Relative Frequency of OCD in People with Malocclusion Class I Requiring Orthodontic Treatment

Introduction: The Malocclusion or misalignment of teeth affects not only oral function but also facial esthetics and the psychological well-being of patients. In addition, obsessive-compulsive disorder is a psychological disorder associated with anxiety involving 2-2.5% of the population during their life. This study aimed to assess the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients having class I malocclusion with crowding. Materials & Methods: In this case-control trial, Using the Yale-Brown questionnaire, female patients with 18-22 years old of ages having class I crowding malocclusion and referring to orthodontic department of Azad Dental school enrolled in the trial as the case group (n = 60). The participants with similar malocclusion without reference for orthodontic treatments followed up as the control group (n = 60). The obtained data by Yale-Brown questionnaire classified the obsessive-compulsive disorder in the participants into four groups of mild, fairly mild, moderate and severe levels. The results of the two groups were analyzed using the Chi-square test (p value < 0.05). Results: In malocclusion patients referring for orthodontic treatments, 19 (31.7%) had mild OCD; 7 (11.7%) had fairly mild OCD; 23 (38.3%) had moderate OCD and 11 (18.3%) showed severe OCD. These values were 28 (46.7%); 12 (20.0%); 15 (25.0%) and 5 (8.3%) for malocclusion patients not referring for orthodontic patients respectively. No significant differences were found among 2 groups regarding severity of OCD (p value = 0.07). Conclusion: In terms of the severity of OCD, there were no significant variations between malocclusion patients with and without referring for orthodontic treatments.

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Relationship between Obsessive-compulsive Disorder and Overactive Bladder Syndrome

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.5812/ijpbs.101858 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Farzad Allameh ◽

Mahtab Motamed ◽

Morteza Fallah-Karkan ◽

Mohammad Poury ◽

Saba Faraji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Overactive Bladder ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Screen Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome correlates with mental disorders, especially depressive disorders and anxiety disorders, and less frequently obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and occurs mostly in older people. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is more frequent in OAB patients. Most OCD people are diagnosed at the age of about 19, typically with an earlier age of onset in boys than in girls, but the onset after age 35 does occur less frequently. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between OCD and OAB. Methods: In this case-control study, 1,160 cases who were over 18 years old who were referred to the urodynamic clinic of Shohada-e-Tajrish center from June 2013 to February 2018 in Tehran, Iran, enrolled of whom 580 were considered the control group who were non-OAB patients, and 580 subjects were considered the case group who were OAB patients. The diagnosis of OAB was confirmed by a single urologist. All cases had detrusor overactivity (DO) in urodynamic study (UDS). The OAB-validated 8-questionnaire screen test (OAB-V8) was conducted, and the diagnosis of OCD was confirmed by a single psychiatrist according to DSM-5 criteria. Moreover, the Yale-Brown questionnaire was completed for each patient to rate the severity of OCD symptoms. Results: About the Yale-Brown Obsessive-compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) total score, there is a significant difference between patients with obsessive traits and the control group (P < 0.001). OCD scores were significantly higher in the OAB group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the population of the studied patients with OAB was more probable to have OCD than non-OAB control subjects in aged classified groups (OR: 6.23; P < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that OAB patients reported higher obsessive-compulsive scores (Y-BOCS) compared to the controls. There is an independent correlation between OCD and OAB. However, the linkage between OCD and OAB justifies the need for more research.

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Reducing the Social Stigma Associated with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Controlled Trial of an Intervention Program in a Turkish Community Sample

Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies ◽

10.24193/jebp.2020.2.14 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 101-120

Author(s):

Ayça Aktaç Gürbüz ◽

Orçun YORULMAZ ◽

Gülşah DURNA

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Community Sample ◽

Case Vignette ◽

Control Group ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Scientific research into the reduction of stigmatization, particularly related to specific problems such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), is scarce. In the present study, we examine the impact of a video-based antistigma intervention program for OCD in a pretest-posttest control group research. After being randomly assigned to either an intervention (n= 101) or control group (n= 96), the participants reported their attitudes on a hypothetical case vignette before and after OCD vs. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) videos, and again six months later as a follow up assessment. The mixed design analyses for the group comparisons indicated that although there was no significant difference in the measures of the control group, the participants watching the anti-stigma OCD video, in which the focus was psychoeducation and interaction strategies, reported significantly lower scores on social distances and negative beliefs for the case vignettes they read, and this difference was maintained six months later. Then, the present results indicate the effectiveness of our anti-stigma intervention program for OCD. Interventions to reduce stigmatization can also be viewed as effective tools for changing the attitudes of people toward OCD, although further research and applications are needed related to specific disorders if a longlasting impact is to be achieved.

