Pattern of human dhole interaction in buffer area of Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve

Human-wildlife conflict is a serious problem to conservation efforts worldwide. This is also true for Bhutan, where carnivores depredate livestock of farmers, affecting farmer’s livelihood, however, there is sparse documentation on the extent of human dhole interaction in Bhutan’s some of the important areas of conservation interest. Therefore the aim of this research was to evaluate the extent of human dhole interaction, income lost due to depredation and the perception of the farmers towards dhole conservation. Data were collected from 160 households within two strata of rural and semi-urban area in western Bhutan through semi-structured questionnaire and focused group discussions. Livestock depredation involved seven predators, which caused loss of 5% of the total average annual income of the farmers; which were significantly different between the predators involved. Dhole killed significantly more livestock than other predators and maximum kills were made in rural area than semi urban area. 60% of the incomes lost due to wild predators were caused by dhole with major impact in rural area. Majority of the respondents from rural area exhibited negative attitude towards dhole conservation. They suggested livestock depredation compensation schemes and other livelihood alternatives to minimize the impact of conflict, whereas majority of the respondents from semi-urban suggested electric fencing around their village as measures to reduce human wildlife conflict. Livestock compensation and insurance schemes, integrated conservation development programs, educational outreach programs with other livelihood alternatives such as ecotourism are recommended as intervention strategies to minimize human dhole conflict and create harmonic co-existence.

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A survey of livestock losses caused by Asiatic wild dogs, leopards and tigers, and of the impact of predation on the livelihood of farmers in Bhutan

Wildlife Research ◽

10.1071/wr14013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 300 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Om N. Katel ◽

Saran Pradhan ◽

Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Negative Attitude ◽

Livestock Depredation ◽

Cuon Alpinus ◽

Significant Negative Impact ◽

Annual Average Number ◽

Wild Dogs ◽

The Impact ◽

Human Wildlife Conflict

Context Human–wildlife conflict is a serious impediment to conservation efforts worldwide. This is also true for Bhutan, where dholes or wild dogs (Cuon alpinus), leopards and tigers constitute a menace to the livestock of farmers. Livestock losses as a result depredation by wild animals is a major cause of conflict with farmers, threatening their livelihoods, and causing a negative attitude that can lead to retaliatory killing of wildlife. Aims To survey farmers and document their livestock losses, as well as estimate the value of livestock losses and the causes of predation. Methods We conducted a questionnaire survey of 147 farming households in three zones of the Toebesa subdistrict of Punakha, Bhutan. Respondents provided information on their farming activities and household income, as well as on predation losses of cattle, goats, pigs, chickens, cats and dogs caused by dholes, tigers and leopards between 2006 and 2010. Additional data on livestock populations and losses were obtained from the Renewable Natural Resources Census at the subdistrict. Key Results The results showed that dholes kill more livestock than do common leopards and tigers, the two other known livestock predators in the study area. The annual average number of livestock killed by dholes was 0.19 per household, which is ~2% of the total household income and ~11% of income derived from livestock. Annual income from livestock contributes 21% to the total annual revenues of farmers in the study area. The practice of allowing cattle to freely range, unguarded, in the forest was identified as the primary factor causing high livestock losses to dholes. Conclusions Dholes are the principal predator in the study area and have a significant negative impact on farmers’ livelihoods through loss of income. Our findings that livestock depredation by dholes was significantly less inside the villages and on farmed plots than in the forests showed that the problem can be addressed by improved husbandry practices. Implications To reduce livestock depredation by dholes, incentives or strategies should be investigated for encouraging farmers to let their livestock graze inside and around villages, which includes stall feeding and tethering, and to cooperatively shepherd them in the forests during the day.

