Thyroid gland pathology in children population exposed to the combination of iodine deficiency and fluoride pollution of environment

The article presents results of study of the impact of iodine deficiency and technogenic fluoride on the state of the thyroid gland in children. On the example of two districts of the city of Bratsk there were executed dynamic investigations (2002 and 2012), including the estimation of the pollution of ambient air and soil by fluorine compounds, levels of iodine intake by the body, the clinical examination of children aged from 5 to 7 years d and interviewing of their parents. In the course of the medical examination there were executed: physical examination by the pediatrician, endocrinologist, ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland, the determination both of serum hormone content by radioimmunoassay and urinary excretion offluorine and iodine. Concentrations of hydrogen fluoride and a solidfluorides in ambient air led to the accumulation offluoride ion in the soil. The iodine entering with drinking water and food, was established to provide only 37.5-50% of the daily requirement of iodine. Increased fluoride ion content in urine and milk teeth in children is associated with the concentrations of the fluorine-containing pollutants in the ambient air and soil. The fluoride pollution against the background of the natural iodine deficiency was established to increase the frequency of functional and morphological disorders of the thyroid gland in children.

Download Full-text

The Role of Iodine for Thyroid Function in Lactating Women and Infants

Endocrine Reviews ◽

10.1210/endrev/bnab029 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Andersson ◽

Christian P Braegger

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Infants And Toddlers ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Hormone Synthesis ◽

The Impact

Abstract Iodine is a micronutrient needed for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency or excess may alter the thyroid hormone synthesis. The potential effects on infant development depend on the degree, timing, and duration of exposure. The iodine requirement is particularly high during infancy because of elevated thyroid hormone turnover. Breastfed infants rely on iodine provided by human milk, but the iodine concentration in breast milk is determined by the maternal iodine intake. Diets in many countries cannot provide sufficient iodine, and deficiency is prevented by iodine fortification of salt. However, the coverage of iodized salt varies between countries. Epidemiological data suggest large differences in the iodine intake in lactating women, infants, and toddlers worldwide, ranging from deficient to excessive intake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and recent advances in the understanding of iodine nutrition and its association with thyroid function in lactating women, infants, and toddlers. We discuss risk factors for iodine malnutrition and the impact of targeted intervention strategies on these vulnerable population groups. We highlight the importance of appropriate definitions of optimal iodine nutrition and the need for more data assessing the risk of mild iodine deficiency for thyroid disorders during the first 2 years in life.

Download Full-text

Iodine in pregnancy and breastfeeding

10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0019 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Sir Peter Gluckman ◽

Mark Hanson ◽

Chong Yap Seng ◽

Anne Bardsley

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Attention Deficit Disorder ◽

Fetal Brain ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Food Sources ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Iodine Deficiency In Pregnancy ◽

In Pregnancy

Iodine is a key component of thyroid hormones. Development of the fetal brain and nervous system are dependent on thyroid hormones supplied by the mother via the placenta, increasing the maternal demand for iodine throughout pregnancy. Women with adequate iodine intake before conception (~150 #amp;#x03BC;g/day) can adapt to the increased demand for thyroid hormones during pregnancy, because the thyroid gland adjusts its hormonal output; but this depends on sufficient availability of dietary iodine and the integrity of the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency causes congenital hypothyroidism, and in severe form, the irreversible brain damage associated with cretinism. Moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy is associated with lower learning capacity, reduced IQ, hearing impairment, and increased risk of attention deficit disorder. Pregnant women should take a daily multivitamin that contains 150 #amp;#x00B5;g of iodine, unless they regularly consume concentrated food sources of iodine.

Download Full-text

Iodine and thyroid gland with or without nuclear catastrophe

Medicinski pregled ◽

10.2298/mpns1212489t ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 65 (11-12) ◽

pp. 489-495 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ljiljana Todorovic-Djilas ◽

