scholarly journals The Role of Local Councils in the Establishment of Police in the Years of the Civil War in Russia (1918 to 1920)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Mikhail M. Stepanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
The Moment

s a result of the constitutional reform of 2020, the mention that local self-government bodies can independently protect public order was deleted from part 1 of article 132 of the 1993 Constitution of Russia. Nevertheless, they are still involved in the exercise of the law enforcement function of the State. The activities of local governments in this area can be improved, including on the basis of domestic historical experience. In this regard, the process of creating councils as local authorities, and the peculiarities of their participation in the construction of the militia in the years of Civil War (1918–1920), is of significant interest. As a result of the study, it was concluded that from the moment of the establishment of Soviet power until the end of the active phase of the Civil War, the organization of local councils and militia, as well as their relations, underwent significant changes. The workers’ militia was independently created and maintained by local councils, as bodies of direct democracy of workers. In the future, the role of their executive committees increased significantly, which received significant powers in relation to the militia. In the conditions of the Civil War, the Soviet state was strengthened and the workers' and peasants' militia was centralized. The ability of local authorities to influence its organization and activities has been limited. During this time, the Soviet police turned from mass amateur organizations of workers created by local councils into a state paramilitary law enforcement body.

scholarly journals Ochrona środowiska jako istotny element funkcjonowania samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Maciej Jabłoński
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Efficient Implementation ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Different Levels

Currently, not to be underestimated is the role of local governments in the field of environmental protection. It is on their different levels that local authorities determine the efficiency of setting environmental standards for local communities. The efficient implementation of regional operational programs determines the possibility of implementing the principles of sustainable development.

Sustainability Management and Local Governments

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio De Matteis ◽  
Daniela Preite
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Sustainability Management

After highlighting the breadth and complexity of the concept of sustainability and highlighting the role of local authorities in sustainable development, this chapter aims to interpret how sustainability management can consider the concept of financial sustainability in the context of local governments. It does this through the following specific objectives: 1) defining financial sustainability, considering it not only autonomously, but in an integrated manner with respect to the typical sustainability dimensions (environmental, social, and economic) that are usually involved in the local authorities activity; 2) proposing the main stages of the sustainability cycle in the local authorities to highlight the key moments and the role of financial sustainability; 3) analyzing some aspects of financial indicators as tools for measuring the financial side of the sustainability profile of a local government. In order to reach the aim of the chapter, the research methodology followed is the literature review.

scholarly journals New directions in New Zealand local government

2010 ◽  
pp. 158-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter McKinlay
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
New Public Management ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Starting Point

The purpose of this paper is to provide a ‘work in progress’ report on some initiatives emerging from local government practice in New Zealand which should help us consider how we think about the role of local government in a world which is undergoing dramatic change. The starting point is work which the writer undertook with the support of Local Government New Zealand (the national association) and a number of New Zealand councils considering the ‘proper role’ of local government. The context is an ongoing public debate driven substantially by the New Zealand business community from a perspective that this ‘proper role’ should be restricted to the delivery of local public goods, narrowly defined. This has included argument that local governments themselves should be structured substantially to promote the efficient delivery of services generally within the now well understood prescriptions of the ‘new public management’. One implication which the business sector in particular drew in looking at the workings of local government was that there should be economies of scale through further amalgamation of councils (the local government sector having been through a major amalgamation process in 1989 which eliminated a large number of special purpose authorities and reduced the number of territorial local authorities from more than 200 to 73). Debate continues, with the latest manifestation being the National Party led government's proposals for the restructuring of local government within the Auckland region, New Zealand's major metropolitan area. The initiatives discussed in this paper are partly a response, but more significantly a result of selected local authorities reflecting on the nature of their role, and the opportunities for being proactive in using their statutory privileges in ways that could produce benefits for their communities without any associated increase in the cost of local government itself.

scholarly journals Motivations for Growth Revolts: Discretion and Pretext as Sources of Development Conflict