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Patterns of livestock depredation and Human–wildlife conflict in Misgar valley of Hunza, Pakistan

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-02205-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rubina Bano ◽

Akbar Khan ◽

Tahir Mehmood ◽

Saeed Abbas ◽

Muhammad Zafar Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Attitude ◽

Influential Factors ◽

Habitat Destruction ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Northern Pakistan ◽

Carnivore Conservation ◽

Livestock Depredation ◽

Wildlife Conflict ◽

Human Wildlife Conflict ◽

Structured Questionnaire

AbstractThroughout the world, livestock predation by mammalian carnivores causes significant economic losses to poor farmers, and leads to human–wildlife conflicts. These conflicts result in a negative attitude towards carnivore conservation and often trigger retaliatory killing. In northern Pakistan, we investigated livestock depredation by large carnivores between 2014 and 2019, and subsequent Human–wildlife conflict, through questionnaire-based surveys (n = 100 households). We used a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data on livestock population, depredation patterns, predation count, and conservation approaches. We found a statistically significant increasing pattern of predation with influential factors such as age, gender, occupation, education of respondents, population of predators, threats index for predators and conservation efforts. Some 310 livestock heads with an average of 51 animals per year out of the total 9273 heads were killed by predators, and among them 168 (54%) were attributed to the wolf and 142 (45.8%) to snow leopard. Major threats to carnivores in the area included retaliatory killing, habitat destruction and climate change. Incentivization against depredation losses, guarded grazing and construction of predator-proof corral may reduce Human–wildlife conflict and both livelihood and predator can be safeguarded in the study area.

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Postharvest Burning of Crop Residues in Home Stoves in a Rural Site of Daejeon, Korea: Its Impact to Atmospheric Carbonaceous Aerosol

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12020257 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 257

Author(s):

Jin Sang Jung ◽

Ji Hwan Kang

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽

Rural Site ◽

Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽

High Concentration ◽

Crop Residue Burning ◽

The Impact

To investigate the impact of burning postharvest crop residues in home stoves, PM2.5 samples (particulate matter with a diameter of <2.5 μm) were collected every 3 h at a rural site in Daejeon, Korea during the postharvest season in 2014. A high concentration of levoglucosan was observed with a peak value of 3.8 µg/m3 during the sampling period. The average mannosan/levoglucosan ratio (0.18) at the rural site during a severe BB episode (levoglucosan > 1 μg/m3) was similar to burnings of pepper stems (0.19) and bean stems (0.18) whereas the average OC/levoglucosan ratio (9.9) was similar to burning of pepper stems (10.0), implying that the severe BB episode was mainly attributed to burning of pepper stems. A very strong correlation was observed between levoglucosan and organic carbon (OC) (R2 = 0.81) during the entire sampling period, suggesting that the emission of organic aerosols at the rural site was strongly associated with the burning of crop residues in home stoves. The average mannosan/levoglucosan ratio (0.17 ± 0.06) in the rural area was similar to that in a nearby urban area in Daejeon (0.16 ± 0.04). It was concluded that crop residue burning in a home stove for space heating is one of the important sources of carbonaceous aerosols not only in a rural area but also in the urban area of Daejeon, Korea during the postharvest season.

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Livestock depredation by large carnivores in the Indian trans-Himalaya: conflict perceptions and conservation prospects

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s0376892997000441 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 338-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 173

Author(s):

CHARUDUTT MISHRA

Keyword(s):

Canis Lupus ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Snow Leopard ◽

Wildlife Sanctuary ◽

Short Term ◽

Livestock Depredation ◽

Long Run ◽

The Government ◽

Wild Predators ◽

Human Wildlife Conflict

Livestock depredation by the snow leopard, Uncia uncia, and the wolf, Canis lupus, has resulted in a human-wildlife conflict that hinders the conservation of these globally-threatened species throughout their range. This paper analyses the alleged economic loss due to livestock depredation by these carnivores, and the retaliatory responses of an agro-pastoral community around Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary in the Indian trans-Himalaya. The three villages studied (80 households) attributed a total of 189 livestock deaths (18% of the livestock holding) over a period of 18 months to wild predators, and this would amount to a loss per household equivalent to half the average annual per capita income. The financial compensation received by the villagers from the Government amounted to 3% of the perceived annual loss. Recent intensification of the conflict seems related to a 37.7% increase in livestock holding in the last decade. Villagers have been killing the wolf, though apparently not the snow leopard. A self-financed compensation scheme, and modification of existing livestock pens are suggested as area-specific short-term measures to reduce the conflict. The need to address the problem of increasing livestock holding in the long run is emphasized.