Ivana Bajkin ◽

Tijana Icin ◽

Jovanka Novakovic-Paro ◽

Branka Kovacev-Zavisic

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

World Health ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

The World ◽

Excessive Iodine Intake ◽

Nuclear Catastrophe

Introduction. Iodine, as a trace element, is a necessary and limiting substrate for thyroid gland hormone synthesis. It is an essential element that enables the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones and Iodine Metabolism. Three iodine molecules are added to make triiodothyronine, and four for thyroxine - the two key hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency. The proper daily amount of iodine is required for optimal thyroid function. Iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, developmental brain disorders and goiter. Iodine deficiency is the single most common cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage in the world. It also decreases child survival, causes goiters, and impairs growth and development. Iodine deficiency disorders in pregnant women cause miscarriages, stillbirths, and other complications. Children with iodine deficiency disorders can grow up stunted, apathetic, mentally retarded, and incapable of normal movements, speech or hearing. Excessive Iodine Intake. Excessive iodine intake, which can trigger autoimmune thyroid disease and dysfunction, is on the other side. Iodine use in Case of Nuclear Catastrophe. In addition to other severe consequences of radioactivity, high amount of radioactive iodine causes significant increase in incidence of thyroid gland carcinoma after some of the nuclear catastrophes (Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Chernobyl, Fukushima). The incidence of thyroid carcinoma was increased mostly in children. This paper was aimed at clarifying some of the possibilities of prevention according to the recommendations given by the World Health Organization.

Download Full-text

Application of Geoinformation Technologies for minimization of thyroid gland diseases in the impact areas of the radioiodine fallout

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-9000 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Vladimir Baranchukov ◽

Elena Korobova ◽

Sergey Romanov

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Spatial Structure ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Chernobyl Accident ◽

Spatial Data Analysis ◽

Geochemical Background ◽

Risk Map ◽

Gis Technology ◽

Geoinformation Technologies ◽

The Impact

Modern geoinformation technologies are widely used in spatial data analysis including medical geography locating spatial distribution of site-specific diseases. Following obviously essential problems the major part of such maps have been constructed for the most dangerous diseases. Although thyroid goiter has been known since ancient times, but it was not earlier than the middle of XIXth century when Chatain has related this disease to deficiency of the particular chemical element (iodine). And not earlier than 1938 Vinogradov has coined the notion of biogeochemical provinces to distinguish areas of specific endemic disease of geochemical origin and summarized natural factors causing iodine deficiency in local diets and contributing to goiter manifestation. The Chernobyl accident has highlighted the problem of a combined negative impact of radioiodine contamination and stable iodine deficiency. Technogenic and natural isotopes of iodine have specific spatial structure and this fact opened new prospects in identification of areas under different risk levels by using GIS technology. To study the geochemical factors responsible for distribution of the thyroid gland diseases in Chernobyl fallout area we have created and develop a specialized geographic information system basing on the idea of a two-layers spatial structure of modern noosphere (Korobova, 2017) according to which the natural geochemical background reflected in the soil cover structure is overlain by technogenic contamination fields. As a result an interferential imagery is produced. This image can be interpreted as a risk map which in turn may be verified by health effects. The study was performed for 4 regions subjected to the Chernobyl accident (Bryansk, Oryol, Kaluga and Tula oblast&#8217;s). An overlay of natural iodine deficiency and technogenic iodine fallout map layers classified by 6 zones from minimum to maximum risk allowed to identify 12 zones and to evaluate a combined risk for 93 rural districts. Comparison of the created combined risk map and radionuclide contamination map with regional medical data on standardized incidence of thyroid cancer (code C-73 ICD-10) had a higher correlation (r = 0.493, n = 93) compared to the map of the levels of radionuclide loss. All this, obviously, demonstrates that the proposed GIS technology will be useful to adequately minimize in any case thyroid diseases.References Korobova, E.M. Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere. Geochem. Int. 55, 1205&#8211;1282 (2017) doi:10.1134/S001670291713002X

Download Full-text

INFLUENCE OF ALIMENTARY DEPRIVATION ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF RAT'S THYROID GLAND

Odesa National University Herald Biology ◽

10.18524/2077-1746.2021.2(49).246890 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2(49)) ◽

pp. 89-97

Author(s):

R. V. Yanko

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Functional Activity ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Digital Camera ◽

