scholarly journals TEMPLE DESTRUCTION AND THE GREAT MUGHALS’ RELIGIOUS POLICY IN NORTH INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF BANARAS REGION, 1526-1707

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Parvez Alam
Keyword(s):  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
North India ◽  
Religious Policy ◽  
Full Support ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
History Of ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Medieval India

Banaras also known as Varanasi (at present a district of Uttar Pradesh state, India) was a sarkar (district) under Allahabad Subah (province) during the great Mughals period (1526-1707). The great Mughals have immortal position for their contributions to Indian economic, society and culture, most important in the development of Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb (Hindustani culture). With the establishment of their state in Northern India, Mughal emperors had effected changes by their policies. One of them was their religious policy which is a very controversial topic though is very important to the history of medieval India. There are debates among the historians about it. According to one group, Mughals’ religious policy was very intolerance towards non-Muslims and their holy places, while the opposite group does not agree with it, and say that Mughlas adopted a liberal religious policy which was in favour of non-Muslims and their deities. In the context of Banaras we see the second view. As far as the destruction of temples is concerned was not the result of Mughals’ bigotry, but due to the contemporary political and social circumstances. Mostly temples were destroyed during the war time and under political reasons. This study is based on primary Persian sources and travelogues, perusal study of Faramin (decrees), and modern works done on the theme. Besides this, I have tried to derive accurate historical information from folklore, and have adopted an analytical approach. This article showed that Mughals’ religious policy was in favour of Pundits (priests), Hindu scholars and temples of Banaras; many ghats and temples were built in Banaras with the full support of Mughals. Aurangzeb made many grants both cashes and lands to priests and scholars of Banaras.

Segmented Possibilities: Migrant life Histories of Hindustani Workers in Post Colonial India

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 134-158
Author(s):  
Camille Buat
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
North India ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
History Of

AbstractStarting in the late 19 th century, workers from north India came to constitute the backbone of the urban and industrial labour force in Calcutta and neighboring mill municipalities. As they settled in and around the colonial metropolis, these Hindustani workers maintained strong connections with their rural homes. One generation after the other, they reproduced this dual settlement over the following decades. This bi-local structure of labour circulation, which linked village and city through the constant coming and going of men and women, progressively broke down from the late 20 th century onwards, following the closure of the large textile, engineering and paper industries which underpinned the economic vitality of the Calcutta region. The article sketches out the history of this socio-spatial configuration over the second half of the 20 th century, through the life histories of two migrant Hindustani workers. Born around 1940, Siraj Prajapati and Mohan Lal both spent the greater part of their working lives in Calcutta's industrial suburbs. Siraj, a potter by caste, was engaged in the artisanal production tea-cups in Howrah. Born into one of the most marginalized sections of north Indian society, Mohan managed to train as a mason, and was employed in the Titagarh Paper Mill through the 1960s and 70s. Both have now settled back in their respective villages of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Teasing out the contradictory ways in which both men frame their life trajectories, the article contributes a micro-perspective to the social history of rural-urban migration in post-colonial north India.

scholarly journals Emerging scenario of important mite pests in north India*

Zoosymposia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANARDAN SINGH ◽  
MAHADEVAN RAGHURAMAN
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
North India ◽  
Ziziphus Mauritiana ◽  
Polyphagotarsonemus Latus ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Pyrethroid Pesticides ◽  
Eastern Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Network Project

