the Effect of Age and Height on Some Selected Physical Properties of Ethiopian Highland Bamboo (Yushania Alpina)

Ethiopian highland bamboo is a multipurpose and a fast growing plant that supports local livelihoods in many ways. It is a source of food, fodder, furniture, textile raw material, building material, industrial inputs, fuel and other purposes in Ethiopia. Physical properties are considered to be important factors in determining the suitability of bamboo for various applications. A sufficient knowledge of the physical properties of bamboo ensures safe design for materials used in service. In this study, Effects of age and height on the basic density, moisture content, wall thickness and culm diameter of Ethiopian highland bamboo (Yushinia alpina) were studied on 2, 3 and 4 years-old bamboo. The result of the study show that four years old bamboo had the highest moisture content and wall thickness and the lowest density and culm diameter. Density and culm diameter did not show significant difference between 2, 3, and 4 years of old bamboo. However, variation in moisture content and wall thickness were observed between the three age groups. Density had greatest in bottom and lowest, in the top. There is no variation of moisture content, wall thickness and culm diameter at different height positions (Bottom, Middle and Top).

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Properties of Gliricidia Wood (Gliricidia sepium) lntercropped with Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaysia

Scientific Research Journal ◽

10.24191/srj.v14i1.5418 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Mohd Helmy Ibrahim ◽

Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽

Razali Abd Kader

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Age Groups ◽

Gliricidia Sepium ◽

Cell Wall Thickness ◽

Tree Age ◽

Lumen Diameter ◽

Significant Difference

Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia sepium is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G. sepium at three intervals according to age groups ( three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years ofage as compared to five (0.41) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p<0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3% with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. Fibre diameter (22.4 mm) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 mm and 24. 7 mm), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 0.83 mm, 18.3 mm, and 6.2 mm, respectively, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G.sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacturing and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilisation of this species for these products to determine its full potential.

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SIFAT FISIK BATANG DAN CABANG KAYU MAKADAMIA

PERENNIAL ◽

10.24259/perennial.v2i1.149 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Andi Detti Yunianti

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Quality Indicators ◽

Basic Density ◽

Raw Material ◽

Longitudinal Shrinkage ◽

Wood Production ◽

Efficient Utilization ◽

Tangential Shrinkage

Since there have been a big difference between wood production and industrial need, wood diversification plays an important role in handling wood deficiencies. Wood raw material diversification could developed and increased throughout the use of whole parts of the tree including branch. The current study was aimed at understanding stem and branch physical properties (basic density, air-dry specific gravity, air-dry moisture content and shrinkage) of macadamia wood as quality indicators for efficient utilization in the future. For the purpose of the study, parts of stem and branch of the tree were taken from a macadamia tree. Test specimens of stem were cut 50 cm from the ground while that of branch were selected from the largest diameter at 10 cm distance from the main stem of the tree. All samples were tested for their physical properties according to ISO standards, 1975. Results showed that the basic density, air dry specific gravity and longitudinal shrinkage of the branchwood of macadamia were higher than those of the stem. The air-dry moisture content, radial and tangential shrinkage were low on the branchwood. Keywords : Wood Physical Properties, Branchwood , Macadamia Wood

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Properties of Gliricidia Wood (Gliricidia sepium) lntercropped with Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaysia

Scientific Research Journal ◽

10.24191/srj.v11i1.9400 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Mohd Helmy Ibrahim ◽

Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽

Razali Abd Kader

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cell Wall Thickness ◽

Tree Age ◽

Lumen Diameter ◽

Full Potential ◽

Significant Difference

Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia septum is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G.sepium at three intervals according to age groups (three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years of age as compared to five (0.4 I) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p<0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3% with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. Fibre diameter (22.4 mm) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 mm and 24. 7 mm), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 0.83 mm, 18.3 mm, and 6.2 mm, respectively,, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G.sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacturing and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilisation of this species for these products to determine its full potential.