The Body ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Thyroid Cells ◽

Experimental Animals ◽

The Impact

Introduction: Despite the well-studied effect of alimentary deprivation on the body, the literature data on its effect on functional activity and, in particular, on morphological changes in the thyroid gland are single and often contradictory, which does not allow unambiguous conclusions. All this requires a more detailed study of the role and mechanisms of the impact of restricted nutrition on the thyroid gland. Aim: To investigate the effect of alimentary deprivation on morphological changes in the thyroid gland of young rats. Methods: The study was conducted on 24 male Wistar rats aged 3 months. Rats of all groups were in uniform conditions, on a standard diet. Animals of the experimental group, for 28 days, received a diet reduced by 30 %. Work with rats was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Histological preparations were made from the central areas of the thyroid tissue according to the standard method. Using a digital camera, the micropreparations were photographed under a Nikon Eclipse E 100 microscope (Japan). Morphometry was performed using a computer program "Image J". Results: Histological analysis of the rat's thyroid gland affected by alimentary deprivation revealed that it had an unchanged physiological structure. The follicles were mostly of oval shape and of various sizes. Colloid in the follicles of experimental animals is of moderate density and contains numerous resorption vacuoles. Thyroid cells are of prismatic and cubic shape. It was found that in the thyroid gland of experimental rats the area of follicles, colloid, their inner diameter decreases, the height of thyrocytes increases, the stereological resorption index increases and the colloid accumulation index decreases, the number of interfollicular islands increases. Also in experimental animals there was a decrease in the width of the interlobar and interfollicular connective tissue. Conclusion: In rats fed on a reduced diet, morphological signs of increased functional activity of the thyroid gland were found.

Download Full-text

SAT-442 The Impact of Chronic Excess Iodine Intake in Adult Mice Behavior

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1180 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Izuki Amano ◽

Yusuke Takatsuru ◽

Asahi Haijima ◽

Shogo Haraguchi ◽

Noriyuki Koibuchi

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

The United States ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Learning Ability ◽

Behavioral Analysis ◽

Novel Object ◽

Iodine Excess ◽

Excess Iodine ◽

The Impact

Abstract Iodine is one of the essential micronutrient which is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Thus, iodine deficiency may result in the hypothyroidism. Iodine deficiency is one of the most common causes of preventable mental retardation and brain damage in the world. On the other hand, Japanese iodine intake exceeds that of most other countries, due to the significant seaweed consumption such as kelp. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare estimates average iodine consumption at 1.2mg/day in Japan. In contrast, the recommended tolerable upper intake levels for adult is 1.1 mg / day in the United States. Generally, Japanese takes twenty times higher amount of iodine than Americans. Iodine tolerance among individual humans varies greatly, and the excess iodine can cause both hyper- and hypo- thyroidism. Furthermore, the effect of thyroid dysfunction due to iodine excess on brain function has not been clarified. In this study, we generated a mouse models for chronic iodine excess and evaluated its effect on brain development. C57BL/6 dams and their pups mice were treated with KIO3 37.4mg/l through drinking water. Behavioral experiments (novel object recognition test, novel object in location test, visual discrimination test, and three-room social behavior test) were conducted at 10-weeks-old. After the behavioral analysis, mice were sacrificed to collect trunk blood and tissues. Excess iodine intake caused hypertrophy of thyroid follicles regardless of the administered dose. However, there were no differences in thyroid hormone status among groups. Thyroid hormone responsive genes in the hippocampus were also not affected in experiment group. In the behavioral analysis, female mice showed an increase in learning ability. In summary, although the chronic overdose of iodine does not affect thyroid hormone levels, it may affect cognitive learning function. The gender difference in the consequence was also observed. These results indicate that the chronic iodine excess may cause various changes, although the body is tolerable with excess iodine.

Download Full-text

ASSESSMENT OF THE CARCINOGENIC RISK FOR THE POPULATION OF ULAN-UDE

Hygiene and Sanitation ◽

10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-1-90-93 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 98 (1) ◽