The results generated by theMulti Locational Project onAgriculturalAcarology,All India Coordinated Project onAgriculturalAcarology, Network Project onAgriculturalAcarology and the Network Project on Insect Biosystematics since 1983 are described, highlighting the most important mite pests of north India. The following species are considered major pests in that region: Tetranychidae - Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner), Tetranychus ludeni Zacher, Tetranychus neocaledonicus André and Tetranychus urticae Koch; Eriophyidae - Aceria litchii (Keifer) and Aceria mangiferae (Sayed); Tarsonemidae - Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks). Other 16 species in those families as well as in the Tenuipalpidae are also considered important as plant pests in this area of India.Among the tetranychids, T. ludeni was identified as an alarming problem in 1987. Many outbreaks of this pest were recorded from 1988 to 1990 on cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp], an important summer vegetable of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), particularly when grown in the summer, have serious problems with T. urticae and Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker & Pritchard. Panonychus ulmi (Koch) has emerged as a serious problem on the expanding cultivation of apple in Himachal Pradesh, whereas Petrobia latens (Muller) populations are increasing in dryland cultivation of Rajasthan, attaining serious pest status mainly on wheat and coriander. Among the tarsonemids, a serious increase in P. latus on chilli has coincided with the growing cultivation of this crop, whereas increasing population levels of Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley have caused severe damage to rice since its recent discovery in northern India. Serious problems have also been caused to tomato by the eriophyid Aceria lycopersici (Wolf) and to ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) by the tenuipalpid Larvacarus transitans (Ewing), an emerging serious pest of in Rajasthan area. The reason attributed to the increasing mite infestations is the widespread and continuous use of synthetic pyrethroid pesticides, which negatively affect the predatory mite fauna. The paper focuses on problems of mite outbreak and suggests future thrust for use of predatory mites as bio-agents for integrated mite control.

scholarly journals The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent

BMC Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranajit Das ◽  
Vladimir A. Ivanisenko ◽  
Anastasia A. Anashkina ◽  
Priyanka Upadhyai
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
South India ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Population History ◽  
North India ◽  
Geographic Population ◽  
Indian Populations ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background The population structure of the Indian subcontinent is a tapestry of extraordinary diversity characterized by the amalgamation of autochthonous and immigrant ancestries and rigid enforcement of sociocultural stratification. Here we investigated the genetic origin and population history of the Kumhars, a group of people who inhabit large parts of northern India. We compared 27 previously published Kumhar SNP genotype data sampled from Uttar Pradesh in north India to various modern day and ancient populations. Results Various approaches such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Admixture, TreeMix concurred that Kumhars have high ASI ancestry, minimal Steppe component and high genomic proximity to the Kurchas, a small and relatively little-known population found ~ 2500 km away in Kerala, south India. Given the same, biogeographical mapping using Geographic Population Structure (GPS) assigned most Kumhar samples in areas neighboring to those where Kurchas are found in south India. Conclusions We hypothesize that the significant genomic similarity between two apparently distinct modern-day Indian populations that inhabit well separated geographical areas with no known overlapping history or links, likely alludes to their common origin during or post the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization (estimated by ALDER). Thereafter, while they dispersed towards opposite ends of the Indian subcontinent, their genomic integrity and likeness remained preserved due to endogamous social practices. Our findings illuminate the genomic history of two Indian populations, allowing a glimpse into one or few of numerous of human migrations that likely occurred across the Indian subcontinent and contributed to shape its varied and vibrant evolutionary past.

Police Labor and Exploitation: Case Study of North India

2021 ◽  
pp. 487-511
Author(s):  
Beatrice Jauregui
Keyword(s):  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
North India ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Excessive Force ◽  
World Region ◽  
Social Justice Movements ◽  
Police Personnel ◽  
Justice Movements ◽  
Official Police

This chapter analyzes data collected over more than two years of ethnographic fieldwork with police in north India. It argues that subordinate police personnel in this decolonizing world region often experience exploitation as laborers, even as they routinely deploy excessive force and sometimes misuse their authority to intervene in everyday life. The analysis reveals an imbrication of official police rank hierarchies with broader forms of social inequality (especially socioeconomic class, religion, and caste) through observations of interactions among police personnel of various ranks and interviews with current and former officers in Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state. It also develops methodological concepts of “strategic complicity” and “critical empathy,” and suggests directions for future ethnographic research on policing that may help us discern the complexities of both local and global social justice movements and power relations.

