scholarly journals Protocol Optimization for Rapid Multiplication of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) using the Nodal Segment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashebir Seyoum Feyisa
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Nodal Segment ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Cassava is a vital food security crop for millions of people, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Since the crop produces a reasonable yield on marginal soils, it could help alleviate world hunger. Consequently, the increase in cassava production and its quality characteristics are significant. However, the low multiplication rate of this main crop has delayed the spread of improved varieties among farmers. As a result, tissue culture techniques can be a viable solution to overcome these challenges. Methods: The study used a nodal segment as an explant to evaluate different concentrations of BAP and NAA for an efficient, cost-effective in vitro mass multiplication of the AWC-1 cassava variety. CuSO4, commercial bleach and ethanol had used to sterilize nodal explants taken from greenhouse-grown plants at various time intervals. Result: The best medium for micro shoots induction had found to be medium without growth regulators. Among different treatments used for shoot multiplication purposes, the maximum shoot number has been recorded on M.S. medium supplemented with 0.75 mg/l BAP and 0.2 mg/l NAA. Medium with 0.5 mg/l NAA concentration was the best for rooting induction. A survival rate of 86% has obtained in the greenhouse and the plantlets appeared to be morphologically normal.

scholarly journals Micropropagation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz): Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Ashebir Seyoum Feyisa
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Root Induction ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Plant Growth Hormones ◽  
Culture Techniques

Cassava is a vital crop to the food security of millions of people worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Because the crop produced a reasonable yield on marginal soils, it could help relieve global hunger. As a result, increasing cassava output and its quality attributes are significant. However, the low multiplication rate of this main crop has resulted in the delayed dissemination of improved varieties among farmers. As a result, tissue culture techniques may be a feasible solution for overcoming these challenges. Cassava in vitro propagation had done using either the shoots multiplication technique or somatic embryogenesis. However, the shoot multiplication approach is preferable since it retains clonal fidelity. Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis entailed the use of numerous basal media containing various plant growth hormones. Several studies found that each type of cassava clone required a unique protocol to achieve optimal shoot initiation, shoot multiplication, root induction, and elongation. This review describes recent research on cassava micropropagation that makes use of a variety of experimental systems. While each of these systems focuses on a different aspect of technique, they can be significant in understanding the in vitro production of cassava planting material.

scholarly journals Shoot Multiplication and Callus Induction of Labisia pumila var. alata as Influenced by Different Plant Growth Regulators Treatments and Its Polyphenolic Activities Compared with the Wild Plant

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3229
Author(s):  
Mat Yunus Najhah ◽  
Hawa Z. E. Jaafar ◽  
Jaafar Juju Nakasha ◽  
Mansor Hakiman
Keyword(s):  
Callus Induction ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Nodal Segment ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
In Vitro Plantlets

This study aims to investigate whether the in vitro-cultured L. pumila var. alata has higher antioxidant activity than its wild plant. An 8-week-old L. pumila var. alata nodal segment and leaf explants were cultured onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various cytokinins (zeatin, kinetin, and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)) for shoot multiplication and auxins (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and picloram) for callus induction, respectively. The results showed that 2 mg/L zeatin produced the optimal results for shoot and leaf development, and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D produced the highest callus induction results (60%). After this, 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D was combined with 0.25 mg/L cytokinins and supplemented to the MS medium. The optimal results for callus induction (100%) with yellowish to greenish and compact texture were obtained using 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D combined with 0.25 mg/L zeatin. Leaves obtained from in vitro plantlets and wild plants as well as callus were extracted and analyzed for their antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP methods) and polyphenolic properties (total flavonoid and total phenolic content). When compared with leaf extracts of in vitro plantlets and wild plants of L. pumila var. alata, the callus extract displayed significantly higher antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid content. Hence, callus culture potentially can be adapted for antioxidant and polyphenolic production to satisfy pharmaceutical and nutraceutical needs while conserving wild L. pumila var. alata.

scholarly journals Schistosoma mansoni eggs induce Wnt/β-catenin signaling and activate the protooncogene c-Jun in human and hamster colon

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Weglage ◽  
Friederike Wolters ◽  
Laura Hehr ◽  
Jakob Lichtenberger ◽  
Celina Wulz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Considerable Morbidity ◽  
First Time

AbstractSchistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, with considerable morbidity in parts of the Middle East, South America, Southeast Asia, in sub-Saharan Africa, and particularly also in Europe. The WHO describes an increasing global health burden with more than 290 million people threatened by the disease and a potential to spread into regions with temperate climates like Corsica, France. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of S. mansoni infection on colorectal carcinogenic signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. S. mansoni infection, soluble egg antigens (SEA) and the Interleukin-4-inducing principle from S. mansoni eggs induce Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the protooncogene c-Jun as well as downstream factor Cyclin D1 and markers for DNA-damage, such as Parp1 and γH2a.x in enterocytes. The presence of these characteristic hallmarks of colorectal carcinogenesis was confirmed in colon biopsies from S. mansoni-infected patients demonstrating the clinical relevance of our findings. For the first time it was shown that S. mansoni SEA may be involved in the induction of colorectal carcinoma-associated signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Influence of Cytokinins in Combination with GA3on Shoot Multiplication and Elongation of Tea Clone Iran 100 (Camellia sinensis(L.) O. Kuntze)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Azadi Gonbad ◽  
Uma Rani Sinniah ◽  
Maheran Abdul Aziz ◽  
Rosfarizan Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Clonal Propagation ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Nodal Segments ◽  
Nodal Segment ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Solid Media