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Childhood neuropsychological deficits associated with adult obsessive–compulsive disorder

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056812 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 195 (2) ◽

pp. 138-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Jessica R. Grisham ◽

Tracy M. Anderson ◽

Richie Poulton ◽

Terrie E. Moffitt ◽

Gavin Andrews

Keyword(s):

Executive Functioning ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Verbal Ability ◽

Neuropsychological Deficits ◽

Control Group ◽

Developmental Study ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Visuomotor Skills

BackgroundExisting neuropsychological studies of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are cross-sectional and do not provide evidence of whether deficits are trait-related (antecedent and independent of symptomatology) or state-related (a consequence, dependent on symptomatology).AimsTo investigate whether there are premorbid neuropsychological deficits associated with adult OCD.MethodLongitudinal data were collected from participants of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Developmental study. Neuropsychological data collected at age 13 were linked with age 32 diagnosis of OCD.ResultsThe group who had OCD at age 32 differed significantly from the control group with no OCD on their performance at age 13 on neuropsychological tests of visuospatial, visuoconstructive and visuomotor skills, controlling for gender and socioeconomic status, but did not differ on tests of general IQ or verbal ability. Performance of the group with OCD on tests of executive functioning was mixed.ConclusionsIndividuals with OCD have premorbid impairment in visuospatial abilities and some forms of executive functioning, consistent with biological models of OCD.

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Disturbed Monitoring and Response Inhibition in patients with Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome and Co-Morbid Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Behavioural Neurology ◽

10.1155/2003/832906 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 14 (1-2) ◽

pp. 29-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Sandra Verena Müller ◽

Sönke Johannes ◽

Berdieke Wieringa ◽

Axel Weber ◽

Kirsten Müller-Vahl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Functions ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Tourette Syndrome ◽

Response Inhibition ◽

Error Detection ◽

Neuropsychological Tests ◽

Cognitive Domain ◽

Control Group ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder

Objective:Fronto-striatal dysfunction has been discussed as underlying symptoms of Tourette syndrome (TS) with co-morbid Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). This suggests possible impairments of executive functions in this disorder, which were therefore targeted in the present study.Results:A comprehensive series of neuropsychological tests examining attention, memory and executive functions was performed in a group of 14 TS/OCD in co-occurrence with OCD patients and a matched control group.Results:While attentional and memory mechanisms were not altered, TS/OCS patients showed deficits in executive functions predominately in the areas of response inhibition and action monitoring.Conclusions:These findings provide further evidence for a substantial impairment of the frontal-striatal-thalamic-frontal circuit. We propose that the deficits in monitoring, error detection and response inhibition constitute the major impairment of TS/OCD patients in the cognitive domain.

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Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive–compulsive disorder

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 195 (5) ◽

pp. 393-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 441

Author(s):

Joaquim Radua ◽

David Mataix-Cols

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Antidepressant Treatment ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Control Group ◽

Grey Matter Volume ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Caudate Nuclei ◽

Compulsive Disorder

BackgroundSpecific cortico-striato-thalamic circuits are hypothesised to mediate the symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), but structural neuroimaging studies have been inconsistent.AimsTo conduct a meta-analysis of published and unpublished voxel-based morphometry studies in OCD.MethodTwelve data-sets comprising 401 people with OCD and 376 healthy controls met inclusion criteria. A new improved voxel-based meta-analytic method, signed differential mapping (SDM), was developed to examine regions of increased and decreased grey matter volume in the OCD group v. control group.ResultsNo between-group differences were found in global grey matter volumes. People with OCD had increased regional grey matter volumes in bilateral lenticular nuclei, extending to the caudate nuclei, as well as decreased volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri. A descriptive analysis of quartiles, a sensitivity analysis as well as analyses of subgroups further confirmed these findings. Meta-regression analyses showed that studies that included individuals with more severe OCD were significantly more likely to report increased grey matter volumes in the basal ganglia. No effect of current antidepressant treatment was observed.ConclusionsThe results support a dorsal prefrontal–striatal model of the disorder and raise the question of whether functional alterations in other brain regions commonly associated with OCD, such as the orbitofrontal cortex, may reflect secondary compensatory strategies. Whether the reported differences between participants with OCD and controls precede the onset of the symptoms and whether they are specific to OCD remains to be established.