WHAT HUSBANDS IN NORTHERN INDIA KNOW ABOUT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: CORRELATES OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PREGNANCY AND MATERNAL AND SEXUAL HEALTH

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHELAH S. BLOOM ◽  
AMY ONG TSUI ◽  
MARYA PLOTKIN ◽  
SARAH BASSETT
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
North India ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Men’S Knowledge

Women in India suffer from a high incidence of reproductive disease, disability and death. Very little work has been done on men, but a much higher incidence of sexual experience outside marriage and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among males than previously expected for this population is now being documented. In north India, women are dependent on their husbands and other family members for health-related decisions. Therefore, the behaviour, knowledge and attitudes of men are integral to the reproductive health status of couples there. This study explores knowledge about three distinct areas of reproductive health among 6549 married men in five districts of the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Factors contributing to men's knowledge in the areas of fertility, maternal health and STDs were investigated. Results showed that very few men had basic knowledge in any of these areas. The likelihood of reporting knowledge was associated with a set of determinants that differed in their magnitude and effect across the areas of reproductive health explored. In particular, men's belief about the ability of an individual to prevent pregnancy demonstrated an independent association with men's knowledge. After controlling for factors such as age, parity and educational and economic status, men who believed it not possible to prevent a pregnancy were less likely to know when during the menstrual cycle women would become pregnant and certain facts about STDs, but they were more likely to be able to name two or more symptoms of serious maternal health conditions. Possible explanations for this trend are discussed.

III. Competition and Co-existence: Indo-Islamic Interaction in Medieval North India

Itinerario ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzaffar Alam
Keyword(s):  
Social Practices ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
North India ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medieval India ◽  
The One

The study of Islam and Muslims in relation to local non-Muslim population and their religious beliefs and social practices in medieval India has often tended to be conducted eventually along two lines, seemingly opposed to each other. On the one hand, there are communal historians who have reduced the history of medieval India into the conflict between Hindus and Muslims, which they have projected as having resulted from their divergent religious outlooks. The period was Islamic in their view, and the state a conversion machinery and an organ to bring Hindus under the hegemony of Islam. This was a mission in which the state could not succeed fully, largely because of ‘Hindu’ resistance. On the other hand, there are a large number of ‘liberal’ historians to whom the hallmark of medieval Indian society has been an amity between the two communities, the various tensions and encounters over economic and political matters notwithstanding. The medieval period, in the opinion of such historians, saw the evolution and efflorescence of a composite culture to which medieval rulers, nobles, sufis and Persian and Urdu poets contributed significantly. The later animosity between Hindus and Muslims and clashes over religious matters, they argued, were the handiwork of the British.

The Illusion of Security: The Background to Muslim Separatism in the United Provinces

1984 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
The Other ◽  
North India ◽  
General Question ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Cultural Assumptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
United Provinces

One of the most intriguing questions in the modern history of North India is why the Muslims of the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh, and referred to hereafter as U.P.; see Map 1) supported the demand for Pakistan when it was obvious that if they were successful they would have either to remain in a Hindu dominated India, or suffer the upheaval of migration. In recent years Paul Brass and Francis Robinson have debated the general question of Muslim separatism in U.P., taking positions which Brass has described, respectively, as ‘instrumentalist’ and ‘primordialist’. Brass argues that the Muslims were modernizing at a faster rate than Hindus, that they had a larger share of government jobs than their fourteen percent of the population would warrant, that Muslim politicians erected a myth of ‘the backward Muslim’ to protect this privilege, and then selected communally divisive symbols to mobilize support for their own drive to power. In short, the ‘instrumentalist’ position argues the autonomy of the ‘game of symbol selection’ on the part of the politicians, and therefore of the significance of symbol response on the part of those who supported the Muslim League and its demand for Pakistan. Robinson, on the other hand, first disagrees that the backwardness of the Muslims was a myth, especially relative to the role they perceived they had played in U.P. society for many centuries, and secondly, he seeks to demonstrate that the religious and cultural assumptions of the Muslim political leaders shaped and directed their actions.