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Manville ◽  
Taner Osman
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Land Use Policy ◽  
Traditional Role

This article suggests that “ballot box growth revolts”—instances where citizens use direct democracy to curb development—may be caused by local governments’ use of discretionary development approvals. We further suggest that growth revolts themselves provide a useful window into discretionary approvals, and illustrate how discretion can create conflict. Discretion is appealing to fiscally constrained cities because it lets them bargain with developers over building permissions, and thus helps cities finance public amenities. But it also gives cities incentives to regulate more heavily than they otherwise might, and to regulate pretextually: to write rules primarily for the purpose of bargaining them away. In sum, zoning's increasing use as a tool of fiscal policy can undermine its traditional role of providing assurance about future land use policy. We use various examples to illustrate our argument, including five growth revolts in Southern California.

scholarly journals Measures Implemented by Local Authorities, Particularly in the Sphere of Spatial Policy, and Its Impact on Setting Up and Developing Companies – Opinions Comparison

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 302-318
Author(s):  
Izabela Rogalska ◽  
Renata Marks-Bielska
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Location Factors ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Spatial Policy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Spatial Resources

AbstractResearch background: The development of business on a local level depends on a variety of factors, which as is often the case are shaped by the local authorities. An example of activities carried out by local governments in order to help develop businesses is the management of the spatial resources in a given municipality in such a way as to facilitate starting and developing companies.Purpose: The principal objective of this study has been to identify how local authorities and businessmen perceive the role of conditions associated with the municipality’s spatial policy in terms of starting and conducting a business.Research methodology: The research results rely on primary data acquired by conducting a survey based on a questionnaire designed by the authors.Results: The results permitted to demonstrate differences and similarities among the opinions of our respondents concerning factors linked to the spatial policy of a municipality that have an impact on decisions to set up and develop companies. Among the location factors, the most important ones, according to both local governments and businessmen, were the state of the local infrastructure, such as IT, transportation, communication, waterworks and sewers, power supply.Novelty: The confrontation of the replies provided by local authorities and by entrepreneurs concerns spatial policy, and the territorial scope of the research covering the whole of Poland, the different types of enterprises from various branches are the innovative element of the study.

scholarly journals Decentralization in self-government bodies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Kateryna Malyuk
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
Government Reform ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Country Formation ◽  
Voluntary Basis

The article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of decentralization as a foundation for the formation of local governments in Ukraine. The importance of introducing the reform of decentralization of power on the path of development of Ukraine as a democratic, social, legal state is proved. The activity of local self-government in the conditions of decentralization is currently a priority among the reforms in Ukraine, as new trends in state building of our country, formation of civil society institutions, optimization of the system of local self-government determine new conditions for decentralization. Traditionally, a constant view of decentralization as a process in which independent units that form the bearers of local self-government are formed in a centralized state requires the development of new approaches to the analysis of its content and, accordingly, the search for new opportunities to achieve the goal. The role of decentralization in the formation of the institution of local self-government is crucial. After all, decentralization is a kind of management system, in which part of the functions of central government is transferred to local governments. Decentralization is one of the forms of democracy development, which at the same time preserves the unity of the state and its institutions while expanding the possibilities of local self-government. It aims to activate the population to meet their own needs, to narrow the sphere of state influence on society, to reduce expenditures on the maintenance of the state apparatus. This process promotes direct democracy, as it involves the transfer of control of a number of local affairs directly into the hands of stakeholders. Thus, we can say that decentralization helps to build the civil society we so strive for. As a result of local government reform and decentralization of power, the basis of the new system of local self-government should be united territorial communities, which are formed on a voluntary basis in accordance with the statutory procedure with their own self-government bodies, including executive bodies. The reform should help improve the lives of Ukrainian citizens, as well as build a legal, modern, efficient and, most importantly, competitive European state.

scholarly journals ABOUT COUNTERING THE FINANCING OF EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
A. M. Abdulatipov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Financing Of Terrorism

