Jenner’s Inquiry on what he called the variolae vaccinae as ‘inadequate’ for publication in the Philosophical Transactions . Barely two years later a revised version, with several additions to the originally very few experimental cowpox inoculations, was published privately. The blurb’s claim that Jenner thus ‘freed mankind from "the spotted plague", smallpox’, seems an exaggerated tribute which ignores the hard work of successive later generations to provide a safe, theoretical basis for Jenner’s empiricism, and also the enormous technical and financial resources invested by the World Health Organization in the prolonged global campaign which finally achieved eradication of smallpox nearly 200 years later. Even within Edward Jenner’s own lifetime, the story of the progress of ‘vaccination’ as opposed to ‘variolation’ was a complex one, not helped by his failure to realize the need for periodic re-vaccination.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of the CLIP Trials in India, Pakistan and Mozambique

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey N Bone ◽  
Asif Khowaja ◽  
Marianne Vidler ◽  
Beth A. Payne ◽  
Mrutyunjaya B Bellad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Pregnancy Hypertension ◽  
Contact Frequency ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background: The Community-Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Trials (NCT01911494) in India, Pakistan, and Mozambique (February 2014-7) involved community engagement and task-sharing with community health workers for triage and initial treatment of pregnancy hypertension. Maternal and perinatal mortality was less frequent among women who received ≥8 CLIP contacts. The aim of this analysis was to assess the costs and cost-effectiveness of the CLIP intervention overall, and by POM visit frequency. Methods: Included were all women enrolled in the three CLIP trials who had delivered with known outcomes by trial end. According to the number of POM-guided home contacts received (0, 1-3, 4-7, ³8), costs were collected from annual budgets and spending receipts, with inclusion of family opportunity costs in Pakistan. A decision-tree model was built to determine the cost-effectiveness of the intervention (vs. usual care), based on the primary clinical endpoint of years-of-life-lost (YLL) for mothers and infants. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was used to assess uncertainty in the cost and clinical outcomes.Results: The incremental per pregnancy cost of the intervention was USD$12.66 (India), USD$11.51 (Pakistan) and USD$13.26 (Mozambique). As implemented, the intervention was not cost-effective, due largely to minimal differences in years-of-life-lost between arms. However, among women who received ≥8 contacts (4 in Pakistan), the probability of health system and family (Pakistan) cost-effectiveness was ≥80% (all countries). Conclusion: The intervention was likely to be cost-effective for women receiving ≥8 contacts in Mozambique and India, and ≥4 in Pakistan, supporting World Health Organization guidance on antenatal contact frequency.Funding: The University of British Columbia, a grantee of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1017337).Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov. Registered 30 July 2013, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01911494

scholarly journals What factors need to be considered when assessing the financial costs of medicines

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
A S Fedorenko ◽  
A T Burbello ◽  
M V Pokladova ◽  
M A Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
General Idea ◽  
World Health ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Medical University ◽  
North Western

The article presents possible approaches to assessing the financial costs of medicines. The results of the ABC/VEN and ATC DDD analyzes recommended by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the World Health Organization (WHO) in assessing the financial costs of medicines in a large multidisciplinary hospital are described. The evaluation of ABC/VEN and ATC/DDD analyzes, their advantages and disadvantages is given. It is shown that the ABC/VEN analysis gives only a general idea of planning financial expenditures and ATC/DDD about real drug consumption in the treatment of one patient. The financial costs of treating one patient vary significantly and depend on many factors: disease nosology, severity, division profile, etc. It was determined which factors should be taken into account both in estimating the cost of medicines and in planning financial expenditures for the next year. (For citation: Fedorenko AS, Burbello AT, Pokladova MV, Ivanova MA. What factors need to be considered when assessing the financial costs of medicines. Herald of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov. 2018;10(2):64-72. doi: 10.17816/mechnikov201810264-72).

The Global Politics of Neglected Tropical Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 567-582
Author(s):  
Obijiofor Aginam
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
International Health ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Cost

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of diseases that are prevalent among the poorest populations of the world. They pose a formidable obstacle to the socioeconomic development of the already impoverished communities where they are prevalent. Over the past several decades the World Health Organization (WHO)—as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work—has led global efforts to tackle the mortality and morbidity burdens of NTDs. In partnership with other actors, WHO’s global NTD Plan and Roadmap have oscillated between the politics and financial constraints of the organisation as an intergovernmental organisation of sovereign states and the lack of incentives to catalyse private and corporate actors towards effective action. The global politics of NTDs is now firmly anchored on public-private partnerships. These partnerships nonetheless raise questions about the moral obligation towards underwriting the cost of eradicating these diseases in the developing world. The chapter argues that enlightened self-interest and humanitarianism should compel the industrialised world towards a pragmatic action to address the mortality and morbidity burdens of NTDs among the poorest populations of the world.

scholarly journals TUBERCULOSE HUMANA CAUSADA PELO Mycobacterium bovis: CONSIDERAÇÕES GERAIS E A IMPORTÂNCIA DOS RESERVATÓRIOS ANIMAIS

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
REGINA MAURA CABRAL DE MELO ABRAHÃO
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Material ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Animal Reservoirs

Visando conhecer os dados epidemiológicos, a etiologia, a patogenia, os recursos diagnósticos, os mecanismos de transmissão, o tratamento, a prevenção e o controle da tuberculose causada pelo Mycobacterium bovis no homem, em bovinos e em reservatórios animais, realizou-se uma extensa revisão bibliográfica para rever a situação da tuberculose humana causada por essa micobactéria, em termos mundiais, uma vez que os dados disponíveis no Brasil são precários. Evidenciou-se a necessidade de uma política de aporte de recursos materiais, humanos e financeiros, que envolvam uma cooperação internacional de órgãos vinculados à saúde pública, corroborando as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, divulgadas em Genebra em 1993. Abstract Aiming to collect all available data on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogeny, diagnostic methodology, transmission mechanisms, treatment, prevention and control of the tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in man, bovine and animal reservoirs, an extensive bibliographical research has been carried out. This research allowed an up to date review on the worldwide human tuberculosis caused by that microorganism. From this study it became evident the need for human, material and financial resources and of an international cooperation of organs and agencies linked to public health entities in order to face the seriousness of this important problem, following the 1993 Geneva Recommendations from the World Health Organization.

scholarly journals Precision Medicine in Rare Diseases

Diseases ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Irene Villalón-García ◽  
Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba ◽  
Juan Miguel Suárez-Rivero ◽  
Suleva Povea-Cabello ◽  
Marta Talaverón-Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Rare Diseases ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diagnostic Odyssey ◽  
The World ◽  
Pharmacological Screening ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Low Prevalence

Rare diseases are those that have a low prevalence in the population (less than 5 individuals per 10,000 inhabitants). However, infrequent pathologies affect a large number of people, since according to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are about 7000 rare diseases that affect 7% of the world’s population. Many patients with rare diseases have suffered the consequences of what is called the diagnostic odyssey, that is, extensive and prolonged serial tests and clinical visits, sometimes for many years, all with the hope of identifying the etiology of their disease. For patients with rare diseases, obtaining the genetic diagnosis can mean the end of the diagnostic odyssey, and the beginning of another, the therapeutic odyssey. This scenario is especially challenging for the scientific community, since more than 90% of rare diseases do not currently have an effective treatment. This therapeutic failure in rare diseases means that new approaches are necessary. Our research group proposes that the use of precision or personalized medicine techniques can be an alternative to find potential therapies in these diseases. To this end, we propose that patients’ own cells can be used to carry out personalized pharmacological screening for the identification of potential treatments.

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