The use ofin vitroculture has been accepted as an efficient technique for clonal propagation of many woody plants. In the present research, we report the results of a number of experiments aimed at optimizing micropropagation protocol for tea (Camellia sinensis(L.) O. Kuntze) (clone Iran 100) using nodal segments as the explant. The effect of different combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGR) (BAP, TDZ, GA3) on shoot multiplication and elongation was assessed. The influence of exposure to IBA in liquid form prior to transfer to solid media on rooting of tea microshoots was investigated. The results of this study showed that the best treatment for nodal segment multiplication in terms of the number of shoot per explant and shoot elongation was obtained using 3 mg/L BAP in combination with 0.5 mg/L GA3. TDZ was found to be inappropriate for multiplication of tea clone Iran 100 as it resulted in hyperhydricity especially at concentrations higher than 0.05 mg/L. Healthy shoots treated with 300 mg/L IBA for 30 min followed by transfer to 1/2 strength MS medium devoid of PGR resulted in 72.3% of shoots producing roots and upon transferring them to acclimatization chamber 65% survival was obtained prior to field transfer.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulphide Using Plant Waste Materials for Faecal Sludge Odour Control in Dry Sanitation Toilet Facilities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernice Mawumenyo Senanu ◽  
Patrick Boakye ◽  
Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng ◽  
Divine Damertey Sewu ◽  
Esi Awuah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
S Peak ◽  
Faecal Sludge ◽  
Peak Value

Abstract On-site dry sanitation facilities, although cheaper than wet sanitation systems, suffer from high malodour and insect nuisance as well as poor aesthetics. The high odour deters users from utilizing dry sanitation toilet as an improved facility leading to over 20% open defecation in Sub-Saharan Africa. To address this malodour concern, this study first assessed odour levels, using hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) as indicators, on two (2) dry sanitation facilities (T1 and T2). The potential of using biomass (sawdust, rice husk, moringa leaves, neem seeds), ash (coconut husk, cocoa husk) or biochar (sawdust, rice husk, bamboo) as biocovers to remove or suppress odour from fresh faecal sludge (FS) over a 12-day period was investigated. Results showed high odour levels, beyond and below the threshold limit for unpleasantness for humans on H2S (peak value: T1 = 3.17 ppm; T2 = 0.22 ppm > 0.05 ppm limit) and NH3 (peak value: T1 = 6.88 ppm; T2 = 3.16 ppm < 30 ppm limit), respectively. The biomasses exhibited low pH (acidic = 5-7) whereas the biochars and ashes had higher pHs (basic = 8-13). Acidic biocovers generally reduced NH3 emission significantly (12.5% to 64.8%) whereas basic biocovers were more effective at H2S emission reduction (80.9% to 96.2%). In terms of H2S and NH3 removal, sawdust biochar was the most effective biocover with odour abatement values of 96.2% and 74.7%, respectively. The results suggest that locally available waste plant-based materials, like sawdust, when converted to biochar can serve as a cost-effective and sustainable way to effectively combat odour-related issues associated with dry sanitation facilities to help stop open defecation.

scholarly journals First Report of East African Cassava Mosaic Begomovirus in Nigeria

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. O. Ogbe ◽  
G. I. Atiri ◽  
D. Robinson ◽  
S. Winter ◽  
A. G. O. Dixon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Sub Saharan

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food crop in sub-Saharan Africa. One of the major production constraints is cassava mosaic disease caused by African cassava mosaic (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic (EACMV) begomoviruses. ACMV is widespread in its distribution, occurring throughout West and Central Africa and in some eastern and southern African countries. In contrast, EACMV has been reported to occur mainly in more easterly areas, particularly in coastal Kenya and Tanzania, Malawi, and Madagascar. In 1997, a survey was conducted in Nigeria to determine the distribution of ACMV and its strains. Samples from 225 cassava plants showing mosaic symptoms were tested with ACMV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1). Three samples reacted strongly with MAbs that could detect both ACMV and EACMV. One of them did not react with ACMV-specific MAbs while the other two reacted weakly with such MAbs. With polymerase chain reaction (2), the presence of EACMV and a mixture of EACMV and ACMV in the respective samples was confirmed. These samples were collected from two villages: Ogbena in Kwara State and Akamkpa in Cross River State. Co-infection of some cassava varieties with ACMV and EACMV leads to severe symptoms. More importantly, a strain of mosaic geminivirus known as Uganda variant arose from recombination between the two viruses (2). This report provides evidence for the presence of EACMV in West Africa. References: (1) J. E. Thomas et al. J. Gen. Virol. 67:2739, 1986. (2) X. Zhou et al. J. Gen. Virol. 78:2101, 1997.

