scholarly journals Comparison of the activation capabilities of hemosorbents by adhesion rate of blood cells in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
S. I. Kuznetsov ◽  
O. P. Kirichuk ◽  
N. V. Burkova ◽  
G. O. Yuriev ◽  
V. A. Davankov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Activation Functions ◽  
Activation Effect ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Adhesion Rate ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Donated Blood

Background: The relevance of the work lies in the search for new hemocontact drugs with hemocompatibility and a pronounced activation effect on the cellular and humoral blood systems for their possible use in clinical practice during low-volume hemoperfusion.The aim of this work was to assess the activation capabilities of three granular hemosorbents by the rate of adhesion of blood cellular elements to the surface of granules in vitro.Materials and methods. When using the method of low-volume hemoperfusion (LVH) in the clinic it is important to take into account the activation properties of solid-phase granular drugs. Blood-contact interaction was carried out in bench conditions with the use of donated blood in rotary mode. Blood samples were taken before the experiment and after 5, 20, 40 and 60 minutes. Changes in blood cell and subcellular populations were evaluated using the Sysmex XT 1800i hematological analyzer (26 parameters), which made it possible to indirectly judge the activation of blood cells. 30 experiments were conducted. To analyze the activation functions of the hemocontact preparations the speed-time adhesive profile of blood cells on the sorbent was used.Results. The effect of using the preparations Silochrome S-120 and SPS in comparison with SСT-6A HP as contact hemoactivators can be more pronounced, since the activation potential of these sorbents for blood cells is much higher. Silochrome S-120 has the highest activation capabilities compared to SPS and SKT-6A HP.Conclusion. Adhesion rate indicators can be indicators of the activation of blood cells upon contact with foreign surfaces and serve as a criterion for assessing the activation capabilities of these surfaces when using the LVH method in the clinic.

scholarly journals Valuation of Activation Capabilities of SolidPhase Surfaces by the Rate of Adhesion of Blood Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
O. P. Kirichuk ◽  
N. V. Burkova ◽  
E. V. Romanchuk ◽  
E. V. Litvinenko ◽  
A. D. Kiseleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Activation Functions ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Donated Blood ◽  
Adhesion Process

When using the method of low-volume hemoperfusion (MOG) in the clinic, the therapeutic effect of which is to implement the mechanisms of hemomodulation and activation of the sorption procedure, it is important to take into account the activation properties of solid-phase granular drugs. Blood-contact interaction was carried out in bench conditions with the use of donated blood in rotary mode. Blood samples were taken before the experiment and after 5, 20, 40 and 60 minutes. Changes in blood cell and subcellular populations were evaluated using the Sysmex XT 1800i hematological analyzer (26 parameters), which made it possible to indirectly judge the activation of blood cells. 20 experiments were conducted. To analyze the activation functions of the hemocontact preparation SCT 6A HP, the speed-time adhesive profi le of blood cells on the sorbent was used. The maximum rate of adhesion was noted in the period of “5 min” from the beginning of contact. The rate of adhesion of granulocytes in all time intervals was signifi cantly higher than that of agranulocytes. The adhesion process can be an indicator of the activation of blood cells in contact with foreign surfaces, and serve as an evaluation criterion for the activation capabilities of these surfaces.

scholarly journals Acetylsalicylic acid and morphology of red blood cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Natan Grinapel Frydman ◽  
Adenilson de Souza da Fonseca ◽  
Vanessa Câmara da Rocha ◽  
Monica Oliveira Benarroz ◽  
Gabrielle de Souza Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
In Vivo Treatment ◽  
Microscopy Data

This work evaluated the effect of in vitro and in vivo treatment with ASA on the morphology of the red blood cells. Blood samples or Wistar rats were treated with ASA for one hour. Blood samples or animals treated with saline were used as control group. Blood smears were prepared, fixed, stained and the qualitative and quantitative morphology of red blood cells were evaluated under optical microscopy. Data showed that the in vitro treatment for one hour with ASA at higher dose used significantly (p<0.05) modified the perimeter/area ratio of the red blood cells. No morphological alterations were obtained with the in vivo treatment. ASA use at highest doses could interfere on shape of red blood cells.

