scholarly journals Percentage Analysis Mixed of CPO, Phosphic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide as a Replacement for Diesel Engine Oil Fuel Using a Calorize Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (09) ◽  
pp. 25189-25198
Author(s):  
Yuspian Gunawan ◽  
La Hasanuddin ◽  
Raden Rinova Sisworo ◽  
Agustinus Lolok ◽  
Bunyamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Phosphate ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Rate Of Combustion ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Oil Fuel

One of the researches being developed is to produce methyl esters from CPO through transesterification reaction of vegetable oil (triglycerides) with methanol. Biodiesel from crude palm oil is a new hope for answering some of the energy needs. know the rate of combustion of the biodiesel produced. Biodiesel that is produced from a mixture of CPO, phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide, with a percentage of I. 98% CPO, 1% Phosphoric Acid, 1% Sodium Hydroxide: II. 95% CPO, 2% Phosphoric Acid, 3% Sodium Hydroxide: III. 95% CPO, 3% Phosphoric Acid, 2% Sodium Hydroxide. The results showed that the most effective mixture was 95% CPO, 3% acid phosphate and 2% sodium hydroxide with a burning rate of 0.309 g / minute in 30.42 minutes with a final temperature of 57 (oC).

scholarly journals PRODUÇÃO DE CELULASES E XILANASE POR Aspergillus niger IZ9 USANDO FERMENTAÇÃO SUBMERSA SOBRE BAGAÇO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDIO LIMA AGUIAR ◽  
TOBIAS J. B. MENEZES
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Chemically Treated

Avaliou-se a produção de celulases e xilanase de Aspergillus niger IZ9, crescido sobre bagaço de cana, quimicamente tratado, como substrato. Os tratamentos foram: solução de hidróxido de sódio a 4%, e solução de hidróxido de sódio a 4%, ácido fosfórico p.a. e vapor. A produção das enzimas celulolíticas (celulase total, endoglicanase e ­glicosidase) e xilanase foi observada nos bagaços tratados e nãotratado. O tratamento com solução de hidróxido de sódio a 4% promoveu maior indução de síntese da maioria das enzimas, com exceção de ­glicosidase, a qual apresentou produção semelhante para os bagaços tratados quimicamente. Abstract It was evaluated the production of cellulases and xylanase by Aspergillus niger IZ09 grown in a substrate consisted of chemically treated sugarcane bagasse. The treatments were: 4% sodium hydroxide solution and 4% sodium hydroxide solution, phosphoric acid and steam. The production of the cellulolytic enzymes (total cellulase, endoglycanase and B.CEPPA, Curitiba, v. 18, n. 1, jan./jun.2000 67 ­glucosidase) and xylanase was observed in the treated and nontreated bagasses. The treatment with 4% sodium hydroxide solution promoted a greater induction of the synthesis of the majority of the enzymes, with exception of ­glucosidase, which showed similar production for both chemically treated bagasses.

scholarly journals Study on the Prospects of Use the Group D Engine Oil in Locomotive Diesel Engines

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.3) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Andrii Кravets ◽  
Andrii Yеvtushenko ◽  
Andrii Pogrebnyak ◽  
Yevhenii Romanovych ◽  
Heorhii Afanasov
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Group V ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Oil Fuel ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
Group D ◽  
Locomotive Diesel

It was suggested to use group D engine oil with advanced properties instead of group V and G engine oils, which are used in locomotive diesel engines today, to improve the performance of the Ukrainian locomotive fleet of railways.A series of comparative laboratory studies of these oil groups was conducted to substantiate this suggestion which proved better lubrication and tribological performance of group D engine oil and allowed its performance tests.Tests conducted on diesel 5D49 for mileage of more then 100,000 km have demonstrated the advantages of group D oils, such as more stable viscosity, neutralizing ,washing and other properties. Studies on the four-ball wear test machine proved better anti-wear, anti-scoring and anti-friction properties of group D engine oil, which appear even after the continuous use of oils in locomotive diesels. Decrease in burning loss of engine oil was recorded, resulting in the decrease of oil fuel consumption for group D by 30-60% vs. the group G oil.According to the results of performance tests, group D engine oil has been recommended for the use in 5D49 locomotive diesels and some advice on its future implementation have been provided.  

scholarly journals Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Produksi Biodiesel dari Minyak Sawit Mentah Menggunakan Katalis Padat Kalsium Karbonat yang Dipijarkan

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Awaluddin ◽  
Saryono ' ◽  
Sri Nelvia ◽  
Wahyuni '
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Price ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
World Population ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Edible Type

