scholarly journals Protein-energy malnutrition and malaria antiboby profiles in pre-school children in western Kenya: A potential diagnostic tool

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (50) ◽  
pp. 5881-5894
Author(s):  
AM Kwena ◽  
◽  
J Wakhisi
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
High Prevalence

Protein-energy malnutrition is a serious clinical condition with high prevalence in areas where Plasmodium falciparum is highly endemic such as western Kenya. There is a major need to determine the relationship between PEM and malaria antibody profiles especially in an area where malaria is endemic. The objective of this work, therefore, was to determine the association between PEM and specific malaria antibodies and the potential diagnostic value of the antibodies in children aged between 5 and 59 months. Cross- sectional surveys as well as analysis of sera for specific malaria antibodies were carried out at Asembo Division, Bondo District, Kisumu County, Nyanza Province. A total of sixty villages identified through random sampling with each household as the sampling unit were used for data collection. Two thousand, one hundred and twelve (2112) Children < 5 years of age were sampled in three successive cross- sectional surveys: The first survey included children < 3 years of age while the subsequent two surveys included children < 5 years of age. Anthropometric measurements were carried out followed by finger prick blood sample for assay of antibodies in sera of the study children. Statistical variables (Odds Ratio, at 95% CI) were determined using SPSS 11 and SAS computer packages. Both Multivariate and Bivariate analyses were carried out. Epi-info 2002 package was used to determine anthropometric variables. Demographic variables and malaria parasite counts were determined for all the children sampled. Circumsporozoite Surface Protein (CSP) IgG antibody was found to be significantly associated with stunting and underweight (p<0.05) but not with wasting. Liver Stage Antigen (LSA) IgG antibody was significantly associated with wasting only (p<0.05) while Merozoite Surface Protein (MSP) IgG antibody was not significantly associated with any malnutrition state. The mean concentration of CSP IgG was elevated in stunted, wasted and underweight in comparison to controls. Liverstage antigen 1 IgG was elevated in stunted children only as compared to controls, whereas MSP IgG was low in all PEM cases as compared to controls. Specific Plasmodium falciparum antibody profiles could accurately be used to determine the association between malaria and Protein Energy Malnutrition.

scholarly journals Application of 23 novel serological markers for identifying recent exposure to Plasmodium vivax parasites in an endemic population of western Thailand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadudee Chotirat ◽  
Narimane Nekkab ◽  
Chalermpon Kumpitak ◽  
Jenni Hietanen ◽  
Michael T White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein ◽  
Serological Markers ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Recent Exposure ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractThailand is aiming for malaria elimination by the year 2030. However, the high proportion of asymptomatic infections and the presence of the hidden hypnozoite stage of Plasmodium vivax are impeding these efforts. We hypothesized that a validated surveillance tool utilizing serological markers of recent exposure to P. vivax infection could help to identify areas of ongoing transmission. The objective of this exploratory study was to assess the ability of P. vivax serological exposure markers to detect residual transmission ‘hot-spots’ in Western Thailand. Total IgG levels were measured against a panel of 23 candidate P. vivax serological exposure markers using a multiplexed bead-based assay. A total of 4255 plasma samples from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2012 of endemic areas in the Kanchanaburi and Ratchaburi provinces were assayed. We compared IgG levels with multiple epidemiological factors that are associated with an increased risk of P. vivax infection in Thailand, including age, gender and spatial location, as well as Plasmodium infection status itself. IgG levels to all proteins were significantly higher in the presence of a P. vivax infection (n=144) (t test, p<0.0001). Overall seropositivity rates varied from 2.5% (PVX_097625, merozoite surface protein 8) to 16.8% (PVX_082670, merozoite surface protein 7), with 43% of individuals seropositive to at least 1 protein. Higher IgG levels were associated with older age (>18 years, p<0.05) and males (17/23 proteins, p<0.05), supporting the paradigm that men have a higher risk of infection than females in this setting. We used a Random Forests algorithm to predict which individuals had exposure to P. vivax parasites in the last 9-months, based on their IgG antibody levels to a panel of 8 previously validated P. vivax proteins. Spatial clustering was observed at the village and regional level, with a moderate correlation between PCR prevalence and sero-prevalence as predicted by the algorithm. Our data provides proof-of-concept for application of such surrogate markers as evidence of recent exposure in low transmission areas. These data can be used to better identify geographical areas with asymptomatic infection burdens that can be targeted in elimination campaigns.