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Exploring the Hidden Costs of Human–Wildlife Conflict in Northern Kenya

African Studies Review ◽

10.1017/asr.2017.134 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 33-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jennifer Bond ◽

Kennedy Mkutu

Keyword(s):

Political Ecology ◽

Qualitative Case Study ◽

Human Security ◽

Well Being ◽

Northern Kenya ◽

Wildlife Conflict ◽

The Impact ◽

Human Wildlife Conflict

Abstract:Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is often considered in terms of how the impact on humans can be mitigated, but in the context of the larger goal of meeting conservation goals. This article explores the hidden costs of HWC on human well-being in northern Kenya through a qualitative case study of Laikipia County. Drawing on narratives of wildlife as destructive, wildlife as inherently more important or valuable than humans, and wildlife preservation as a pathway for capturing resources, it explores the impacts of HWC on human well-being, situating the study within the HWC, political ecology, and human security literature.

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HUMAN-WILD MAMMAL CONFLICT IN A HUMAN DOMINATED MIDHILL LANDSCAPE: A CASE STUDY FROM PANCHASE AREA IN CHITWAN ANNAPURNA LANDSCAPE, NEPAL

Journal of Institute of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/jist.v23i1.22158 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 30-38

Author(s):

Jagan Nath Adhikari ◽

Bishnu Prasad Bhattarai ◽

Tej Bahadur Thapa

Keyword(s):

Group Discussion ◽

Black Bear ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Crop Raiding ◽

Wild Mammal ◽

Livestock Depredation ◽

Wildlife Conflict ◽

Main Crop ◽

Human Wildlife Conflict

Issues of human wildlife conflict (HWC) always challenges in conservation and management. Crop raiding, property damage, livestock depredation and human casualties are the most common forms of conflict. It was investigated the issues of human wild mammal conflict in and around the Panchase area in Chitwan Annapurna Landscape of Nepal from March 2017 to April 2018 using semi-structured questionnaires and focal group discussion. Wide spread human wildlife conflict was observed in Panchase area. Monkey, muntjac deer, porcupine and rabbit were the main crop raider that resulted in total economic loss of US$ 29.56 per household (HH). Overall economic loss by livestock depredation was estimated US$ 11254.54 (US$ 112.54/HH). Leopard contributed to the highest cases of livestock depredation. A total of five human attack cases were recorded including one fatal and four injuries. Himalayan black bear contributed to 80 % of the total attacks and 20 % by leopards. Present study focused on the issues and status of conflicts in the Panchase area, a representative of midhills and Chitwan Annapurana Landscape. This study suggests that future study related to mitigation and preventing methods should be conducted to minimize the issues of human wildlife conflicts.

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IMPACT OF HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT IN THE SURROUNDING VILLAGES OF OLD OYO NATIONAL PARK

Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment ◽

10.51406/jagse.v20i1.2099 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 23-39

Author(s):

A. L. A. SHOTUYO ◽

O. A. AKINTUNDE ◽

F. G LANLEHIN

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

Average Distance ◽

Buffer Zone ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

Wildlife Conflict ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Wildlife Populations ◽