The demand for petroleum has increased recently due to the increase of world population, industries andtransportation. Biodiesel (fatty acids methyl esters) has become attractive because of high price of petroleum,limited recourses of crude oil, and environmental concerns. Most biodiesel is produced by transesterification oftriglycerides of refined/edible type oils using methanol and homogeneous catalyst such NaOH and KOH. The useof heterogeneous calcined CaCO3 catalyst, has advantages such as the ease of phase separation betweencatalyst and biodiesel. This paper presents factors affecting the synthesis of biodiesel from crude palm using thecalcined CaCO3 catalyst . The synthesis is carried out by two steps, the acid-catalyzed pre-esterification of free-fatty acid and followed by base-catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides. A study of optimizing the reactioncondition of the esterification followed by transesterification of crude palm oil (CPO) is performed to obtainmaximum production of biodiesel. Under conditions of catalyst calcination temperature of 9000C, reactor time of1.5 hours, catalyst dosage of 1,5%, reaction temperature of 700C and methanol/oil molar ratio of 9 : 1, the oilconversion is 74,6%. The as-synthesized biodiesel meets the requirements of Indonesian National Standard (SNI)for biodiesel.

scholarly journals KAJIAN SUMBER ENERGI PADA PENGOLAHAN KELAPA SAWIT MENJADI CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) DI PT. ALNO AGRO UTAMA SUMINDO OIL MILL, BENGKULU UTARA

AGROINTEK ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Lukman Hidayat ◽  
Fitri Electrika Dewi Surawan ◽  
Arga Harianda Lumban Raja
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Energy Needs

Increasing demand for Crude Palm Oil (CPO) as the vegetable oil was causing the industry to cultivate palm oil increased, so that the energy required to produce CPO also increased. The purpose of this study is to identify the type, source and calculate the amount of energy needs, calculate the level of efficiency and energy savings opportunities. Stages of the research are  initial energy analysis, a detailed energy, and energy analysis in processing systems. Based on the research results, to produce each kg of CPO processing capacity of 60 ton TBS / hour with a recovery rate of 20.59% of primary energy needs of 16.200679 MJ / kg. Real boiler efficiency of 45.69%, the real efficiency of the turbine was 94, 86%. Turbine efficiency  to generate electrical energy by 1.09%, the technical efficiency of 66.80% turbines, diesel generators technical efficiency of 47.25%, the technical efficiency of electric motors by 59.37%.  The total efficiency  of  electricity  use by 4,75%, the efficiency of diesel estate of 1.379% and the efficiency of the use of steam at 93.77%. Energy can be saved by 0.0442 MJ / kg with a description of human powered energy of 0.0004316 MJ / kg, energy electrical energy by .04372 MJ / kg. While energy can be stored on the excess energy to fuel biomass boiler was 1.45 MJ / kg

Surface Effects on Engine Materials of Mineral Oil Dilution With Methyl Esters and Biodiesels

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo J. Molina ◽  
Emeka F. Onyejizu ◽  
John L. Morrison ◽  
Valentin Soloiu
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Surface Effects ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Surface Degradation ◽  
Surface Change ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Enhanced Surface

During ordinary internal-combustion engine operation, biodiesels partially mix in the engine-oil, leading to increased surface degradation, as premature wear. Biodiesels are blends of methyl esters as main components, which are dependent on the source feedstock and may lead to different surface effects on engine materials. In this preliminary study of surface change of SAE 1018 steel when adding pure methyl-esters to engine oil, a SAE 15W40 mineral oil was diluted with methyl-palmitate, -oleate, -stearate, -linoleate, -laurate and -myristate, and with two typical biodiesels, soybean oil and peanut oil biodiesel, each at six different dilutions, and tested in two different instruments. Biodiesel at just 5% in oil led to enhanced wear, but some larger fractions of methyl-oleate and -laurate produced negligible surface change enhancements. Addition of methyl-linoleate and -palmitate enhanced surface degradation. Methyl ester compositions of the two tested biodiesels and their wear trends, which are found in good agreement with previous studies, are used to explain the wear differences

Parameters Influences during Biodiesel Production

2010 ◽  
Vol 44-47 ◽  
pp. 4167-4175
Author(s):  
Anita Kovač Kralj ◽  
Davorin Kralj
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Diesel Production

Bio-diesel is a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic, renewable resources. Bio-diesel can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a bio-diesel blend. It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modification. Bio-diesel is simple to use, biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulphur and aromatics. This paper presents the two following identifiable topic areas as key themes: 1. preparation of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide – as a catalyst, which can be activated by the most MeO- active groups, and can therefore be converted to methyl esters (biodiesel) from triglyceride. Methoxide (MeO-) was produced from sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and methanol (MeOH) in a batch reactor: NaOH + MeOH = H2O + Na+ + MeO-. During bio-diesel production, methoxide is incorrectly referred to as the product of mixing methanol and sodium hydroxide. An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide – was prepared as a catalyst, by using different amounts of water at the same temperature. The reaction with lower water took place at the highest and quickest degrees of NaOH conversion and thus more MeO- active groups. The water was effective as an inhibitor.

Use of combined solvent extraction-electrodeposition techniques to uranium and thorium isotopes analysis in industrial phosphoric acid, phosphate and phosphogypsum by alpha-particle spectrometry

2003 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Zarki ◽  
A. Elyahyaoui ◽  
A. Chiadli
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Alpha Particle ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Acid Phosphate ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Thorium Isotopes

SummaryA method combining liquid-liquid extraction and electrodeposition procedures is carried out to determine isotopic composition of uranium and thorium in technical wet phosphoric acid, phosphate rock and phosphogypsum leachates, by

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