scholarly journals Algumas considerações sobre lógicaSome considerations on logic

2016 ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Amauri Paulo Cervo
Keyword(s):  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
William Of Ockham ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Epistemic Principle ◽  
The Real ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
Reasoning And Argument

This objective point out some birth steps of logic in ancient Greece highlighting the contribution of the first philosophers including Heraclitus and Parmenides. Highlighting becoming, stated at first that everything changes, that change is real, and the view taken by Parmenides that the real and true is what never changes: the being is non-being is not. It also highlights the contribution of Plato with the epistemic principle that makes and gives presence to the real. First criterion for logic for rationality. And Aristotle with logos whose purpose was to show the correct way to build the knowledge and scientific evidence. Also studied the contribution in the medieval period especially with the flowering of scholasticism of some of the most important and brilliant philosophers who contributed to the development of Aristotelian logic, including Abelard, Aquinas and William of Ockham. He worked with the division of logic in most logic also called material logic that determines the particular and special rules laws and less than or formal logic laying down the conditions of conformity of thought working with the seizure of definitions and the term, understanding and extension, judgment and proposition, reasoning and argument. Also notable was the deductive reasoning or syllogism, the legal syllogism and inductive reasoning.

scholarly journals Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Generalization and Replication–A Representationalist View

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Borgstede ◽  
Marcel Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Case Based

In this paper, we provide a re-interpretation of qualitative and quantitative modeling from a representationalist perspective. In this view, both approaches attempt to construct abstract representations of empirical relational structures. Whereas quantitative research uses variable-based models that abstract from individual cases, qualitative research favors case-based models that abstract from individual characteristics. Variable-based models are usually stated in the form of quantified sentences (scientific laws). This syntactic structure implies that sentences about individual cases are derived using deductive reasoning. In contrast, case-based models are usually stated using context-dependent existential sentences (qualitative statements). This syntactic structure implies that sentences about other cases are justifiable by inductive reasoning. We apply this representationalist perspective to the problems of generalization and replication. Using the analytical framework of modal logic, we argue that the modes of reasoning are often not only applied to the context that has been studied empirically, but also on a between-contexts level. Consequently, quantitative researchers mostly adhere to a top-down strategy of generalization, whereas qualitative researchers usually follow a bottom-up strategy of generalization. Depending on which strategy is employed, the role of replication attempts is very different. In deductive reasoning, replication attempts serve as empirical tests of the underlying theory. Therefore, failed replications imply a faulty theory. From an inductive perspective, however, replication attempts serve to explore the scope of the theory. Consequently, failed replications do not question the theory per se, but help to shape its boundary conditions. We conclude that quantitative research may benefit from a bottom-up generalization strategy as it is employed in most qualitative research programs. Inductive reasoning forces us to think about the boundary conditions of our theories and provides a framework for generalization beyond statistical testing. In this perspective, failed replications are just as informative as successful replications, because they help to explore the scope of our theories.

scholarly journals TIPE PEMBUKTIAN MAHASISWA CALON GURU MATEMATIKA

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
Mu'jizatin Fadiana ◽  
Yulaikah Yulaikah ◽  
Lajianto Lajianto
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Teachers ◽  
Prospective Teachers ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Mathematical Proof ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Tertiary Institution ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Prospective Mathematics Teachers ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

The ability to prove formal mathematics is an important ability that must be mastered by undergraduate prospective mathematics teachers. However, students who are prospective mathematics teachers have difficulty in constructing proof in mathematics courses. Therefore, this study aims to explore the tendency of mathematical proof methods for prospective mathematics teachers in second year lectures. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive research. Participants in this study were 30 prospective mathematics teachers at a tertiary institution in Tuban, East Java. The research instrument is a simple task of compiling mathematical evidence. The results of the study were analyzed using the classification of types of proof by Miyazaki, namely classifying the types of deductive and inductive reasoning. The results showed that prospective mathematics teachers had a greater tendency to use deductive reasoning than using inductive reasoning. Type A proof is the most common type of proof. In addition, around 70% of prospective teachers still experience difficulties in compiling evidentiary tasks.

The Illusion of Validity and the Power of “Negative Thinking”

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey C. Kabat
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
The Real ◽  
Negative Thinking

Often our view of a problem is limited by our preconceptions, and we may fail to see other aspects that are crucial to its solution. This is true of attention to factors that may affect our health. There is widespread confusion about what are the real threats that can affect our health. On some issues, there is debate within the scientific community, whereas, on other issues, misconceptions are rampant in the wider society. These controversies can only be clarified by a critical assessment of the available scientific evidence, guarding against bias and preconceptions.

From the Classical World to the Medieval

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Clive Emsley
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
The State ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
Classical World ◽  
City States ◽  
The Individual

This chapter examines the presence of the police and policing from the classical world to the medieval. The Greek city states had no significant bodies of people organized specifically to ensure survival and welfare, though militias could be brought together to defend the state and suppress popular disorder. Some officials were charged with checking weights and measures and grain supplies. However, there were no institutions to prevent assaults and thefts, or to detect and pursue offenders. Both Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome were similar. Offences that affected the individual rather than the state were usually left to victims, their kin, or passers-by, if they were prepared to get involved. Victims, any servants that they had, their kin, or passers-by did not have to fight, though they sometimes did; but they could act as witnesses when a suspect was accused or brought before a court. Sources for police and policing in the classical world are thin, and much has to be gleaned from between the lines. Meanwhile, the sources for the medieval period are better, and, while these show the similar kinds of divisions and institutions, there are gaps in the sources and little to explore for those looking for police institutions.