The Impact ◽

Human Wildlife Conflict ◽

Fire Wood

The study assesses the impacts of Human-Wildlife conflicts in the surrounding villages in Old Oyo National Park (OONP), Nigeria. Two ranges out of the five ranges were used. Four villages were selected based on the distribution of primates and wildlife populations with each range producing two villages around Old Oyo National Park, were randomly selected for wildlife assessment. A total of 80 well-structured questionnaires were administered to the villagers with each getting 20 questionnaires respectively. Data collected were subjected to inferential and descriptive statistics. Result shows that among other socio demographic characteristics tested against the impact of Human –wildlife conflict in the park, educational level and religion show significant difference (p<0.05). the buffer zone around the park has been extensively encroached; this made most of the surrounding villages to the park fall within the average distance of 2.6km. about 79% of the villages make use of fire wood for their household cooking. Major animals that intrude farmlands in the study areas include monkey (24%), Grasscutter (11%), Cattle (19%), Gorilla (12%), Antelope (6%), Cane rat (5%) and Rabbit (3%). Some of the crops attacked by the wildlife animals include; tubers (24%), tubers and vegetable (7%), tubers and fruits (36%), tubers, vegetable and fruits (3%), vegetable (7%), fruits (3%). All the respondents (100%) rated the level of attack and damages to their crops as high.

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The impact of human–wildlife conflict on human lives and livelihoods

People and Wildlife ◽

10.1017/cbo9780511614774.003 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 13-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Simon Thirgood ◽

Rosie Woodroffe ◽

Alan Rabinowitz

Keyword(s):

Wildlife Conflict ◽

The Impact ◽

Human Wildlife Conflict

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A socio-ecological landscape analysis of human–wildlife conflict in northern Botswana

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605318001394 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 661-669

Author(s):

Jeffrey A. Dunnink ◽

Robyn Hartley ◽

Lucas Rutina ◽

Joana Alves ◽

Aldina M. A. Franco

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Scale Model ◽

Wet Season ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Livestock Depredation ◽

Wildlife Conflict ◽

Herbivore Density ◽

Human Wildlife Conflict ◽

Negative Interactions

AbstractHuman–wildlife conflict is one of the most pressing issues in conservation. Low-income rural communities are disproportionately affected by negative interactions with large predators, which often leads to retaliatory killings and persecution of the animals. To overcome this, socio-ecological studies that merge existing knowledge of large predator ecology with long-term livestock depredation monitoring are required. We examined patterns and drivers of livestock depredation in northern Botswana, using a mixed effects model of the government's long-term monitoring data on human–wildlife conflict, to identify ways to reduce depredation at key spatial and temporal scales. We compared the results to farmers’ understanding of their personal risk within the landscape. We analysed 342 depredation events that occurred during 2008–2016, using variables measured at different scales. The variables affecting the locations of depredation events at the 2-km scale were distance to protected areas and predator and herbivore density, with increased depredation in the wet season. At a 1-km scale, herbivore density did not have a significant effect, but the effect of other variables was unchanged. The 4-km scale model was influenced by livestock and herbivore density, with increased depredation in the wet season. Livestock depredation could be reduced by establishing an 8-km livestock-free buffer along the protected area boundary. There was disparity between government data on human–wildlife conflict, depredation reported by farmers in interviews and farmers’ risk awareness. Farmers would benefit from workshops providing tools to make evidence-based decisions and minimize their risk of negative interactions with wildlife. This would ultimately contribute to wildlife conservation in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area.

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The Impact of COVID-19 on Poverty Estimates in India: A Study Across Caste, Class and Religion

Contemporary Voice of Dalit ◽

10.1177/2455328x211051432 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2455328X2110514

Author(s):

Krishna Ram ◽

Shivani Yadav

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Economy ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Madhya Pradesh ◽

The Self ◽

The Past ◽

Poverty And Inequality ◽

The Impact

The impact of COVID-19 on poverty estimates is humongous. The economic tumult caused by the pandemic over the past two years has the potential to double the nation’s poverty, erasing the decade-long gains from the fight against poverty and inequality. Our calculations show that around 150–199 million additional people will fall under poverty in 2021–2022; a majority of which are from rural areas, owing to the immiserate nature of the rural economy. Further disaggregation reveals that the SC/ST, casual labour and the self-employed are the most impacted groups. Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha are the most affected states facing poverty ranging from 50% to 80% in the rural area and 40% to 70% in the urban area. Our analysis also identifies the rippling effect of poverty on the inter-group disparities in India.

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