A propos de l'histoire du continent africain

1953 ◽  
Vol S6-III (4-6) ◽  
pp. 459-470
Author(s):  
Henri Termier ◽  
G. Termier
Keyword(s):  
Structural Evolution ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Spatial Unit ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Orogenic Cycle ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract The definition of a unit of structural evolution which can be applied to Precambrian as well as to younger areas is discussed, and the spatial unit "orogen" is selected as the most suitable term for such a unit. It means any zone in which orogenic movements occur. This term is broader than "geosyncline," for such movements are not limited to geosynclines. The orogens of the different parts of the earth vary greatly in dimension, form, and situation with respect to older zones. The stages of a "drama" (a term preferred to "orogenic cycle") are outlined and applied to an interpretation of the history of the African continent.

scholarly journals International relations in the context of modern hybrid war

2018 ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
Oleg Polishchuk
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Tension Level ◽  
Political Rivalry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

The present paper considers the main approaches to definition and understanding of concept of hybrid war, the substantive provisions of the phenomenon of hybrid war and its features in the international relations are analyzed, absence of unified definition of concept of “hybrid war” in scientific field is stated, also pre-conditions of hybrid war development by a countryaggressor are considered. Actuality of problem. The problem of the “Hybrid War” due to the increase of the tension level is actualized, which ultimately leads to significant resource losses. All this affects on development of society and the state, as weal as on the all the processes that take place in them. Lately in different parts of the world there is a far of local and domestic conflicts that on the essence appear opposition of supercountries through aspiration to protect the interests and occupy leader positions on a world political arena. This problem puts further європейську and world safety under a threat. “Cold war” became one of main varieties of relations between countries during the last two centuries through intensifying of political rivalry and wars for diverse reasons. This position predetermines the necessity of deep and objective research of this phenomenon. Consequently it is very important to expose maintenance, pre-conditions of origin, basic signs and possible consequences of this destructive process from event on east of Ukraine. Also study of this problem predefined by the necessity of fight and evelopment of effective counterweapons, determination of ways of her avoidance to hybrid war in the future. Innovativeness of analysis of this problem appears through a look to hybrid war in Ukraine as a constituent of “cold war”, new landmark of history of opposition to Russia and the West, exposure of the personal touches of “cold war” in our time, establishment of conceptual positions of this concept and him specific lines in international relations.

From Russian Icaria to Russian Cosmism

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 361-368
Author(s):  
Fedor I. Girenok
Keyword(s):  
Space Flight ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Universe

In the article the author analyzes the phenomenon of Russian cosmism and shows its difference from other possible varieties of cosmism. The author understands Russian cosmism as the idea of extending the definition of the universe by the human beings. A human being doesn’t simply have his place in history, on the Earth and in space, but also broadens it by means of his material and spiritual actions. The idea of the world broadening was popular among Russian naturalists in the 19th and the 20th centuries. The most prominent figures among the Russian cosmism followers were N.F. Fedorov and K. E. Tsiolkovsky. The author distinguishes three directions in the history of Russian cosmism – religious, natural-scientific and artistic-poetical. According to the author, only after Gagarin’s space flight the idea of Russian Icaria transferred itself into Russian cosmism. The article studies the sources of Russian cosmism and explains the meaning of anthropocosmism. The author arrives at the conclusion that Russian cosmism offers its own approach to solving modern global problems that differs from the ideas in the reports to the Roman club.

THE PERSON WHO LEFT HIS FOOTPRINT ON THE EARTH (THE LEGACY OF A.D. SMETANNIKOV)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 424-428
Author(s):  
SHMORINA V. ◽  
◽  
SEMENYAKO E. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Memory ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Definition Of

A person cannot live without a name, without a Motherland, without a history. History is our present, our future and, of course, our past. The time passing away from us leaves a memory of itself in the form of objects, documents, photographs. To collect all this, preserve and present it to the next generations, museums are needed. In 1980, in the regional center of the Troitskoye settlement, a significant event took place, dedicated to the 110th anniversary of the birth of VI. Lenin - the opening of a national museum. The organizer, who collected the richest material on the history of the Troitsky region, was a teacher, historian, local historian - an amateur and enthusiast of his work Smetannikov Alexander Danilovich. The article is devoted to the issues of preserving cultural and historical heritage, the mission of the custodian of historical values in the museum. The article discusses the definition of historical memory and its content. The memory of a man who made a huge contribution to the preservation of the cultural and historical heritage and is the most important part of the historical memory of the inhabitants of the Troitsky District. Keywords: museum organization, teacher, school, heritage, director

