«NON-PROFESSORAL CORPORATION»: NON-ACADEMIC EMPLOYEES OF THE ODESA BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOCIETY (TO THE 110TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FIRST ASSOCIATION OF BIBLIOLOGISTS IN UKRAINE)

Original Form ◽

Public Science ◽

The Public ◽

Popularization Of Science ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Pros And Cons ◽

The purpose of this article is to study how individuals who did not work in universities or academies, were teachers of secondary educational institutions, officials, and public figures took part in the activities of the Odesa Bibliographic Society. In the history of OBS, we can distinguish the following stages: 1) 1911–1914 – the stage of stability, prosperity; 2) 1914–1917 – the stage in the conditions of the first World War, which had a significant impact on the subject, personnel, etc.; 3) 1917–1919 – the period of crisis in the conditions of revolutionary events, when OBS increasingly operated not because of, but in spite of circumstances; 4) 1920–1923 – the period of adaptation to new conditions communist reality, where OBS acted as a bearer of previous traditions. In the end, this was led to the liquidation of the society in its original form, but, at the same time, in fact, the transformation into a Ukrainian bibliographic society, which largely continued the traditions of the “old”. During all these stages, non-academic individuals played an important role in the development of OBS. They participated in all aspects of the OBS’s activities, in particular, replenishing the society’s library, reading reports, and so on. Among them, a large and active group consisted of women, which was a unique phenomenon for the culture of Odessa. They were high school teachers, representatives of the city’s elite. A fairly active role in the life of society, in addition to Odesa members, was played by those who were outside of Odessa. Most often, such persons did not take an active part in societies. But MBT managed to break this trend, as evidenced by the examples of Londoner V. S. Isakovich, Petersburgers O. S. Partsevsky, O. Z. Popelnitsky, M. G. Martynov, a citizen of Riga V. E. Cheshikhin. For the trends of the beginning twentieth century, it is significant that exactly the involvement of non-academic members led to the transformation of OBS into one of the most prominent centers of popularization of Ukrainian culture in Odessa, that was most clearly reflected in the reports of L. O. Chizhikov, S. P. Shelukhin, N. M. Lazurskaya, O. O. Smirnitsky, A. P. Milskaya and others. Thus, we have an example of successful activity of a scientific society, primarily due to the expansion of its social base and the involvement of the public. Popularization of science, blurring the line between “heavy” science for science and public science is quite modern, relevant trend that has both pros and cons. Historical experience should contribute to the development of the most successful approaches.

Vladikavkaz Nikolaev School

Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University ◽

10.29025/1994-7720-2021-1-50-56 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 50-56

Author(s):

Lana К. Khubaeva

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Educational Institution ◽

World War ◽

Central State ◽

The Public ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

The Republic ◽

The article is devoted to the Vladikavkaz city Nikolaev school, which was opened in 1874. Documents preserved in the fund of the Public Schools Directorate of the Central State Archive (CSA) of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania indicate that the school was a male educational institution and the name of the school was named after Nikolai Ugodnik. The school was originally a four-year school, later, in 1897, it was transformed into a six-year school. It was subordinate to the Ministry of Public Education and the Directorate of public schools in the Terek region. On November 3, 1895, the Society for Aid to the Poorest Students of the Vladikavkaz Nikolaev School was officially registered at the school. The fact of the creation of such a Society testifies to the fact that the school was not intended exclusively for children of privileged classes. The October Revolution made great changes in the educational system established by this period. Many schools have ceased to function. The same fate befell the Nikolaev School, but not immediately. The educational institution managed to prepare several generations of graduates who continued their education in higher educational institutions before and post-revolutionary Russia. The Nikolaev school entered the history of Vladikavkaz as a source of enlightenment, thanks to which dozens of young people who did not live not only in Vladikavkaz, but also those who entered here from remote areas of the region received education. The school existed until 1921, having survived two Russian revolutions and the period of the First World War.

Disciplinary Uniformity in Uniform—A Success of the Human Rights Act 1998?