scholarly journals Estimating True Antimalarial Efficacy by Heteroduplex Tracking Assay in Patients with Complex Plasmodium falciparum Infections

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse J. Kwiek ◽  
Alisa P. Alker ◽  
Emily C. Wenink ◽  
Marjorie Chaponda ◽  
Linda V. Kalilani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Complexity Of Infection

ABSTRACT Heteroduplex tracking assays (HTAs) of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 block-2 were used to assess complexity of infection and treatment efficacy in a trial of three antimalarial treatments in 141 Malawian pregnant women. An elevated complexity of infection (COI) was associated with anemia, parasite burden, and human immunodeficiency virus infection but was not associated with age or gravidity. Comparisons of HTA patterns before and after treatment allowed the classification of 20 of 30 (66%) recurrent episodes as either definite treatment failures or reinfections. An elevated COI was strongly associated with treatment failure (P = 0.003). An algorithm was developed to assign a probability of failure for the 10 indeterminate participants, some of whose infections shared a single variant of high prevalence (>10%). By summing these probabilities, treatment efficacy was estimated.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Immunoglobulin G Subclass Polarization in Naturally Acquired Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Proteins: a Cross-Sectional Survey in Brazilian Amazonia

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 810-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kézia K. G. Scopel ◽  
Cor J. F. Fontes ◽  
Marcelo U. Ferreira ◽  
Érika M. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Falciparum Merozoite ◽  
Immunoglobulin G Subclass ◽  
Current Exposure

ABSTRACT We investigated immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) and MSP-2 in 112 malaria-exposed subjects in Brazil. IgG3 polarization was primarily epitope driven, being little affected by cumulative or current exposure to malaria and not affected by a subject's age and Fcγ receptor IIA genotype.

scholarly journals Application of 23 Novel Serological Markers for Identifying Recent Exposure to Plasmodium vivax Parasites in an Endemic Population of Western Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadudee Chotirat ◽  
Narimane Nekkab ◽  
Chalermpon Kumpitak ◽  
Jenni Hietanen ◽  
Michael T. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein ◽  
Serological Markers ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Recent Exposure ◽  
Increased Risk

Thailand is aiming for malaria elimination by the year 2030. However, the high proportion of asymptomatic infections and the presence of the hidden hypnozoite stage of Plasmodium vivax are impeding these efforts. We hypothesized that a validated surveillance tool utilizing serological markers of recent exposure to P. vivax infection could help to identify areas of ongoing transmission. The objective of this exploratory study was to assess the ability of P. vivax serological exposure markers to detect residual transmission “hot-spots” in Western Thailand. Total IgG levels were measured against a panel of 23 candidate P. vivax serological exposure markers using a multiplexed bead-based assay. A total of 4,255 plasma samples from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2012 of endemic areas in the Kanchanaburi and Ratchaburi provinces were assayed. We compared IgG levels with multiple epidemiological factors that are associated with an increased risk of P. vivax infection in Thailand, including age, gender, and spatial location, as well as Plasmodium infection status itself. IgG levels to all proteins were significantly higher in the presence of a P. vivax infection (n = 144) (T-test, p &lt; 0.0001). Overall seropositivity rates varied from 2.5% (PVX_097625, merozoite surface protein 8) to 16.8% (PVX_082670, merozoite surface protein 7), with 43% of individuals seropositive to at least 1 protein. Higher IgG levels were associated with older age (&gt;18 years, p &lt; 0.05) and males (17/23 proteins, p &lt; 0.05), supporting the paradigm that men have a higher risk of infection than females in this setting. We used a Random Forests algorithm to predict which individuals had exposure to P. vivax parasites in the last 9-months, based on their IgG antibody levels to a panel of eight previously validated P. vivax proteins. Spatial clustering was observed at the village and regional level, with a moderate correlation between PCR prevalence and sero-prevalence as predicted by the algorithm. Our data provides proof-of-concept for application of such surrogate markers as evidence of recent exposure in low transmission areas. These data can be used to better identify geographical areas with asymptomatic infection burdens that can be targeted in elimination campaigns.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and population structure of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum surface protein Pfs47 in isolates from the lowlands in Western Kenya