Blood Volumes of Dairy Calves Comparing Cr51-Tagged Red Blood Cells and T-1824 Plasma Dilution Methods

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perry Ruth Stahl ◽  
Homer E. Dale
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Computation Method ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Whole Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Volumes

In a repeated study on 17 dairy calves, T-1824 dye plasma dilution showed significantly higher blood volumes than were found by any other technique or computation method using Cr51-tagged red blood cells. Five blood samples taken at 20-minute intervals after injection showed consistent decrease in radioactivity count from the first to the last sample, indicating greater accuracy in radioactivity dilution regressed to zero time figures than in average counts of several postinjection samples. In vitro studies suggest a loss of Cr51 from red blood cells to plasma after saline washings are Cr-free. Percentage blood volumes computed from whole blood samples of calves injected with Cr51-tagged red blood cells decreased in a straight line relationship with increase of body weight. Percentage plasma and whole blood volumes estimated with the T-1824 dye technique decreased regularly with body weight increase until a second determination was made when there was a rapid rise nearly to the level of the smallest calves, followed by another regular decrease with increase in weight. It is suggested that repeated dye injections do not always measure the same space. Regressed values of five whole blood samples taken at 20-minute intervals after injection of Cr51 tagged red blood cells gave more consistent blood volume determinations than either the weighed red cells or the plasma dye dilutions of the same samples.

scholarly journals Moderate Range Static Magnetic Field Promoted Variation of Blood Parameters: An In vitro Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Bestoon T. Mustafa ◽  
Sardar P. Yaba ◽  
Asaad H. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Static Magnetic Field ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Cell Counts

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of a homogenous and uniform static magnetic field (SMF) on the main blood cell counts in vitro experiment. Fresh blood samples were collected from albino rats and exposed to SMF (2.4, 6, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mT) versus 15–60 min. Results showed a significant change of blood counts under the low field effects. A 2.4 mT was a trend of white blood cells (WBCs) count increase non-linearly. However, a 6 mT exposure reduced WBCs with about 39%. Other variations fluctuated within 30%. The 25 mT decreased red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels with 13% similarly. The lower exposure field, (2.4 and 6) mT, and effects on RBCs were 6% fluctuation. The 6 mT reduced platelet counts with half in comparison to control blood samples. About 20% increase obtained due to 50 mT exposure during all period. None of 75 and 100 mT exposures dominated blood counts alterations. The quiet magnetic field exposure for a certain time can be interesting to control blood cell count-related diseases.

THE EFFECT OF COD LIVER OIL INTAKE ON THE STIMULATION OF BLOOD CELLS

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J B Hansen ◽  
J O Olsen ◽  
L Wilagård ◽  
B Østerud
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Stimulation Of

In an in vitro model, stimulation of blood cells with a low concentration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) revealed differences between women and men that possibly could be an explanation to why young women have less coronary heart disease than men (see abstract Hansen et al. “A model to--”).This model was also used to study the effect of intake of cod liver oil (CLO). 40 students (20 men and 20 women) were tested followed by an intake of 25 ml CLO daily for 2 months by 20 of the students.Heparinized blood samples were incubated with 2 ng LPS/ ml for 2 hours followed by isolation of plasma for thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-PG 1α quantitation.After the first 2 months period of CLO drinking we have the following results:The two months of CLO intake had no significant effect pn the thromboplastin induced synthesis in monocytes. In addition platelet aggregation was tested in a whole blood aggregometer using ADP addition to heparinized blood or collagen induced platelet aggregation in citrated whole blood. ADP aggregation was reduced from 75.9 ± 16.8% to 55.4 ± 19% in the CLO group of women, whereas the reduction in the CLO group of men was 70.1 ± 17.1% to 60.9±18.6%. Similar result were found with collagen aggregation (57% to 33% for women and 48% to 30% for men).It is concluded that CLO intake reduces TxA2 production and plateletaggregation without having reduced effect on PGI2 production in whole blood.

204 Blood Analysis of Cas9-Expressing Cattle

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 242
Author(s):  
S.-Y. Yum ◽  
S.-J. Lee ◽  
S.-E. Hahn ◽  
C.-I. Lee ◽  
H.-S. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Transgenic Cattle ◽  
Near Future

