scholarly journals Three Purāṇic Statements on the Shape of the Earth

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 128-166
Author(s):  
Toke Lindegaard Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
The Earth ◽  
Definition Of

The article analyses an argument given in Jñānarāja's Siddhāntasundara (ca. 1500) on the shape of the earth according to the Purāṇas. The argument involves the use of the word gola, 'ball, globe,' in the Purāṇas, a Purāṇic statement about the mountain Meru being north of everywhere, and a Purāṇic comparison of the earth to a mirror. The article concludes that Jñānarāja breaks with the Purāṇas as well as the traditional commentaries on these texts, and further suggests that we might have to rethink the dictionary definition of gola.

scholarly journals Development of conceptual principles of the circular economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Sedikova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Stable Development

High growth rates of natural resources consumption in recent years, pollution of the environment contribute to the development of theories regarding the future provision of natural resources on the Earth. Thepurpose of the article is to study the concept of sustainable development and the need for its introductioninto economic activity, definition of ideas influencing the modern concept of the circular economy. The concept of stable development and circular economy is analyzed, common features and differences are defined.It has been established that the circular economy is a prerequisite and driver of the fourth industrial revolution. The basis of the circular economy are closed supply chains. They combine the usual processes of adirect supply chain with reverse logistics processes, ranging from product recovery, disassembly and reuseof individual parts.

scholarly journals Lagal aspects of water users organizations´ business

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Умиджон Улугов ◽  
Umidjon Ulugov
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Water Users ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Operational Management ◽  
Rational Management ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Enterprise Activity

Modern Tajikistan experiences considerable difficulties in a solution of the problem of rational management of objects of water infrastructure which don´t belong to maintaining public authorities, and are step by step transferred to hands of water users. In the present article the actual problems of economic (enterprise) activity of associations of water users in the Republic of Tajikistan urged to solve problems of maintaining, operational management of an internal irrigational network of the Republic of Tajikistan are considered. In article the separate data which have become a basis for reforming of sector of agriculture, to reforming of the former collective farms and state farms in modern Dehkan (farmer) farms and also on lack of essential measures on definition of the property right to constructions, the equipment, the earth of internal irrigational networks of Tajikistan are entered. Way out creation of a new civil form – associations of water users is considered – to whom functions on the maintenance of an internal irrigational network due to economic activity are assigned. Arguments concerning equivalence of economic activity commercial and as result – a contradiction to standards of the civil legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan are given in article.

scholarly journals A non-rotating origin on the instantaneous equator

1988 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Capitaine ◽  
B. Guinot
Keyword(s):  
Specific Rotation ◽  
Universal Time ◽  
Reference Systems ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Adopted Model ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Clear Description ◽  
Angle Of Rotation

In order to give an exact and clear description of the angle of rotation of the Earth, we propose to use, as the reference point in space, a “non-rotating origin” (Guinot 1979) such that its hour angle, reckoned from the origin of the longitudes (or “non-rotating origin” in the Earth), represents strictly the specific rotation of the Earth. The position of this origin on the instantaneous equator depends only on the trajectory of the pole of rotation. We show that the estimation of the deduced angle of rotation is not critically affected by the precision with which this trajectory is known. We give therefore the formulae to obtain the non-rotating origin, at any date t, from a chosen fixed reference, and we propose a definition of the Universal Time which will remain valid, even if the adopted model for the precession and the nutation is revised. We show that the use of the non-rotating origin also simplifies the transformation of coordinates between the terrestrial and celestial reference systems.

Overview and Proposition for a Modern Definition of the CEP

2000 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 571-584
Author(s):  
Nicole Capitaine
Keyword(s):  
Working Group ◽  
Polar Motion ◽  
Earth Orientation Parameters ◽  
Earth Orientation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Conventional Models ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Orientation Parameters ◽  
Observational Procedure

AbstractThe current IAU conventional models for precession and nutation are referred to the Celestial Ephemeris Pole (CEP). However, the concept corresponding to the CEP is not clear and cannot easily be extended to the most recent models and observations. Its realization is actually dependent both on the model used for precession, nutation and polar motion and on the observational procedure for estimating the Earth orientation parameters. A new definition of the CEP should therefore be given in order to be in agreement with modern models and observations at a microarsecond level. This paper reviews the various realizations of the pole according to the models and observations and discusses the proposals for a modern definition of the CEP that are under consideration within the work of the subgroup T5 entitled “Computational Consequences” of the “ICRS” IAU Working Group.

What is Psychology?