ABOUT IMPROVEMENT OF SYSTEM AND EXPANSION OF A SUBJECT OF CRIMINOLOGY

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Baranyak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Scientific Organization ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Theory Of Organization ◽  
Single Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relevant Section ◽  
Different Parts

The article is devoted to the analysis of theoretical researches of forensic system and its subject, interaction of fundamental and empirical knowledge and their influence on development of both theoretical and applied directions of forensic science, empirical and theoretical stages of criminology development criminology and especially in forensic tactics and methods of investigation of certain types of crimes of organizational elements, which can not be denied, given the integrative nature of criminology, which uses data from other sciences, including the science of organization of activities. The disadvantages of this argument are that: first, the organizational provisions contained in the existing sections are largely private; secondly, the improvement of the system is due to the need to integrate the issues located in different parts of criminology into a single structure - a component, an autonomous part of science, which will ensure not only the coherence of the system, but also its logic; the need to modernize the structure is due to the fact that by their nature and essence, a number of provisions do not belong to the sections in which they are currently included ( organization of interaction, investigation planning). It should be borne in mind that the location in the relevant section of certain provisions was caused solely by the purposes of forming sections of criminology, which led to the inclusion of issues that are not directly related to this section (suffice it to mention the history of investigative tactics); thirdly, the lack of an independent section leads to the fact that many general provisions of the theory of organization of activities are not included in the content of criminology (in particular, it is a question of the scientific organization of work which represent a structural element of organizational bases of activity). Selection as an independent section should be an incentive to intensify research on the problems of organization of forensic activities. The definition of criminology as an applied interdisciplinary legal science is offered.

scholarly journals Observations on the measurement of three degrees of the meridian conducted in England by Lieut.-Col. William Mudge

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 435-436
Keyword(s):  
Base Line ◽  
Linear Measure ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Opposite Result ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Linear Extent ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Parts

After tracing the history of the several measurements that have been made from time to time in different parts of the world, the author observes, that little doubt would have remained as to the earth being flattened at the poles, had not the English measurement given an opposite result; the degree at the northern extremity being found equal to 60,766 fathoms, while that at the southern appeared to be 60,884. Colonel Mudge’s estimate of the linear measure of a degree is made by dividing the number of fathoms measured in linear extent of an arc by the number of degrees and parts of a degree ascertained by observations of stars. Don Joseph Rodriguez has followed a different course. He assumes as data the linear extent of Col. Mudge’s base line, and the horizontal angles of his triangles ascertained by observation. He assumes, also, that the figure and dimensions of the earth are known, by other measurements, and thence infers what ought to have been the angles ascertained by Col. Mudge’s astronomical observations.

scholarly journals International relations in 21 century: the place and role Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
О. О. Поліщук
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The West ◽  
Tension Level ◽  
Political Rivalry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

The present paper considers the main approaches to definition and understanding of concept of hybrid war,the substantive provisions of the phenomenon of hybrid war and its features in the international relations areanalyzed, absence of unified definition of concept of “hybrid war” in scientific field is stated, also pre-conditionsof hybrid war development by a country-aggressor are considered.Actuality of problem. The problem of the “Hybrid War” due to the increase of the tension level is actualized,which ultimately leads to significant resource losses. All this affects on development of society and the state, asweal as on the all the processes that take place in them.Lately in different parts of the world there is a far of local and domestic conflicts that on the essence appearopposition of supercountries through aspiration to protect the interests and occupy leader positions on a worldpolitical arena. This problem puts further European and world safety under a threat.«Cold war» became one of main varieties of relations between countries during the last two centuries throughintensifying of political rivalry and wars for diverse reasons.This position predetermines the necessity of deep and objective research of this phenomenon. Consequentlyit is very important to expose maintenance, pre-conditions of origin, basic signs and possible consequences ofthis destructive process from event on east of Ukraine. Also study of this problem predefined by the necessityof fight and development of effective counterweapons, determination of ways of its avoidance to hybrid warin the future. Innovativeness of analysis of this problem appears through a look to hybrid war in Ukraine asa constituent of «cold war», new landmark of history of opposition to Russia and the West, exposure of thepersonal touches of «cold war» in our time, establishment of conceptual positions of this concept and its specificlines in international relations.