The Journal of Criminal Law ◽

10.1350/jcla.2008.72.2.489 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 170-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chris Gale

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Armed Forces ◽

World War ◽

The Public ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Human Rights Act ◽

Human Rights Act 1998 ◽

Military Discipline ◽

Apart from an awareness of shameful treatment to some shell-shocked soldiers on active duty in the First World War, the subjects of military discipline in general and courts-martial in particular are unlikely to permeate the consciousness of the public at large or, indeed, the vast majority of criminal lawyers. This article explores some of the history of both, the current position in relation to courts-martial and the planned reforms under the Armed Forces Act 2006. That the Human Rights Act 1998 exposed some of the anomalities and worst practices of courts-martial is undeniable. It seems equally likely that the 1998 Act was at least a catalyst for the wholesale review and modernisation of military discipline carried out by the 2006 Act.

The London Restaurant, 1840-1914

10.1093/oso/9780198817604.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Brenda Assael

Keyword(s):

Service Sector ◽

The Public ◽

Modern Britain ◽

The First World War ◽

Hybrid Culture ◽

History Of ◽

Working Day ◽

The Public Sphere ◽

The Impact ◽

This book offers the first scholarly treatment of the history of public eating in London in the Victorian and Edwardian eras. The quotidian nature of taking a meal in public during the working day or evening should not be allowed to obscure the significance of the restaurant (defined broadly, to encompass not merely the prestigious West End restaurant, but also the modest refreshment room, and even the street cart) as a critical component in the creation of modern metropolitan culture. The story of the London restaurant between the 1840s and the First World War serves as an exemplary site for mapping the expansion of commercial leisure, the increasing significance of the service sector, the introduction of technology, the democratization of the public sphere, changing gender roles, and the impact of immigration. The book incorporates what I term ‘gastro-cosmopolitanism’ to highlight the existence of an international, heterogeneous, and even hybrid, culture in London in this period that requires us to think, not merely beyond the nation, but beyond empire. The restaurant also had an important role in contemporary debates about public health and the (sometimes conflicting, but no less often complementary) prerogatives of commerce, moral improvement, and liberal governance. This book considers the restaurant as a business and a place of employment, as well as an important site for the emergence of new forms of metropolitan experience and identity. While focused on London, it illustrates the complex ways in which cultural and commercial forces were intertwined in modern Britain, and demonstrates the rewards of writing histories which recognize the interplay between broad, global forces and highly localized spaces.

The Threat from Within across Empires: Strikes, Labor Migration, and Violence in Central Europe, 1900–1914

Central European History ◽

10.1017/s0008938920000448 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 86-111

Author(s):

Amerigo Caruso ◽

Claire Morelon

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Labor Migration ◽

Social Conflicts ◽

Migration Patterns ◽

The Public ◽

Political Conflicts ◽

Self Defense ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

AbstractThe decade before the First World War saw a heightened level of social and political conflicts throughout Germany and Austria-Hungary. Strikes in pre-1914 central Europe have largely been examined as part of the development of the workers’ movement, but much less often from the perspective of the employers and government elites. Their strategies to counteract “strike terrorism” included hiring replacement workers through private strikebreaking agents, who provided a variety of services such as recruitment, transportation, housing, and providing “willing workers” with weapons for their self-defense. The discourses around “strike terrorism,” and the repressive strategies to counter it, are a lens through which we can look afresh at some of the most crucial issues in the history of central European empires in the prewar years, namely the structure of violence embedded in social conflicts, migration, growing political antagonism, and fears surrounding social democracy. This article analyzes the public debate around the protection of “willing workers” as well as concrete episodes of antilabor violence in a transnational framework. It offers a reassessment of social conflicts in the period following the 1905 social mobilizations in central Europe, and it explores the circulation of antilabor measures between Germany and Austria-Hungary, their radicalizing impact, and their connections with labor migration patterns.