The article is devoted to the study of forms and methods of financing terrorism at the present time. This article describes the role of state authorities (including law enforcement) and local governments in countering the financing of terrorism and extremism. Based on the results of the study of analytical materials and criminal cases, the most effective measures in the mechanism for countering the financing of extremist and terrorist activities have been determined. The author notes that in order to effectively counter the financing of terrorism and extremism, the relevant state authorities need to rely not only on an understanding of traditional forms and methods of financing terrorism, but also on the results of tracking constantly developing and changing new risks. Based on the research the author made a number of conclusions and proposals of theoretical and practical importance

scholarly journals Bulgarian poetry in the seventies of the twentieth century reflected in three propaganda and one marginal anthology

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Maya Angelova
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Nineteen Seventies ◽  
State Security ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Compilation Process ◽  
Fourth Volume ◽  
The Moment

This article investigates the scope of ideology that infected poetry in the nineteen seventies; the processes of marginalization of uncomfortable poetic voices, and respectively, the mechanisms imposing propaganda and anthologizing the poetically wrapped agitation; the stabilizations and tensions along the centre-periphery axis; the role of anthologies by authors not from the capital in the process of making sense of the country (province) as one free from the political poetic category. In a synchronous plan, some anthological specimens were issued over a short period of time, e.g. Poetic Anthology about the Silent Feat (1974), The High Wave (1974), Sprays (1975) and Poppies (1977). The first anthology is dedicated to the law enforcement agencies and to the state security. The second is an oriented and ambitious paragon of socialist realism poetry. The third anthology has been conceived of as a forum for the authors who were selected exclusively from among the members of the Union of Bulgarian writers. The fourth volume is a seemingly unpretentious collection that defines itself as an anthology. The compilation process, however, took pains far greater than expected – it was a three-year long odyssey from the moment the anthology of national/home poetry was included in the publishing plan for 1975 to the admission of an unnamed title in the publishing plan for 1977, as well as the resulting marginalization of the Poppies anthology after its publication. 

External Peer Challenge in Local Government: The Role of Spatial Spillover and Past Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Jäkel
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Past Performance ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Critical Friends ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Community Based Services

Abstract Voluntary assessments by a team of critical friends (external peer challenges) among local governments became established as popular complement to compulsory and centralized audits and inspections. This study empirically investigates the decision of English local authorities to have a voluntary peer challenge or not by taking advantage of an original dataset about participation in the Local Government Association’s Peer Challenge Programme (CPC) 2010–2015. We find that the LGA’s CPC programme does not carry a risk of leaving behind authorities with performance shortcomings. Councils with poor past performance scores and those with excellent ones do not differ in their tendency to invite a team of critical friends. Spatial clusters exist in the case of small district councils but not in the case of larger unitary authorities, London boroughs and metropolitan authorities. This implies that the corporate peer challenge process seems to be more suited to small authorities delivering community based services.

scholarly journals Administrative Capacity of Local Government in Responding to Natural Disasters in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Quang ◽  
Doan Trieu Long ◽  
Nguyen Dung Anh ◽  
Thanh Nguyen Hai
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Administrative Capacity ◽  
Central Highlands

The important role of local government in the socio-economic development of localities has been confirmed in many domestic and foreign studies. But the role of government in drought adaptation has often received little attention and analysis in domestic studies. Approaching from the local tectonic government model, the article argues that local government is an important link to promote adaptive capacity at the local level of Vietnam and the Central Highlands provinces provide a case study that is typical for research and development of the capacity to adapt to drought and natural disasters for local authorities in Vietnam. Analysis of adaptive capacity through case studies in local government in the Central Highlands provinces shows that capacity is a major challenge for local governments here. The paper recommends that it is necessary to further expand the initiative and role of local authorities in guiding and promoting adaptation for communities and local people. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2021-02-02-03 Full Text: PDF

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