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Pelletization of Sunflower Seed Husks: Evaluating and Optimizing Energy Consumption and Physical Properties by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr7090591 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 591 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xuyang Cui ◽

Junhong Yang ◽

Xinyu Shi ◽

Wanning Lei ◽

Tao Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Response Surface ◽

Sunflower Seed ◽

Biomass Energy ◽

Raw Material ◽

The Novel ◽

Seed Husk

Pelletization is a significant approach for the efficient utilization of biomass energy. Sunflower seed husk is a common solid waste in the process of oil production. The novelty of this study was to determine the parameters during production of a novel pellet made from sunflower seed husk. The energy consumption (W) and physical properties (bulk density (BD) and mechanical durability (DU)) of the novel pellet were evaluated and optimized at the laboratory by using a pelletizer and response surface methodology (RSM) under a controlled moisture content (4%–14%), compression pressure (100–200 MPa), and die temperature (70–170 °C). The results show that the variables of temperature, pressure, and moisture content of raw material are positively correlated with BD and DU. Increasing the temperature and moisture content of raw materials can effectively reduce W, while increasing the pressure has an adverse effect on W. The optimum conditions of temperature (150 °C), pressure (180 MPa), and moisture content (12%) led to a BD of 1117.44 kg/m3, DU of 98.8%, and W of 25.3 kJ/kg in the lab. Overall, although the nitrogen content was slightly high, the novel manufactured pellets had excellent performance based on ISO 17225 (International Organization for Standardization of 17225, Geneva, Switzerland, 2016). Thus, sunflower seed husk could be considered as a potential feedstock for biomass pelletization.

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PROPRIEDADES FÍSICAS DO BAMBU-MOSSÔ (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex H. de Lehaie) EM DIFERENTES IDADES E POSIÇÕES DO COLMO

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v40i1.17109 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rodrigo Strzelecki Berndsen ◽

Ricardo Jorge Klitzke ◽

Djeison Cesar Batista ◽

Eduardo Mauro do Nascimento ◽

Fabiano Ostapiv

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Basic Density ◽

Moso Bamboo ◽

Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽

Environment Impact ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Tangential Shrinkage ◽

One Year

As buscas por materiais renováveis de baixo impacto ambiental apontam o bambu como um material que promove o desenvolvimento sustentável devido ao seu rápido crescimento e por não precisar ser replantado após seu corte. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as seguintes propriedades físicas do bambu-mossô (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex H. de Lehaie): teor de umidade, densidade básica e retratibilidade. Procurou-se investigar as diferenças entre as propriedades físicas em diferentes posições de colmos (base, meio, topo) de diferentes idades (1, 3 e 5 anos), visando a melhor utilização dessa matéria-prima. Os resultados mostraram que não houve interação significativa entre os fatores “idade” e “posição” para as propriedades teor de umidade e densidade básica, de acordo com a ANOVA em arranjo fatorial (95% de probabilidade). O teor de umidade diminuiu com o aumento da idade e da base para o topo, enquanto que a densidade básica aumentou com a idade e da base para o topo. A interação significativa entre os fatores “idade” e “posição” somente foi observada para a retratibilidade. A porção menos estável foi o topo dos bambus com cinco anos de idade, onde se encontraram maiores valores para a contração radial, tangencial e volumétrica. A porção basal na idade de três anos revelou-se a mais estável em contração volumétrica e tangencial. As porções base e topo na idade de um ano foram as mais estáveis quanto à contração radial. Palavras-chave: Phyllostachys pubescens; bambu-mossô; propriedades físicas. Abstract Physical properties of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex H. de Lehaie) at different ages and culm positions. The searching for renewable material with low environment impact put bamboo forward as a material that promotes the sustainable development due to its fast growing and that is not necessary to replant after harvesting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the following physical properties at different culm positions (base, middle and top) and ages (1, 3 and 5 years old) of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescen Mazel ex H. de Lehaie): moisture content, basic density and shrinkage. The results showed that there was no significant interaction between the factors “age” and “position” for moisture content and basic density according to ANOVA in factorial arrange (95% of probability). Moisture content decreased with the increase of age and from base to top, while basic density increased with age and from base to top. Significant interaction between the factors “age” and “position” was only observed for shrinkage test according to ANOVA in factorial arrange. The portion less stable was the top of bamboo with five years old, which presented the highest radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkages. The basal portion of three years old was the most stable in volumetric and tangential shrinkage. The portions of base and top of one year old were the most stable in radial shrinkage.Keywords: Phyllostachys pubescens; moso bamboo; physical properties.