The Press Bureau, ‘D’ Notices, and Official Control of the British Press's Record of the First World War

The Historical Journal ◽

10.1017/s0018246x21000145 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-26

Author(s):

David Monger

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

World War ◽

The Public ◽

Official Control ◽

The First World War ◽

The Press ◽

History Of ◽

Media Manipulation ◽

The Impact ◽

Abstract Concerns about fake news and media manipulation are commonplace in contemporary society, and, throughout the twentieth century, historians regularly presented the First World War as an era of manipulated public messages. Yet, despite broad statements about the impact of press censorship in First World War Britain, publication of an official history of the ‘D’ notice system, and growing revision of historical understanding of the interaction between the state, the press, propaganda, and the public during the war, no thorough assessment of the content of the D notices issued by the Press Bureau to newspaper editors has been undertaken. This article provides a thorough analysis of the more than seven hundred notices issued during the war years. While drawing attention to several exceptions which exceeded plausible claims of a threat to security, it argues that most notices genuinely sought to protect potentially dangerous information and that casual assumptions about misleading state press management are not borne out by a close reading of the actual notices issued.

War jargon of a peace mission: the case of the polish army contingent in Afghanistan (2002 – 2014)

Linguistica ◽

10.4312/linguistica.58.1.153-162 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 153-162

Author(s):

Alicja Kacprzak

Keyword(s):

Public Discourse ◽

Task Force ◽

World War ◽

The Public ◽

The First World War ◽

Military Conflicts ◽

Polish Society ◽

History Of ◽

Second World ◽

In the centenary of the First World War many historical studies concerning the period between 1914 and 1918 and its consequences have appeared in France. Many of these are also interested in the public discourse of this time and its language, especially the lexicon. There is no doubt that it is not only the history of the country and of its citizens that has been marked by the war, but also the French vocabulary. Numerous dictionaries containing war vocabulary have been published in recent years, while others are still being prepared, and all of them prove the existence of an indissoluble bond between the history of a community and its language.The horror of the First and Second World Wars did not cause the world to abandon military conflicts. They continued over the whole 20th century and have not ceased at the beginning of the third millennium. Poland, which since 1945 has not been involved in international military conflicts on its own territory, has nonetheless taken part in the so-called local wars, among them the recent (2002-2014) war in Afghanistan. The majority of Polish society (70-80%) has never accepted the engagement of national forces in this conflict, even though it used to be called “a peaceful mission”.The common experience of over 28.000 Polish soldiers who have served in Afghanistan has found its reflection in reports, books and blogs written by the participants. These texts, though rather rare, contain specific vocabulary that has developed in Task Force White Eagle (names for weapons, mines, military actions, enemies, etc.). In this article, the language of the mission is analyzed and the question is raised about the possible functions of this specific jargon.

La preocupació per la formació inicial dels mestres: una invariant pedagògica europea de l’era contemporània. Entre el passat i el futur.

Temps d Educaci� ◽

10.1344/tempseducacio2019.57.2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Begoña Román Maestre ◽

Jordi Garcia Farrero ◽

Isabel Vilafranca Manguán

Keyword(s):

Teacher Education ◽

First World War ◽

Contemporary Society ◽

Good Teacher ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

The University ◽

Undoubtedly, the initial education of teachers has been a constant concern of contemporary society since the end of the First World War, as evidenced in the constant emergence of new pedagogical thought, discourse and educational institutions that highlight the need for pedagogical renewal at the initial stages of teacher education. Throughout this period, good teacher education has remained key in the belief that school must transform society if democracy is to be safeguarded. At an international level, this has been defended by educational theorists of the calibre of Eduard Spranger and Georg Kerschensteiner; in Catalonia, it is seen in the work of Joan Bardina’s “Escola de Mestres” (1906–1910), the Catalan government’s “Escola Normal” (1931–1939) and the University of Barcelona’s ”Seminari de Pedagogia” (1930–1939). The article looks at the history of this concern, from its origins at the beginning of the last century to the present day, and concludes by proposing what the initial stages of teacher education will need in the future.