1859 ◽  
Vol 6 (31) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
J. Stevenson Bushnan
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
General Character ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Moral Certainty ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

Physiology is co-extensive with organic nature. Organic nature is wholly composed of individuals, comprising the two great kingdoms of plants and animals. A unity of structure pervades the whole of this wide field of nature; and this unity is a great principle, applicable to the determination of truth in the investigation of this part of knowledge. Every individual in organic nature is a system made up of reciprocally dependent and connected parts. The objects of investigation in physiology are phenomena, organs, and principles. The study of phenomena stands first in order; but while it must essentially be first cultivated and advanced, in the ulterior stages of its progress it gains continually fresh additions from the progress made in the knowledge of organs and principles. That phenomena attract attention before organs, is manifest on the slightest consideration. Thus the phenomena of locomotion were familiar to mankind long before the part taken by the muscular flesh in locomotion was discovered. To this moment it is far more certain that absorption takes place throughout the animal body, than what the organs are by which that office is performed. And it would be easy to multiply examples of the same kind, not-withstanding that there are some phenomena of the human body—such as those connected with the sense of sight, the sense of hearing, and other senses—the organs concerned in which must have been known, in a general manner, almost as soon as the earliest phenomena in which they are concerned. Principles, in their larger sense, take their place subsequently to the study of organs; yet, as referring to the more common genera of phenomena, these must also have had their rise almost coeval with the observation of phenomena. Thus the grouping of colours, sounds, smells, and tastes together, under the name of qualities derived from sense, must have been a very early and universal generalization. Nevertheless, it will, I think, be conceded, after these examples, that the study of phenomena is of a more elementary character in physiology, than the study of organs and principles; and, therefore, in the difficult parts of any physiological subject, that more progress is likely to be made by the study of phenomena, than by the study of organs and principles. But before proceeding further, it may be desirable to give some examples of physiological phenomena:—the alternation of sleep and waking; of hunger and satiety; thirst; the effect of drink; breathing; the exercise of the senses, and trains of thought; the various kinds of locomotion, walking, running, leaping, dancing. Here a question naturally arises—if trains of thought be physiological phenomena, does not all human knowledge fall within the definition of physiological phenomena? If the human race were not yet called into being, neither would human knowledge, it is true, have any existence in the world. And, it is doubtless true, under one point of view, that all that man has discovered; all that he has recorded; all the changes which he has made upon the earth since his first creation—are the effects of his physiological nature. But to place all knowledge under the head of physiology would be to defeat the very end of methodical arrangement, to which the progress of knowledge is so largely indebted. Nor is it difficult to mark out at least the general character of the boundaries within which physiology, in the largest sense in which it is convenient to accept it, should be circumscribed. Let us take as an example man's susceptibility of locomotion. It is a sufficient illustration of the physiology of locomotion to point out, that every man without any extraordinary effort learns to walk, run, hop, leap, climb; but there is at least a manifest convenience in separating such more difficult acquisitions as dancing, skating, writing, from the order of physiological phenomena, and placing each in a department by itself, as subject to its own rules. So also it is at least a convenience to consider painting and music as separate departments of study, and not merely as physiological phenomena, falling under the senses of sight and of hearing. It may be supposed to be a matter of the like convenience, to separate from physiology all the phenomena which enter into what are commonly called trains of thought; that is nearly all that comes under the head of psychology, in its most appropriate extent of signification. But several objections will readily occur to such a mutilation of physiology. In particular, it is objectionable, because, as was already hinted, the phenomenal departments of physiology, though the first to take a start, are often much augmented by the subsequent study of the organs concerned; and, more so that, since psychology, disjoined from physiology, and limited to one mode of culture, namely, by reflexion on the subjects of consciousness, were psychology thrown out from physiology, the probable advantages from the study of the organs concerned in the mental processes, and the other modes of culture, admissible in physiological enquiry, would be lost. If it be said that psychology proper rejects all evidence, except the evidence of consciousness, on no other ground, but because of the uncertainty of every other source of evidence—the answer is, that in those sciences which have made most progress, possibility, probability, and moral certainty have always been admitted as sufficient interim grounds for the prosecution of such inquiries as have finally, though at first leading to inexact conclusions, opened the way to the attainment of the most important truths; and that psychology, by the over-rigidness of its rules of investigation, has plainly fallen behind sciences, in advance of which it at one time stood in its progress.