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Can extended photoactivation time of resin-based fissure sealer materials improve ultimate tensile strength and decrease water sorption/solubility?

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1698979 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 06 (04) ◽

pp. 402-407

Author(s):

Boniek Castillo Dutra Borges ◽

Eduardo José Souza-Júnior ◽

Anderson Catelan ◽

Luís Alexandre Maffei Sartini Paulillo ◽

Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Ultimate Tensile Strength ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Water Sorption ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Constant Mass ◽

Fissure Sealant ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Materials Used ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTObjective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of extended photoactivation time on ultimate tensile strength (UTS), water sorption (WS) and solubility (WSB) of resin-based materials used as fissure-sealantsMethods: A fissure-sealant (Fluroshield) and a flowable composite (Permaflo) polymerized for 20 and 60 seconds were tested. For UTS, 20 hourglass shaped samples were prepared representing two materials and two photoactivation time (n=5). After 24-h dry-storage, samples were tested in tension using a universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min (UTS was calculated in MPa). For WS and WSB, 20 disks with 5 mm diameter and 1 mm height (n=5) were prepared and volumes were calculated (mm3). They were transferred to desiccators until a constant mass was obtained (m1) and were subsequently immersed in distilled water until no alteration in mass was detected (m2). Samples were reconditioned to constant mass in desiccators (m3). WS and WSB were determined using the equations m2-m3/V and m1-m3/V, respectively. Data were subjected to twoway ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (P<.05).Results: There was no significant difference between materials or photoactivation times for the UTS and WS. Permaflo presented lower but negative WSB compared to Fluroshield.Conclusions: Extended photoactivation time did not improve the physical properties tested. Fluroshield presented physical properties that were similar to or better than Permaflo. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:402-407)

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Variation of the Physical Properties of Sheanut (Vitellaria Paradoxa Gaertn.) Kernels during Convective Drying

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.2202/1556-3758.1201 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 4 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Divine Nde Bup ◽

César Kapseu ◽

Dzudie Tenin ◽

Alexis Kuitche ◽

Charles Fon Abi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Convective Drying ◽

Sample Population ◽

Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Drying Models ◽

Convection Dryer

The effect of moisture content and drying temperature of Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn kernels on some of its physical properties was investigated. The kernels which were harvested at a moisture content of about 60% (wet basis) and hence prone to high post harvest losses from two ecological zones of Cameroon (Bangoua in West province and Tchabal in Adamawa province) were dried in a forced convection dryer at 40oC, for 6, 20, 48, 72 and 96 hours to give moisture contents ranging from 10 to 60% wet basis. Ten trees from each of the zones were carefully selected to serve as sources for the ripe kernel bearing shea fruits that were used as samples for this study. For each parameter studied, a sample population of 30 kernels selected at random per tree was used. The results obtained revealed that there was a significant difference in the physical properties of the kernels from different trees irrespective of the locality. The bulk density, true density, sphericity and porosity varied non-linearly with the moisture content. Kernels with larger masses showed a different variation pattern of bulk density and porosity with moisture content compared to the lighter kernels. The variation of the bulk density, sphericity, porosity of sheanut kernels with moisture content and temperature was satisfactorily modelled with empirical equations. The samples underwent considerable shrinkage (up to 35%) during the drying process. Three empirical models were used to describe the shrinkage behaviour of the kernels and it is proposed that these models could be incorporated in drying models.