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has proved to be a powerful tool for knockout and knock-in in various species. When 2 components—Cas9 and single guide (sg)RNA—are delivered into cells or embryos, the events of gene editing occur. Because Cas9 is essential for gene editing in the CRISPR/Cas9 system, some studies have reported the production of Cas9-expressing animals, such as mice, which could be used to increase gene editing efficiency in subsequent experiments. In previous reports, we successfully produced 4 Cas9-expressing cattle via microinjection (Hahn et al. 2016 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 29, 211). Primary cells from these calves had Cas9 activity because transfection of only sgRNA resulted in gene deletion. The aim of this study was to analyse the blood of the transgenic cattle to investigate the effect of Cas9 expression on health. Two of 4 transgenic calves died; one had severe ruminant tympany, failed to respond to treatment, and died at 4 months of age, and the other died at 5 months of age due to accidental ingestion of a needle from a feed bunk. Blood samples were obtained from the surviving 2 transgenic cattle (1 male and 1 female) at 7 and 12 months for blood analysis. Five milliliters of whole blood samples was collected from the jugular vein. Portions were used for CBC (Hemavet 950, Drew Scientific, Miami Lakes, FL, USA) and for serum chemistry analysis (BS-400, Mindray, Shenzhen, China). Average values for white blood cells (9600 and 1057/mm3), neutrophils (4590 and 3870/mm3), lymphocytes (4020 and 5910/mm3), red blood cells (732,000 and 798,000/mm3), hemoglobin (9.5 and 10.2 g dL−1), packed cell volume (24.3 and 25.3%), platelet (439,000 and 327,500/mm3), AST (76 and 104 IU), ALP (140 and 133 IU), BUN (7.5 and 10.5 mg dL−1), and creatinine (1.3 and 1.0 mg dL−1) of male and female transgenic calves were within the reference range. Additionally, there was no difference in general health information, including body temperature and feeding. In conclusion, we demonstrated that continuous Cas9 expression in transgenic cattle did not affect health status of the surviving calves in terms of blood analysis. They have grown up without any health issues and are currently 14 (female) and 15 (male) months old. In the near future, we will evaluate their germline transmission by natural breeding or in vitro fertilization. This work was supported by BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science, NRF (NRF-2017R1A2B3004972), and Seoul Milk Coop (SNU 550–20160004).

Investigating Platelet Interactions in Sickle Cell Disease Using a Novel Multi-Shear "Endothelialized" Microfluidic System

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 4155-4155
Author(s):  
Margo Renee Rollins ◽  
Byungwook Ahn ◽  
Yumiko Sakurai ◽  
Jordan C Ciciliano ◽  
Wilbur A Lam
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Platelet Aggregates

Abstract Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is an inherited disorder of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin, in which a single point mutation leads to decreased deformability of red blood cells (RBCs) and increased cellular adhesion to endothelium. The effect of this mutation on RBCs has been well characterized, and the interplay of endothelial cells, RBCs, and white blood cells (WBCs) have also been well characterized. However, few studies have specifically investigated how platelets interact with endothelial cells and other blood cells in the context of SCD and the role these cell fragments may have in vaso-occlusion. To that end, we utilized microfluidic technology previously developed in our lab to perform a “real time” in vitro analyses of platelet-endothelial cell interactions in SCD patient samples. This “microvasculature-on-a-chip” enables the visualization of blood cell-endothelial cell interactions under a controlled hemodynamic environment (Tsai et al, JCI, 2012). As shear stress can trigger platelet activation, we further modified and optimized our standard microfluidic devices to encompass 3 different physiologic shear rates. Our device features microchannels 50µm in diameter with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) confluently lining the channels; there are 12 channels in each device, grouped in 3 sets of 4 channels with graduating shear rates spanning 3 orders of magnitude (Figure 1). Our initial experiments were performed under normoxic conditions allowing characterization of platelet-endothelial interactions in an “arterial” in vitro environment. Whole blood samples were obtained from 3 patient populations: patients with HgbSS SCD on hydroxyurea (HgbSS+HU), patients with HgbSS SCD not on hydroxyurea (HgbSS-no HU), and normal healthy controls. Over 30 minutes, whole blood stained with fluorescently labeled CD41 to identify platelets and Hoeschst to identify HUVEC nuclei was perfused at a rate of 1.5µl/minute under videomicroscopy. Accumulation of platelets on the endothelialized channels and platelet aggregates were quantified based on anti-CD41 fluorescence. Within 1 minute of perfusion, HgbSS-no HU whole blood samples exhibited extensive platelet aggregates at 1 and 10 dyne/cm2 (Figure 2); this phenomenon did not occur under any of the shear conditions in blood samples from Hgb SS+HU or healthy control samples. In HgbSS-no HU blood samples, some of these “thrombi”-like aggregates were stable under flow, increased in size, and persisted for the remainder of the 30 minute experiments. In contrast, mild, uniform, platelet adhesion slowly developed at high shear conditions in Hgb SS+HU with fewer platelet aggregates forming as compared to patients with HgbSS- no HU. Healthy control samples did not exhibit this platelet aggregation. There appears to be an attenuating effect of hydroxyurea on platelets that prevents platelet clumping from occuring as frequently under various shear conditions that is not present in the Hgb SS-no HU samples (Figure 3). In conclusion, using our novel in vitro system, we have demonstrated the platelets from Hgb SS-no HU patients have a significantly increased propensity to adhere, aggregate, and accumulate in endothelialized microvasculature-sized microchannels. Interestingly, this effect appears to be attenuated in blood samples from Hgb SS+HU patients and not present in healthy controls, demonstrating that hydroxyurea appears to be an important modifier of this phenomenon. Experiments investigating the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon, the effects of deoxygenation and the potential role of platelets in vaso-occlusion, the effects of sickle cell platelet adhesion/aggregation on endothelial function, and how hydroxyurea may or may not affect any or all of these parameters, are all currently ongoing. Figure 1 Figure 1. Figure 2 Figure 2. Figure 3 Figure 3. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Changes in plasma spectral characteristics during the in vitro contact of human venous blood with granulated sorbents

