The Investigation of Canine Distemper Virus in Different Diagnosis Materials of Dogs using Molecular and Pathological Methods, Northeastern Turkey

Background: Canine distemper virus (CDV) is highly contagious disease that affects dogs despite several control measures. This study was aimed at investigating the presence of CDV nucleic acid in different clinical and tissue materials, from naturally infected dogs, by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and to molecularly characterize distemper strains according to the partial Nucleoprotein (NP) gene sequence. Furthermore, tissue samples under went histopathological examination for distemper infection. Methods: A total of 202 different diagnosis materials were collected from dogs (n=60) in the Kars region in northeastern Turkey. The samples were tested for CDV using RT-PCR with primers designed for the CDV NP gene. Samples determined as positive for CDV (n=7) were sequenced. Tissue samples underwent histopathological examination. Result: Most of the cases were in animals aged 0-6 months. The most common clinical finding was severe respiratory system infection. This finding was accompanied by gastrointestinal and nervous system infections. CDV nucleic acid was detected in 112 of 202 materials by RT-PCR. According to RT-PCR results, positivity rates of 88.2% (30/34), 72.2% (13/18), 60% (3/5), 55.5% (10/18), 55.5% (10/18), 51.6% (16/31), 45.5% (5/11), 37.8% (14/37) and 36.7% (11/30) were detected in nasal swab, lung, footpad, kidney, spleen, rectal swab, cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), leuokocyte and cerebellum samples, respectively. Viral nucleic acids were detected at higher rates in nasal swabs. The phylogenetic assessment of the amplicon sequences revealed a 97.7%-100% similarity among the Turkish CDV strains, which are independent from vaccine strains, were found to be more closely related to the European lineage. Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were detected by histopathology. This is the first study to investigate CDV in naturally infected dogs from northeastern Turkey and to provide novel and updated epidemiological information.

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Detection of Canine Distemper Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Gene in Canine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by RT-PCR.

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science ◽

10.1292/jvms.57.439 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 439-445 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Yeon-Sil SHIN ◽

Takeshi MORI ◽

Masatsugu OKITA ◽

Tsuyoshi GEMMA ◽

Chieko KAI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽

Nucleocapsid Protein ◽

Canine Distemper Virus ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Protein Gene ◽

Canine Distemper ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽

Nucleocapsid Protein Gene

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Molecular analysis of the N gene of canine distemper virus in dogs in Brazil

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s0102-09352007000300016 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 654-659 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J.G. Castilho ◽

P.E. Brandão ◽

P. Carnieli Jr ◽

R.N. Oliveira ◽

C.I. Macedo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Nervous System ◽

Molecular Analysis ◽

Canine Distemper Virus ◽

Nucleotide Identity ◽

N Gene ◽

Canine Distemper ◽

Gene Sequences ◽

Rt Pcr

Eleven central-nervous-system samples collected from stray dogs between 2000 and 2004 were found positive by RT-PCR, which amplified a 480bp fragment of the N gene of canine distemper virus (CDV). Phylogenetic analysis based on partial N-gene sequences showed four major clusters. All dog strains segregated into cluster I, with a mean nucleotide identity of 95.8% and 95.6% with the Onderstepoort and Lederle vaccine strains, respectively. Cluster II contained all the raccoon-related strains, cluster III Orient strains and Cluster IV the Onderstepoort and Lederle vaccine strains, with a mean nucleotide identity of 99.7% between them. This is the first report of phylogenetic analysis of CDV strains in Brazil.

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Serological detection of infection with canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus and canine adenovirus in communal dogs from Zimbabwe

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v85i1.1110 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Anna McRee ◽

Rebecca P. Wilkes ◽

Jessica Dawson ◽

Roger Parry ◽

Chris Foggin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Transmission ◽

Canine Distemper Virus ◽

Wildlife Conservation ◽

Canine Parvovirus ◽

Control Measures ◽

Domestic Dogs ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Canine Distemper ◽

The Impact

Domestic dogs are common amongst communities in sub-Saharan Africa and may serve as important reservoirs for infectious agents that may cause diseases in wildlife. Two agents of concern are canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV), which may infect and cause disease in large carnivore species such as African wild dogs and African lions, respectively. The impact of domestic dogs and their diseases on wildlife conservation is increasing in Zimbabwe, necessitating thorough assessment and implementation of control measures. In this study, domestic dogs in north-western Zimbabwe were evaluated for antibodies to CDV, CPV, and canine adenovirus (CAV). These dogs were communal and had no vaccination history. Two hundred and twenty-five blood samples were collected and tested using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to CPV, CDV, and CAV. Of these dogs, 75 (34%) had detectable antibodies to CDV, whilst 191 (84%) had antibodies to CPV. Antibodies to canine adenovirus were present in 28 (13%) dogs. Canine parvovirus had high prevalence in all six geographic areas tested. These results indicate that CPV is circulating widely amongst domestic dogs in the region. In addition, CDV is present at high levels. Both pathogens can infect wildlife species. Efforts for conservation of large carnivores in Zimbabwe must address the role of domestic dogs in disease transmission.

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Clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemistry characterization of toxoplasmosis in dogs with distemper in the semiarid region of Paraíba, Brazil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6sup2p4251 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽

pp. 4251

Author(s):

Maria Talita Soares Frade ◽

Lisanka Ângelo Maia ◽

Rachel Livingstone Felizola Soares Andrade ◽

Rodrigo Cruz Alves ◽

Elise Miyuki Yamasaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Canine Distemper Virus ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Neurological Involvement ◽

Semiarid Region ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Thin Wall ◽

Canine Distemper ◽

Eosinophilic Inclusion ◽

The Brain

The objective of this study was to describe the clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemistry characteristics of five cases of toxoplasmosis, an infection often associated with distemper in dogs. From January 2000 to December 2012, a retrospective study was performed analyzed dogs with distemper in the semiarid region of Paraíba. We evaluated this sample to focus on individuals who presented with concomitant structures in protozoa characteristics, and performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests using polyclonal anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody. In all cases, the clinical signs were similar including digestive changes, as well as respiratory, neurological, and ocular lesions, suggesting an infection of canine distemper virus. The diagnosis of distemper was confirmed on histopathological analysis depending on the presence of intranuclear and intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies in different tissues. Histopathological examination also revealed the characteristic presence of parasitic cysts T. gondii in the brain in four cases, and in the lung in one case. The brain cysts were associated with multifocal areas of malacia and lung there was alveolar septa thickening due to infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, with moderate proliferation of type II pneumocytes and coalescing multifocal areas of necrosis. These cysts are characterized by round and strongly basophilic structures, measuring approximately 5 to 70 ?m, delimited by thin wall, stained by hematoxylin and eosin, and immunomarked as brown by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the chromogen DAB. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis associated with infection by canine distemper virus in the five case studied was based on microscopic findings and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Toxoplasmosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of dogs with severe progressive systemic signs, especially when respiratory and neurological involvement is suspected.

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