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Assessment of in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jammr/2021/v33i1030915 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105-114

Author(s):

Sarah Alaa Mohsen ◽

Fatma Ahmed El Deeb ◽

Ehab Sayed Ramadan ◽

Mai Abd El-Raouf Eissa

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Test Performance ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Neuropsychological Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and potentially debilitating disorder. Neuropsychological assessment provides unique complementary information that is critical for evaluating higher cortical abilities. This study aimed to assess the neuropsychological functions in OCD patients which can then point to the brain structures or pathways and to study the correlation between these assessments and different clinical variables. Methods: This cross-sectional case control study had included sixty patients who were divided into two groups, Group I: thirty OCD patients diagnosed by DSM-IV and Group II: thirty healthy controls who were recruited from the community, matched with patients’ age, gender, and education. Results: The age of onset in our study was 19.13 ± 0.35 years, the mean duration was 7.44 ± 3.88 years, 40% of the studied cases had severe OCD symptoms and 33.3% of them were compulsive cleaners. There was a high significant difference between the two groups regarding WCST in favor of the control group. There was a high significant difference between the two groups regarding ROCF where the control group showed better results than the OCD patients. Conclusions: Neuropsychological test performance remains an informative and objective means of investigation, especially when applied to psychiatric disorders. The executive functions in OCD patients were impaired in comparison to the normal study subjects.

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The prevalence of autism spectrum traits and autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder: a systematic review

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2021.194 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (S1) ◽

pp. S56-S56

Author(s):

Claire Tiley ◽

Marinos Kyriakopoulos

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Functional Impairment ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Control Group ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Global Functioning ◽

Compulsive Disorder

AimsAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) commonly co-occur in children and adolescents (C&A); evidence suggests functional impairment is increased in those diagnosed with both disorders. The aims of this systematic review were: 1) To review studies that report on the prevalence of ASD traits and/or diagnosis in C&A with OCD. 2) To review whether the severity of OCD symptoms is related to the severity of ASD traits in C&A with OCD. 3)To review whether the severity of comorbid ASD traits or diagnosis in C&A with OCD impact on their global functioning.MethodThis systematic review was registered in PROSPERO. Prisma guidelines were followed . Electronic searches were carried out on Pubmed, EMBASE and Psychinfo with the use of selected keywords. Inclusion criteria : 1) Participants up to the age of 18 who had an ICD or DSM diagnosis of OCD. 2) Journal articles published in the English, with no date specifications. 3) Papers evaluating ASD diagnosis or traits, or where data on this could be extracted. Exclusion criteria: 1) Papers looking at OCD related disorders such as body dysmorphic disorder, compulsive skin picking, trichotillomania and hoarding disorder. 2) Samples including adults where C&A data could not be extracted. 3) Posters, abstracts and dissertations.ResultA total of 15 studies were included in the systematic review. Seven of these studies directly compared the prevalence of ASD traits (measured by questionnaires) or diagnosis in OCD to a control group or normative data, with all studies reporting a significant elevation in ASD trait scores and diagnosis in OCD. Ten of the studies reported on the correlation between ASD trait severity and OCD severity. Four studies identified a significant correlation between ASD and OCD total scores or specified subscales. In contrast, one study found significantly elevated OCD scores in an OCD only group when compared to a comorbid OCD and ASD group. Three studies reported on the correlation between ASD scores and functional impairment or compared an OCD only group to a comorbid group. All three studies demonstrated that the presence ASD or ASD traits are associated with elevated scores in global functional impairment.ConclusionIn conclusion, this review suggests that there is an increased prevalence of ASD traits and diagnosis amongst C&A with OCD. Elevated ASD traits within this population are associated with a greater impact on global functioning.