scholarly journals Mixed Cutaneous Infection Caused by Leishmania and Dermatophytes: A Rare Coincidence or Immunological Fact

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Amresh Kumar Singh ◽  
Ankur Kumar ◽  
Jayesh Pandey ◽  
Vivek Gaur ◽  
Pratima Tripathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
History Of ◽  
Loss Of Appetite

Leishmaniasis was first described in 1824, in the Jessore district of Bengal (now Bangladesh) and more prevalent in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. The disease is associated with depressed cellular immunity. Tinea is a fungal infection of the skin, which can become more extensively pathogenic particularly in patients with depressed cell-mediated immunity. Regulatory T cells and Th17 cells have been shown to be responsible for post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). We present a rare case of a 52-year-old house wife with a history of recurrent itching, depigmentation of the skin of extremities, and loss of appetite for 2-3 months followed by progressive spread of such lesion all over the body in an apparently healthy female. On examination, there were many hypopigmented scaly lesions mainly over the extensor aspect of the body. Skin lesions were characteristics of tinea infection with or without PKDL. A diagnosis of PKDL with tinea was made based on the history of kala-azar and on the skin slit smear for amastigote forms, rK39 test, and KOH mount. Routine blood investigations showed negative serology for HIV and lower normal CD4+T counts. The patient was advised for treatment on systemic antifungal therapy with antihistaminics and later with miltefosine. We have highlighted that PKDL, although uncommon, is a distinct manifestation of VL. In our case study, we also tried to find the reason of coinfection; this was probably due to the depressed cellular immunity, skin abruptions, and acquired dermatophytic infection which is prevalent and associated with lower CD4+ T cell count.

Press Propaganda and Subaltern Agents of Pan-Islamic Networks in the Muslim Mediterranean World prior to World War I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
North Africa ◽  
World War ◽  
Subaltern Studies ◽  
Resistance Movements ◽  
The Press ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
History Of

This chapter explores movement and circulation across the Mediterranean and seeks to contribute to a history of proto-nationalism in the Maghrib and the Middle East at a particular moment prior to World War I. The discussion is particularly concerned with the interface of two Mediterranean spaces: the Middle East (Egypt, Ottoman Empire) and North Africa (Morocco), where the latter is viewed as a case study where resistance movements sought external allies as a way of compensating for their internal weakness. Applying methods developed by Subaltern Studies, and linking macro-historical approaches, namely of a translocal movement in the Muslim Mediterranean, it explores how the Egypt-based society, al-Ittihad al-Maghribi, through its agent, Aref Taher, used the press as an instrument for political propaganda, promoting its Pan-Islamic programme and its goal of uniting North Africa.

Turning Aliens into Socialists

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Jessica Moberg
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Swedish History ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Highly Evolved

Immediately after the Second World War Sweden was struck by a wave of sightings of strange flying objects. In some cases these mass sightings resulted in panic, particularly after authorities failed to identify them. Decades later, these phenomena were interpreted by two members of the Swedish UFO movement, Erland Sandqvist and Gösta Rehn, as alien spaceships, or UFOs. Rehn argued that ‘[t]here is nothing so dramatic in the Swedish history of UFOs as this invasion of alien fly-things’ (Rehn 1969: 50). In this article the interpretation of such sightings proposed by these authors, namely that we are visited by extraterrestrials from outer space, is approached from the perspective of myth theory. According to this mythical theme, not only are we are not alone in the universe, but also the history of humankind has been shaped by encounters with more highly-evolved alien beings. In their modern day form, these kinds of ideas about aliens and UFOs originated in the United States. The reasoning of Sandqvist and Rehn exemplifies the localization process that took place as members of the Swedish UFO movement began to produce their own narratives about aliens and UFOs. The question I will address is: in what ways do these stories change in new contexts? Texts produced by the Swedish UFO movement are analyzed as a case study of this process.

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