Connecting Research to Teaching: Geometry Classroom Pictures: What's Developing?

1998 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 606-609
Author(s):  
Kay A. Wohlhuter ◽  
Penelope H. Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Real World ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Curriculum Standards ◽  
The Real ◽  
Mathematics Classrooms ◽  
Teaching Geometry ◽  
Clear Vision

In the NCTM's curriculum standards, teachers find a clear vision of mathematics classrooms as rich environments where students can explore, conjecture, reason logically, and connect mathematics with the real world. The Standards’ vision assumes that teachers will use strategies that promote students’ active participation in the learning process. For geometry, especially, those strategies should include activities that foster the interplay of deductive and inductive reasoning (NCTM 1989).

The Delphic Oracle: Belief and Behaviour in Ancient Greece—and Africa

1965 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Modern Trend ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
The Real ◽  
Cultural Institution

Until comparatively recently writers on religion were absorbed by questions concerning the origins of religious beliefs and practices. They endowed primitive man with a kind of rational logicality in his belief, or, like Frazer, they saw his religious practices as simply the application of erroneous reasoning. The modern trend is to try to view the religious or cultural institution as an essential part of society, existing because of the needs of that society. This is the theme, for instance, of Malinowski when he says that “religion is not born out of speculation or reflection, still less out of illusion or misapprehension, but rather out of the real tragedies of human life, out of the conflict between human plans and realities.”

scholarly journals PENALARAN HUKUM YANG MAMPU MEWUJUDKAN TUJUAN HUKUM SECARA PROPORSIONAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Agus Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
The Third ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
Reasoning Patterns ◽  
The Law

On the activity of legal reasoning, legal objective embodiment in the form of: justice, legal certainty, and kemanfaaan sometimes not achieved proportionately or even forgot or did not understand that the purpose of law should be the third contained proportionally in any legal ruling.  The third objective will be achieved proportionately, by finding the point of the link between the reasoning of the law with the purpose of the law, the law of nature and the methods used to achieve the third objective of the law.The research was carried out using the method of legal research is research that is interdisciplinary collaboration and integration of the disciplines of law and other disciplines, which in this case is a philosophy.  This research is a study of the legal reasoning of how capable of realizing justice, legal certainty and benefit proportionately.  Therefore the examined was how the point links between legal reasoning with the purpose of the law, as well as what is the meaning of the law (the ontological aspect) and what is the method to achieve it (epistemological aspect).Research proves that there is a link between the point of law raised by Gustav Radbruch, namely: justice, legal certainty, and the benefit with the aksiologis of models of legal reasoning advanced by Shidarta.  With regard to the activity of the legal reasoning that is capable of realizing justice, legal certainty, and benefit proportionally; found that all the arguments of yuridik which is a legal ruling made by establishing practical law was supposed to interpret the law as positive norms within the system of legislation that pay attention to the principles of truth and justice universal or moral, the behavioral pattern of the terlembaga, and the symbolic meanings of social actors.Whereas the epistemological aspects of the law which is its method is deductive reasoning patterns doctrinal-in order to be empowered in order to achieve legal certainty and fairness as well as simultaneously using inductive reasoning patterns nondoktrinal-so are empowered to achieve benefit.  The pattern of reasoning is identical with the model of thought problematic tersistematisasi. Keywords: Law, Proportional Reasoning, the purpose of the law.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Tematik Melalui Pendekatan Saintifik Pada Peserta Didik Kelas I A SD Inpres Ende 7 Kecamatan Ende Timur Kabupaten Ende Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Bergita Nirgaya
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Student Activities ◽  
Use Of Time ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Thematic Learning

The purpose of this study was to determine the application of thematic learning with scientific approaches and learning outcomes of class IA students of SD Inpres Ende 7. The type of research used was classroom action research with data collection techniques namely observation techniques, and tests. The results showed that the teacher's activity in the first cycle was not optimal in fostering new experiences that were meaningful and more dominant use of time to discuss themes mathematically, not optimal in making general phenomena available to later draw specific conclusions (inductive reasoning) or otherwise specific phenomena later draw conclusions as a whole (deductive reasoning). Learning outcomes are 36, 36%. In the second cycle there was an increase in teacher and student activities and 100% completeness, with an average of 78.18. It is concluded that thematic learning provides a charge for students to have comprehensive thinking skills (multi aspects), having a rational and empirical relationship. Scientific approach (scientific approach) provides space for students to observe, ask, try, process, present, conclude, and create. Thus students will use the skills to investigate and or inquiry against a phenomenon or symptoms. It is recommended to teachers to optimize the stages of thematic learning with a scientific approach to familiarize students wit

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