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A-65 Quality Analysis of Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Using a Neuropsychological Assessment Battery

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acab062.83 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 1107-1107

Author(s):

Rachel Kallus ◽

Lauren Bangert ◽

Elana Farace

Keyword(s):

Deep Brain Stimulation ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Brain Stimulation ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

Quality Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Word Condition ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Deep Brain

Abstract Objective We completed a case study to investigate whether there are cognitive changes after Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) surgery in the treatment of refractory Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) as an initiation of a quality analysis due to increased referrals for this procedure at our institution. Method We evaluated a 21-year-old male before and after bilateral nucleus accumbens DBS placement for OCD. His pre-operative neurosurgery evaluation and brain imaging were unremarkable. Post-operative imaging revealed stable changes of bilateral DBS lead placement. Pre and post-operative neuropsychological testing included measures of mental status, language, memory, attention, and executive functioning. Results A reliable change estimate was obtained for each test. There was no significant change in performance on the Mini-Mental State Exam, Boston Naming Test, Logical Memory I/II, Faces I, Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) immediate and delayed recall, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64, Trail Making Tests A & B, Letter Fluency, Animal Fluency, and Stroop Color and Word Test (Stroop) color and color-word condition. There was significant decline for all California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition trials (trials 1–5, short delay recall, and long delay recall) and RCFT recognition. There was significant improvement for the Stroop word condition. Conclusions. Given mixed findings, it is unclear the extent to which DBS impacted this patient’s overall cognitive functioning. Meanwhile, he showed improvement in OCD symptoms, to the degree that he could live alone, maintain employment, and independently manage daily activities. There is need for future studies to examine the cognitive effects of DBS for OCD, with larger samples and a control group.

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Integrative Analysis of shared Genetic Pathogenesis by Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

10.21203/rs.2.9334/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Dongbai Liu ◽

Hongbao Cao ◽

Kamil Can Kural ◽

Qi Fang ◽

Fuquan Zhang

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Large Scale ◽

Genetic Network ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

P Value ◽

Genetic Associations ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

Gene Markers ◽

Compulsive Disorder

Abstract Background Many common pathological features have been observed for both autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, no systematic analysis of the common gene markers associated both ASD and OCD has been conducted so far. Results Here, two batches of large-scale literature based disease-gene relation data (updated in 2017 and 2019, respectively) and gene expression data were integrated to study the possible association between OCD and ASD at the genetic level. Genes linked to OCD and ASD present significant overlap (p-value<2.64e-39). A genetic network of over 20 genes was constructed, through which OCD and ASD may exert influence on each other. The 2017-based analysis suggested six potential common risk genes for OCD and ASD (CDH2, ADCY8, APOE, TSPO, TOR1A, and OLIG2), and the 2019-based study identified two more genes (DISP1 and SETD1A). Notably, the gene APOE identified by the 2017-based analysis has been implicated to have an association with ASD in a recently study (2018) with DNA methylation analysis. Conclusions Our results support the possible complex genetic associations between OCD and ASD. Genes linked to one disease is worthy of further investigation as potential risk factors for the other.

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Early Maladaptive Schemas in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Anxiety Disorders

Global Journal of Health Science ◽

10.5539/gjhs.v8n10p167 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 167 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Afsaneh Yoosefi ◽

Sepideh RajeziEsfahani ◽

Abbas Pourshahbaz ◽

Behrooz Dolatshahee ◽

Abbasali Assadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Early Maladaptive Schemas ◽

Control Group ◽

Maladaptive Schemas ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Washington State University ◽

Emotional Deprivation

Background: Purpose of this study is comparing early maladaptive schemas which are active in patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders together, considering recent DSM-5 changes through which OCD has been placed in a separate and new diagnostic level.Methodology: This research is a causal-comparative study. 151 persons were categorized in three groups of people suffering from OCD (50), suffering from anxiety disorders (50), and control group (51). Early diagnosis of disorders in two clinical groups were verified based on structured clinical interview for DSM )SCID-I) and Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). General health questionnaire (GHQ-28), the short versions of the Young schemas questionnaire (YSQ), and Padua inventory-Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR) were also implemented.Findings: Findings revealed that mean scores of all schemas of those suffering from anxiety disorders, except for Self-Sacrifice, Unrelenting-Standards/Hypercriticalness, Entitlement/Grandiosity schemas, and mean scores of all early maladaptive schemas of those suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder are significantly higher than those of control group. OCD group had significantly higher scores in Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse, and Defectiveness/Shame schemas than anxiety disorders group. Defectiveness/Shame and Vulnerability to Harm or Illness schemas can explain 38 percent of variance of obsessive compulsive symptoms.Conclusion: The dominant and specific early maladaptive schemas of OCD are Defectiveness/Shame, Mistrust/Abuse, and Emotional Deprivation Schemas. This study besides supporting the theory of early maladaptive schemas, suggests that interventions based on specific schemas can be useful methods in treatment of OCD and anxiety disorders.

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