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 772-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Burkova ◽  
O. P. Kirichuk ◽  
E. V. Romanchuk ◽  
V. A. Davankov ◽  
V. N Postnov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Density ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Sorption Activity ◽  
Visible Light Range ◽  
Peak Absorption ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Donated Blood ◽  
Observation Period

Rationale: During hemosorption procedures, it is important to investigate not only the sorption and activation characteristics of hemocontact agents, but also to assess the effect of sorbents on the parameters of blood homeostasis. The intensity of hemolysis can be judged by the degree of changes in optical density of blood plasma at wavelengths corresponding to the peak absorption of hemoglobin (414, 544 and 577 nm).Aim: To assess the effect of three granular sorbents (SKT-6A, HPS, Silochrome C-120) contacting human venous blood in vitro on changes in plasma spectral characteristics.Materials and methods: The blood contact was modeled at bench conditions with the use of donated blood at rotating mode. Blood samples were drawn before the experiment and after 5, 20, 40, and 60 minutes. Spectroscopic assessment was performed in the visible light range (300–700 nm) with UNICO 2802(S) spectrophotometer.Results: The interaction of the SKT-6A sorbent with blood resulted in a 17.3% decrease in the plasma optical density at a wavelength of 540 nm, compared to baseline, as soon as at 5 minute of the experiment (p < 0.05). The decline in optical density imposed by the blood contact with HPS ranged from 2.6 to 12.1% (p < 0.05) during the observation period. The sorption activity of SKT-6A and HPS prevailed over their lytic properties. On the contrary, the percentage change in the optical density of the Silochrome C-120 sorbent during its blood contact increased from 25.6 to 38.3% (p < 0.05), indicating that this sorbent was inducing hemolysis. The sorbents tested can be arranged as follows according to their ability to induce hemolysis during their contact with blood: HPS < SKT-6A < Silochrome C-120.Conclusion: The tested SKT-6A and HPS sorbents can be used as blood-contact agents for the low volume hemoperfusion. The HPS agent seems to be the most promising for routine clinical use. The Silochrome C-120 sorbent requires some chemical modifcation to improve its properties of hemocompatibility.

Allosteric Hemoglobin Effector Loaded Erythrocytes Improve the Efficiency of Transfusion to Prevent Sickling.

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 1418-1418
Author(s):  
Vanessa Bourgeaux ◽  
Olivier Hecquet ◽  
Dominique Rigal ◽  
Alain Francina ◽  
Yann Godfrin
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cell Transfusion ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Transfusion Therapy ◽  
Blood Samples