Histories of Transportation and Mobility in Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Hart
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Trading Systems ◽  
Industrial Age ◽  
Mobility System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The history of transportation is part of a much broader history of mobility on the African continent. Transport history highlights the technologies, infrastructures, and networks that facilitated the circulation and exchange of people, goods, and ideas within local communities, across regions, and within systems of long-distance and global trade. While scholars have often associated transportation with the mechanized technologies of the industrial age, the history of mobility and transportation in Africa embraces a much broader definition of technology, encompassing animal, human, and mechanical transportation dating back to at least the 1st century ce. These long technological and transport histories informed the ways in which Africans shaped the industrial transport cultures and practices of the 19th and 20th centuries. Technologies and infrastructures made mobility possible, but the values and practices of African communities made mobility meaningful, connecting individuals and communities in networks of cultural and economic exchange at local, regional, continental, and global scales. For some, mobility and transportation provided crucial economic opportunities as wage laborers and entrepreneurs. For others, mobility was defined by conditions of servitude. For most, however, mobility and transportation was much more personal, connected to daily habits of work, travel, and trade. As they moved, Africans articulated new understandings of work, created economies of value, and defined individual and collective identities—actions that gave technology and infrastructure meaning as part of a broader mobility-system. This mobility-system—or rather the multiple mobility-systems—that developed and transformed throughout the history of the continent connected global trading systems and local agricultural practice, railroads and carrier paths, motor vehicles and markets.

scholarly journals Conversion in the English Language

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Nadezda N. Makhrova ◽  
◽  
Anna V. Uryadova
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
University Teachers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

This paper studies English words and phrases formed by means of conversion. The authors provide a definition of the term and dwell on the history of this phenomenon in the English language. Types of conversion (full and partial, classical and non-classical) and its directions (verbification, nominalization, and adjectivization) are considered. The authors focus on such interesting phenomena as ellipsis, abbreviation and others. Typical stems (simple and complex – affixal and portmanteau) are analysed, as well as two types of acronyms (using individual initial letters and syllables) that are utilized in word formation by means of conversion. Further, difficulties translating sentences with words formed through conversion are pointed out. Two main criteria for determining the direction of conversion are named: 1) the meaning of the source stem is wider than that of the derived word; 2) the source member of the pair has a more extensive derivational family. The authors introduce their own examples based on the information from Russian-English, English-Russian and English-English dictionaries to demonstrate the use of conversion in various spheres (scientific and technical, journalistic, nonfiction, and literary texts). As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that conversion, being an advanced way of word formation in English, helps to significantly expand the vocabulary and achieve the most adequate translation of different parts of speech in a certain context. This article can be of use to scholars dealing with translation problems, practicing translators and university teachers of English.

scholarly journals On Verdansky's biosphere

Web Ecology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-96
Author(s):  
J. P. Cancela da Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Field Observations ◽  
Geological History ◽  
Founding Father ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. Vladimir Ivanovitch Vernadsky was a Russian mineralogist and crystallographer by training (St. Petersburg Univ.). He was born in St. Petersburg, on the 12th of March 1863, and died on the 6th of January 1945, in Moscow. About 1910, he became a geochemist and later on a founding father of Biogeochemistry, due to his concern with the "questions related to the importance of life on the geological history of the Earth". This new direction was the result of his field observations, of his broad mineralo-geological knowledge, and his studies, from 1917, on the phenomena of life in the biosphere, confirmed by many of his readings, like the book by Clarke (1908), "The Data of Geochemistry", and in particular the "Hydrogéologie" of J. B. Lamarck (1802). From this, and knowing the Lamarck work, and the Suess work and the definition of a biosphere he redefined and worked the biosphere concept in larger biogeochemical terms.

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