Formation and activity of labor squads in the Russian Empire during the First World War

Tambov University Review Series Humanities ◽

10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-194-185-193 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 185-193

Author(s):

Aleksei I. Chubarov

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Russian Empire ◽

Russian State ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Labor Resources ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

Primary Materials ◽

The history of the creation and activity of student labor brigades on the territory of the Russian Empire is considered. They were supposed to replace men in peasant farms who had been mobilized into the ranks of the army. By the early 20th century, the agrarian Russian Empire was characterized by an excess of workers in the countryside, since a significant part of the country’s population lived in the countryside. The ruling circles of both Russia and the European powers were confident in the “inexhaustibility” of the human resources of the Russian state. However, al-ready in the summer and autumn of 1914, a shortage of workers in rural areas began to be felt. With the subsequent mobilizations, the situation only worsened. In response to the problem, the tsarist government asked the local authorities to help the families of the mobilized lower ranks in harvesting and sowing fields. We use materials from periodicals and primary materials deposited in the archives of the cities of the Central Black Earth region about student labor brigades of the Voronezh, Kursk and Oryol Governorates. We also use information on other regions of the Rus-sian Empire. It is assumed that labor brigades arose on a private initiative as one of the forms of mobilization of labor resources in conditions caused by a shortage of workers. Later, the initiative of educational institutions of the Minsk province received state support.

Overcoming History through Trauma. The Hungarian Historikerstreit

European Review ◽

10.1017/s1062798716000065 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 523-534 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Éva Kovács

Keyword(s):

Public Memory ◽

First World War ◽

Peace Treaty ◽

World War ◽

History Writing ◽

The Public ◽

The Holocaust ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

In the mid-summer of 2012, a sort of Historikerstreit broke out in Hungary. The main topics of the controversy were the language of and the attitude to the history of the Holocaust. In what follows I will argue that the Hungarian Historikerstreit is closely related to both the renaissance of the Horthy era (1920–1944) in current Hungarian politics and the ambivalent attitude towards the Holocaust in public memory. Since 2010, Hungary has celebrated ‘Trianon commemoration day’, remembering on the peace treaty of Trianon after the First World War. In today’s Hungary, Trianon seems to be a permanent trauma of the nation not only in the public memory but also in history writing. In spite of the fact that many respected scholars argue that currently the construction of the trauma of Trianon has a hegemonic position in Hungarian social memory and that the Holocaust cannot compete with it, I will show that the Trianon trauma is a construction of the current politics of history, which overshadows the tragic experiences of the First World War. Moreover, Trianon and the Holocaust are strongly interconnected historical events, which cannot be understood separately.

Socio-political and confessional preconditions of the birth of the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church in Western Ukraine (20-30 years of the twentieth century)

Ukrainian Religious Studies ◽

10.32420/2000.13.1059 ◽

2000 ◽

pp. 67-75

Author(s):

R. Soloviy

Keyword(s):

Public Life ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Reformed Church ◽

Religious Influences ◽

The First World War ◽

Western Ukraine ◽

History Of ◽

Religious Factor ◽

In the history of religious organizations of Western Ukraine in the 20-30th years of the XX century. The activity of such an early protestant denominational formation as the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church occupies a prominent position. Among UCRC researchers there are several approaches to the preconditions for the birth of the Ukrainian Calvinistic movement in Western Ukraine. In particular, O. Dombrovsky, studying the historical preconditions for the formation of the UREC in Western Ukraine, expressed the view that the formation of the Calvinist cell should be considered in the broad context of the Ukrainian national revival of the 19th and 20th centuries, a new assessment of the religious factor in public life proposed by the Ukrainian radical activists ( M. Drahomanov, I. Franko, M. Pavlik), and significant socio-political, national-cultural and spiritual shifts caused by the events of the First World War. Other researchers of Ukrainian Calvinism, who based their analysis on the confessional-polemical approach (I.Vlasovsky, M.Stepanovich), interpreted Protestantism in Ukraine as a product of Western cultural and religious influences, alien to Ukrainian spirituality and culture.