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The Utilization Of Coconut Tombong As A Raw Material For Flour

Agrikan Jurnal Agribisnis Perikanan ◽

10.29239/j.agrikan.14.1.33-43 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 35-44

Author(s):

Griennasty Clawdya Siahaya ◽

Samuel Titaley ◽

Zasendy Rehena

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Ash Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Crude Fiber ◽

Drying Time ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

L1 And L2

This study is the first step in developing coconut (Cocos nucifera) tombong which has not been utilized by society. The purpose of this study is to obtain a proper drying time in producing a nutrient-grade coconut tombong flour. This study used an experimental design with a complete randomized design where the coconut tombong was dried at 50°C for 6,7 and 8 hours. Furthermore in the analysis of content carbohydrate, protein, fat, ash content, crude fiber and water content. The results of the analysis showed that coconut tombong flour with 8 hours drying produced the best of coconut tombong flour compared with 6 and 7 hours drying, with lower moisture content 11, 7353%, fat 8,1666%, protein 11,7158%, ash content 7,4917% and crude fiber 11,8421%. The results of statistical test show that the drying treatment of 6, 7 and 8 hours gives a very significant difference to the average chemical properties (carbohydrate, moisture content, protein, fat, ash content, crude fiber) coconut tombong flour with Fvalue > Ftable 5% or significance value of all treatments is smaller than alpha value 0.05. Based on these results, it can be concluded that coconut tombong flour which through the drying process at 50°C for 8 hours (L3) is the best treatment among two other treatments (L1 and L2) which has the potential to be further developed as various substitution materials food products.

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Effect of processing on vitamin A and some mineral contents of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seed

Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences ◽

10.4314/bajopas.v13i2.15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 113-116

Author(s):

A.A. Ambi ◽

M. Bashir ◽

B.M. Hafsat ◽

M. Nura ◽

H. Abubakar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cucurbita Maxima ◽

Important Food ◽

Mineral Contents ◽

Pumpkin Seed ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Copper Zinc ◽

Pumpkin Seeds ◽

Materials Used

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seeds are important food materials used by most Nigerian families due to their delicious taste, aroma and appeal. In this study, changes between chemical composition of processed and unprocessed pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita maxima) was investigated. The nutritional compositions were analyzed by standard methods. The vitamin A contents 36.83 μg/100g and 33.72 μg/100g respectively. The copper, zinc, magnesium,phosphorus and iron contents of processed seeds were; 0.063, 0.43, 47.67, 58.19 and 610.77 ppm respectively while the values for unprocessed were; 0.047, 0.41, 36.73, 58.45 and 211.19 ppm respectively with significant difference between the processed and unprocessed. The finding suggests that pumpkin seed is rich in this vitamin and minerals. If utilized efficiently. It can also ameliorate micronutrients deficiency problem in population of all age groups.

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Evaluation of physical, anatomical, and biometric characteristics of Citrus sinensis trees in longitudinal and transverse axes of stem

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.15.3.5696-5709 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 5696-5709

Author(s):

Ali Hassanpoor Tichi ◽

Habibollah Khademieslam ◽

Mojtaba Rezanezhad Divkolae

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Fiber Length ◽

Fiber Diameter ◽

Basic Density ◽

Cell Wall Thickness ◽

Lumen Diameter ◽

Dry Density ◽

Significant Difference

Three healthy Citrus sinensis (orange) trees in Babol, Iran, were randomly selected and cut. Two discs of 5 cm thickness were prepared along the tree (breast height and crown). In the transverse direction, the test specimens were cut 2 × 2 cm to 3 cm from the pith to the bark sequentially and examined. The biometric and physical properties were measured, and microscopic sections of wood near the bark were studied using light microscopy according to the International Association of Wood Anatomists’ (IAWA) List. Anatomical examination of the C. sinensis wood showed that the species was a diffuse porous hardwood, with indistinct growth rings, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, and banded parenchyma. The basic density and oven-dry density increased from the pith towards the tree bark and from the bottom of the tree towards the crown. There was a significant difference in both the transverse and longitudinal directions of the C. sinensis tree in terms of fiber length, fiber lumen diameter, fiber diameter, and cell wall thickness. The mean fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness were 0.76 mm, 23.64 µm, 9.23 µm, and 14.41 µm, respectively.

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