Multiple dichotomies of the Anthropocene

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney J Autin
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Modern Literature ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
System Benefit

Anthropocene has developed a varied set of connotations among scientific and non-scientific advocates. As a result, multiple dichotomies of the Anthropocene exist within various scholarly disciplines. The Anthropocene allows people to reinforce and perpetuate preferred views about the implications of human interaction with the Earth System as our management of the environment is called into question. Scientific dichotomies arise from opinions about the need for formal or informal definition and the recognition of a modern versus historical onset of the Anthropocene. Philosophical dichotomies center around good versus dystopian outcomes of Anthropocene and whether or not humanity is part of what historically has been called nature. Political dichotomies insert Anthropocene into classic conservative versus liberal arguments. Artistic dichotomies tend to evaluate the effects of technology on modernism by embracing a nostalgia for the past or projecting an apocalyptic future. Multiple dichotomies drive conversation towards confusion as individuals argue preferred versions of an Anthropocene concept. Philosophical and political perspectives are affecting scientific views of proposed geological time markers for the start of the Anthropocene as conceptual ideologies appear to compete with tangible stratigraphic attributes. Formal definition of the Anthropocene has potential to inhibit popular usage and further confuse an already confused media. Informal stratigraphic usage by scientists and an open-ended view among non-scientific proponents may be the best approach to formulate a robust Anthropocene message. Both humanity and the Earth System benefit from a dynamic tag line that enhances environmental awareness and provides opportunity to modify our habits of resource overuse and ecosystem neglect. Concepts and imagery offered in the form of modern literature and art have the greatest prospect of affecting popular culture perspectives of the Anthropocene’s role in environmental debate.

On the Adoption of a Terrestrial Reference Frame

1980 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
Dennis D. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Polar Motion ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Terrestrial Reference Frame ◽  
Fixed Frame ◽  
The Earth ◽  
International Polar ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Observational Techniques ◽  
Fixed System

AbstractThe report of the IAU Working Group on Nutation endorsed by Commissions 4, 8, 19 and 31 at the 1979 General Assembly points out that “… the complete theory of the general nutational motion of the Earth about its center of mass may be described by the sum of two components, astronomical nutation, commonly referred to as nutation, which is nutation with respect to a space-fixed coordinate system, and polar motion, which is nutation with respect to a body-fixed system …”. Unlike the situation for the space-fixed frame, there is not an adequate, formally accepted, body-fixed system for this purpose. The Conventional International Origin (CIO) as it is presently defined is no longer acceptable because of recent improvements in observational techniques. The effective lack of this type of terrestrial reference frame limits the complete description of the general nutational motion of the Earth. In the absence of a terrestrial reference frame suitable for specifying the orientation of the Earth, it is suggested that a body-fixed system could be represented formally in a manner analogous to that used to represent the space-fixed frame. This procedure would be quite similar to methods employed currently by the International Polar Motion Service and the Bureau International de l’Heure, and would allow for the use of observations from new techniques in the definition of a terrestrial reference frame to be used to specify the complete nutational motion of the Earth.

A propos de l'histoire du continent africain

1953 ◽  
Vol S6-III (4-6) ◽  
pp. 459-470
Author(s):  
Henri Termier ◽  
G. Termier
Keyword(s):  
Structural Evolution ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Spatial Unit ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Orogenic Cycle ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract The definition of a unit of structural evolution which can be applied to Precambrian as well as to younger areas is discussed, and the spatial unit "orogen" is selected as the most suitable term for such a unit. It means any zone in which orogenic movements occur. This term is broader than "geosyncline," for such movements are not limited to geosynclines. The orogens of the different parts of the earth vary greatly in dimension, form, and situation with respect to older zones. The stages of a "drama" (a term preferred to "orogenic cycle") are outlined and applied to an interpretation of the history of the African continent.

A re-interpretation of the definition of UT1

1988 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 39-40
Author(s):  
A. T. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Universal Time ◽  
Sidereal Time ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Average Person ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sidereal Rotation

SummaryUniversal time is a commonplace quantity, and yet it has no generally accepted definition. The expression for sidereal time is often quoted as a definition, but this does not convey much meaning to the average person. Also sidereal time is measured from the equinox of date, and so involves the precession formulae of the stellar reference frame, and hence may not be ideal for other modern techniques of observation. Guinot (1979) has proposed a broad definition of UT1:“UT1 is an angle which is proportional to the sidereal rotation of the Earth, the coefficient of proportionality being chosen so that UT1, in the long term, remains in phase with the alternation of day and night. In some applications, UT1 can be considered as a non-uniform time scale”.

The Aerospace Plane: Collisions and Damage to a Third Party on the Surface of the Earth: Which Liability Regime will Rule?

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-280
Author(s):  
Lousewies S.A.L.B van der Laan
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Chicago Convention ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Outer Space Treaty ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Aerospace Plane

The article addresses the establishment of a legal regime concerning liability questions of the aerospace plane. The existing air and space law, as laid down for example in the Chicago Convention and the Outer Space Treaty -especially the definition of the words ‘aircraft’ and ‘space object’-is used as a starting point. The applicability of the existing regimes to the aerospace plane is then evaluated. Two concrete cases, namely liability resulting from damage to third parties on the suiface of the earth and liability after collisions, are presented in depth to illustrate the legal questions that this new hybrid craft will raise. Finally some modest suggestions are made as to the resolution of the conflicts.

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