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260434
Author(s):  
Shirley A. Onyango ◽  
Kevin O. Ochwedo ◽  
Maxwell G. Machani ◽  
Collince J. Omondi ◽  
Isaiah Debrah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Study Sites

Plasmodium falciparum parasites have evolved genetic adaptations to overcome immune responses mounted by diverse Anopheles vectors hindering malaria control efforts. Plasmodium falciparum surface protein Pfs47 is critical in the parasite’s survival by manipulating the vector’s immune system hence a promising target for blocking transmission in the mosquito. This study aimed to examine the genetic diversity, haplotype distribution, and population structure of Pfs47 and its implications on malaria infections in endemic lowlands in Western Kenya. Cross-sectional mass blood screening was conducted in malaria endemic regions in the lowlands of Western Kenya: Homa Bay, Kombewa, and Chulaimbo. Dried blood spots and slide smears were simultaneously collected in 2018 and 2019. DNA was extracted using Chelex method from microscopic Plasmodium falciparum positive samples and used to genotype Pfs47 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. Thirteen observed haplotypes of the Pfs47 gene were circulating in Western Kenya. Population-wise, haplotype diversity ranged from 0.69 to 0.77 and the nucleotide diversity 0.10 to 0.12 across all sites. All the study sites displayed negative Tajima’s D values although not significant. However, the negative and significant Fu’s Fs statistical values were observed across all the study sites, suggesting population expansion or positive selection. Overall genetic differentiation index was not significant (FST = -0.00891, P > 0.05) among parasite populations. All Nm values revealed a considerable gene flow in these populations. These results could have important implications for the persistence of high levels of malaria transmission and should be considered when designing potential targeted control interventions.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Merozoite Surface Protein 2 (MSP2) Plasmodium falciparum Clinical Isolate in Wamena General Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Dirk Y.P. Runtuboi ◽  
Rosye H.R. Tanjung ◽  
Yulius Sarungu ◽  
Meidy J. Imbiri ◽  
Irma A. Resmol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Asexual Parasite ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Single Allele ◽  
Msp2 Gene

The genetic diversity of typical clinical isolated Plasmodium falciparum in the malaria population varies greatly, especially at the location where malaria disease were recorded at high incidence rate. MSP2 is known as glycoprotein expressed on the surface of merozoites, which is an antigenic protein and has a potential to act as vaccine candidate for malaria. The MSP2 gene has two main allelic groups called FC27 and 3D7/IC. Block 3 from MSP2 gene is the most polymorphic to describe the diversity of parasite populations. The P. falciparum parasite population is often characterized by wide genetic diversity in areas of high transmission intensity. Therefore, the study on P. falciparum diversity is useful to describe the level of malaria transmission. The study of genetic diversity focused on clinical isolated species at Wamena General Hospital was aimed to determine the presence of the MSP2 gene, variety of MSP2 gene allele  and the dominant frequency of the MSP2 gene allele. This research has been carried out from March 2018 to February 2019 using a cross sectional approach. The research sample was taken and prepared from Wamena Regional Hospital and followed by the analyzing of DNA isolation, PCR, electrophoresis of the research samples was done at the genetic science laboratory in Jakarta, Indonesia. The samples studied were patients who met the inclusion criteria, namely a single P. falciparum infection with an asexual parasite density >1000 parasites/µl or >3+ (1-10 P/Lp), and were agreed to become respondents by signing an informed consent. A total of 26 clinical isolates of P. falciparum were isolated with the MSP2 gene distribution on the FC27 allele with the highest as many as 25 samples (96.2%), 22 samples (84.6%) of the 3D7 / IC allele while the mixture of the two alleles was 22 samples (84.6%). From a total of 26 samples, there were samples with the male gender category counted for 77.3% and female 41%. The results of the identification of clinical isolated P. falciparum at Wamena Hospital with a total of 26 samples were found in productive age, between 15-34 years with a single allele (95.8%), while 23 cases and mix (both alleles 87.5%) about 21 cases, meanwhile in cases of before-productive age, in which ages were 12 and 14 years of age with a single allele 100% (FC27) 2 cases and 50% (3D7/IC) found to be 1 case, The mixture of the two alleles is 50% was only 1 case and there was no sample at non-productive age observed. Key words: Malaria; MSP-2; P. falciparum; Wamena

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