scholarly journals Assessment of In-vitro culture through Nodal explants of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-133
Author(s):  
Abha Jha ◽  
◽  
Sunila Das ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
In Vitro Regeneration ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Growth Hormones ◽  
Nodal Explants ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii

The present experimental study was aimed to overcome the traditional methods of propagation that limit the number of propagules by in-vitro regeneration through nodal explants of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii with a comparative study of growth regulators during the shooting and rooting process. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii is distributed from the Himalayas (Nepal) to the northern part of Burma. Collection of explants was done from different selected sites of CPTs. There was the use of HgCl2 and Ca (OCl)2 as sterilizing agents in different concentrations and its effect was visualized during the sprouting stage. Culm explants were cultured in a bottle containing White media (Wm) supplemented with BA and Kinetin for sprouting and IAA, IBA, NAA for rooting. There is also the use of IAA+IBA+NAA in combined form as a supplementary solution 0.1% HgCl2 treatment for 20-minute results into77.80% aseptic buds and 72% bud -break. Among the used growth-hormones, BA with concentration 0.25mg/l and 0.50mg/l respectively were appropriate for shoot-multiplication rate, 4.01±0.3 and 4.3±0.4 were ideal observation incorporation with BA (1.00mg/l) and BA (1.50mg/l) respectively. Maximum sprouting rate14.77±3.37with application of BA (2.00mg/l) and maximum shoot length4.3±0.4 is observed at BA (1.50mg/l). The applications of rooting hormone IAA+IBA+NAA in the concentration of 1.0 mg/l results in 72.5±0.3(rooting) and 11.1±0.3 (av. No. of the root).

scholarly journals Sulfamethoxazole Susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from HIV-Infected Ugandan Adults with Tuberculosis Taking Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Prophylaxis

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 5844-5846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Ogwang ◽  
Caryn E. Good ◽  
Brenda Okware ◽  
Mary Nsereko ◽  
Michael R. Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Sub Saharan

ABSTRACTAdditional drugs are needed for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Sulfamethoxazole has been shown to havein vitroactivity againstMycobacterium tuberculosis; however, there is concern about resistance given the widespread use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis among HIV-infected patients in sub-Saharan Africa. Thirty-eight of 40Mycobacterium tuberculosisisolates (95%) from pretreatment sputum samples from Ugandan adults with pulmonary TB, including HIV-infected patients taking trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis, were susceptible with MICs of ≤38.4 μg/ml.

Self Supply

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Sutton ◽  
John Butterworth
Keyword(s):  
Universal Access ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Public Provision ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Water Provision

While governments and development partners focus on improving community and utility-managed water supplies to ensure access for all, hundreds of millions of people are taking actions to supply their own water. In the WASH sector household investment in construction and improvement of facilities is widely employed in sanitation but in water similar efforts are ignored. Recognition of the contribution of self-supply towards universal access to water and its full potential, is hampered by a lack of data, analysis and guidance. This well-reasoned source book highlights the magnitude of the contribution of self-supply to urban and rural water provision world-wide, and the gains that are possible when governments recognise and support household-led supply development and up-grading. With limited public finances in low- (and many middle-) income countries, self-supply can fill gaps in public provision, especially amongst low-density rural populations. The book focuses on sub-Saharan Africa as the region with the greatest predicted shortfall in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal for water. Household supplies can be created, or accelerated to basic or safely managed levels, through approaches that build on the investment and actions of families, with the availability of technology options and cost-effective support from the private and public sectors. The role of self-supply needs greater recognition and a change in mindset of governments, development partners and practitioners if water services are to be extended to all and no-one is to be left behind.

Religious Tourism in Africa's Global South

2021 ◽  
pp. 283-296
Author(s):  
Unathi Sonwabile Henama ◽  
Lwazi Apleni
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
International Tourist ◽  
African Spirituality ◽  
Religious Tourism ◽  
Beaten Track ◽  
Sub Saharan

International tourist arrivals are projected to surpass 1.8 billion by 2030 on the back of rapid growth in emerging tourism economies. Tourism has emerged as an economic messiah for a plethora of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has emerged as a cost-effective means by which countries can diversify their economies, especially countries with low economies that depend on agricultural products to diversify their economies. Religious tourism can contribute to deeper economic benefit for a destination. The synthesis of literature adds to the paucity of academic gaze on religious tourism in Southern Africa. The synthesis takes the reader on a religious tourism journey that includes African spirituality, Pentecostal Christianity, and the interface between Africans spirituality and Christianity. These areas are neglected in the academic gaze and are outside the tourism beaten track, and these forms of religious tourism bring in much needed economic activities for areas on the tourism fringe.

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