Abstract Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterised by abnormal haemoglobin S (HbS). Under hypoxic conditions, HbS crystallizes, inducing sickling of red blood cells. Consequently, patients have a high risk of vaso-occlusive painful crisis. Red cell exchange transfusions remain an effective therapy in the acute and chronic treatment of SCD: the patient’s red blood cells (RBC) are removed and replaced by homologous normal red cells. Red cell exchange can provide needed oxygen carrying capacity while reducing the overall viscosity of blood (P.S. Swerdlow, 2006). We propose a novel preventive and therapeutic approach for SCD based on red blood cell transfusion. We hypothesise that loading RBC with an allosteric effector of hemoglobin can reduce RBC sickling. Indeed, the entrapment of Inositol Hexaphosphate (IHP) inside RBC reduces the oxygen-hemoglobin affinity, which is measured by a right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve. Thus, RBC-IHP have an increased capacity to deliver oxygen to tissues. It is also expected that the deoxygenation of SS RBC is reduced and sickling is avoided. IHP was entrapped into human RBC by hypotonic reversible lysis followed by a resealing step. RBC-IHP were characterised by the amount of IHP entrapped into RBCs and the P50 measurement. Unprocessed human RBC were used as control. The potential anti-sickling effect of RBC-IHP was investigated using an in vitro model. Firstly, an experimental model to observe the relationship between sickling and oxygen concentration was set up : patients cells were submitted to deoxygenation by nitrogen bubbling for 30 min, and then re-oxygenated with different concentrations of oxygen (2, 5, 8, 15, 22%) for 30 min. The percentage of sickled cells was assessed by microscopy (about 500 cells checked). We observed that sickled cells recovered a normal shape upon reoxygenation (&gt;15%O2), and a steady state between 5 and 8 % of oxygen, allowing the development of a reliable experimental model. Next, patient blood samples (n=6), harvested just prior to red cell exchange, were studied. RBC were washed 3 times with phoshate buffer before use. Different proportions of RBC-IHP (10%, 30% or 50%) were mixed with patients red cells and submitted to deoxygenation (0% O2) for 30 min and reoxygenation (5% O2) for 30 min. The final hematocrit of the suspensions was approximately 15%. The percentage of sickled cells in the suspensions was evaluated by microscopy and corrected according to the appropriate dilution factor. After full deoxygenation, 10% to 50% of cells were sickled, which appeared to be dependent on the HbS level in the blood samples. For all patients, RBC-IHP exhibited an enhanced anti-sickling effect: sickling was reduced by 19, 34, and 67% according to the RBC-IHP proportions 10%, 30% and 50%, respectively. Indeed, for equivalent RBC proportions RBC-IHP (50%) was 1.4 to 9 times more efficient compared to the unprocessed control RBC. Thus, RBC-IHP has the capacity to prevent sickling in a dose-dependent manner and is efficient at low proportions (10%). Consequently, RBC-IHP can improve classical transfusion therapy in terms of transfused volume, frequency and preventive sickling effect.

scholarly journals In vitro rosetting, cytoadherence, and microagglutination properties of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes from Gambian and Tanzanian patients

Blood ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 1845-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Hasler ◽  
SM Handunnetti ◽  
JC Aguiar ◽  
MR van Schravendijk ◽  
BM Greenwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Infected Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Melanoma Cells ◽  
Schizont Stage ◽  
Ring Stage ◽  
Cell Binding ◽  
Blood Samples

Abstract To understand the molecular mechanisms that lead to sequestration of red blood cells infected with mature stages of Plasmodium falciparum and to examine the relevance of earlier studies on adherence properties of laboratory-derived P falciparum parasites to the natural parasite population, we analyzed Gambian and Tanzanian isolates for in vitro cytoadherence and antibody-mediated microagglutination. Eighteen cryopreserved isolates of ring-stage parasites were cultured for 20 to 30 hours in vitro, in the patients original erythrocytes, to the trophozoite and schizont stage. All parasites were positive in the microagglutination assay with at least one of four African hyperimmune sera. In a rosetting assay, only 2 of the 18 isolates were strongly positive (35% and 41% of parasitized erythrocytes with more than two uninfected cells bound). Thirteen isolates showed either intermediate (5% to 18%) or low (less than 5%) rosetting while three isolates did not form rosettes. Infected cell-binding of the different isolates to immobilized CD36 or thrombospondin, or C32 melanoma cells correlated with the percentage of mature parasites in the blood samples (r = .932 for CD36, r = .946 for thrombospondin, and r = .881 for C32 melanoma cells). There was a high correlation between binding to CD36 and thrombospondin (r = .982). The extent of infected cell rosetting with uninfected cells in these blood samples was not correlated with these other receptor properties. We also observed coexpression of rosetting and cytoadherence receptors on the same parasitized erythrocytes.

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