pp. 90-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N. V. Efimova ◽

S. S. Khankharev ◽

Vladimir R. Motorov ◽

E. V. Madeeva

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

The Body ◽

Social Significance ◽

Chromium Vi ◽

The Republic ◽

Cadmium Lead ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

Introduction. Oncological pathology has a high medical and social significance, so it is important to study the conditions of its formation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cumulative carcinogenic risk for the population of the administrative center of the Republic of Buryatia (Ulan-Ude). Material and methods. The identification of the carcinogenic hazard caused by the entry of chemical ingredients into the ambient air was carried out in 2005-2015. The exposure assessment is based on long-term average annual concentrations of carcinogens in the air, drinking water, food. Indices of comparative carcinogenic hazard (HCR) and individual carcinogenic risk (ICR) are calculated. Results. The huge engineering enterprises are sources of several substances with carcinogenic effects (formaldehyde, chrome VI, cadmium, niсkel, epichlorohydrin, etc.).The individual carcinogenic risk for residents of Ulan-Ude is included in the range unacceptable for the general population. The main pathway for chemical agents to enter the body is inhalation (79%). The greatest contribution to the total individual carcinogenic risk on admission from the air was made by formaldehyde, chromium VI and Benz(a)pyrene. Priority carcinogens coming from drinking water and food are arsenic, cadmium, lead. Conclusion. Results of the assessment of individual carcinogenic risk in Ulan-Ude indicate an unacceptable level of the impact on the population. The assessment has a number of uncertainties, which determines the need to further improve the monitoring system for carcinogenic hazards.

Download Full-text

Goitre or Iodine deficiency disorder – there is more than meets the eye

JMS SKIMS ◽

10.33883/jms.v15i1.101 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Shariq R Masoodi

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Brain Damage ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Essential Element ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Well Being ◽

The Body ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorder

THIS ARTICLE HAS NO ABSTRACT (FIRST 100 WORDS OF THE ARTICLE ARE DISPLAYED): Iodine deficiency is the world's most widespread, yet easily preventable, cause of brain damage. Iodine is an essential element that is needed for the production of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which are essential for the normal growth and development, and well being of all humans. Iodine was discovered by Courtois in 1811 as a violet vapor arising from seaweed ash while manufacturing gunpowder for Napoleon's army. Gay-Lussac identified it as a new element, and named it iodine, from the Greek for “violet.” Iodine was found in the thyroid gland by 1 Baumann in 1895. The body does. JMS 2012;15(1):1-3.

Download Full-text

Condition of tiny dogs’ homeostasis diagnosed having “spuria polyodontia”

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20201700148 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 00148

Author(s):

Darya D. Morozova ◽

Alexander V. Krasnikov ◽

Ekaterina S. Krasnikova ◽

Vyacheslav V. Annikov ◽

Ilsur G. Galimzyanov

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Thyroid Gland ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Dental Care ◽

Bone Mineralization ◽

The Body ◽

General Increase ◽

Milk Teeth ◽

Calcium And Phosphorus ◽

Veterinary Hospital

Nowadays special attention must be paid to pathology associated with the violation of the change of milk teeth to permanent of dogs of dwarf breeds. This fact is confirmed by the results of a statistical analysis of appeals from dog owners to specialized dental care at the “Veterinary Hospital”: 33 % of the animals were diagnosed with “false polyodontics” a general increase in the number of teeth due to non-temporal loss. In the literature, it is noted that the hormones of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, sex hormones regulate the exchange of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, thereby affecting the speed of tooth changes and the degree of bone mineralization. As a result of the research, the authors determined the features of hormonal and mineral homeostasis of the body during the period of teeth change in dogs of dwarf breeds at the age of 6 months in the blood serum, characterized by the thyroid gland profile, sex hormones – at the lower reference values, increased phosphorus and calcium levels.

Download Full-text

Iodine Status in the Colombian Population and the Impact of Universal Salt Iodization: A Double-Edged Sword?

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2019/6239243 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Hernando Vargas-Uricoechea ◽

María Virginia Pinzón-Fernández ◽

Beatriz Eugenia Bastidas-Sánchez ◽

Elisa Jojoa-Tobar ◽

Luis Eduardo Ramírez-Bejarano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Intellectual Development ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽

Poor Mental Health ◽

Iodine Excess ◽

Salt Iodization ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

The Impact

Iodine deficiency and iodine excess have severe consequences on human health and have been associated with the presence of goiter, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, thyroid nodules and thyroid autoimmunity, poor mental health, and impaired intellectual development. Universal salt iodization programs have been considered one of the most cost-effective interventions for the prevention of iodine deficiency-associated disorders, as evidenced over time since the implementation of such programs. However, these efforts have also led to an excessive consumption of iodine in certain geographical regions, due to salt overuse. Consequently, the amount of iodine derived from salt intake exceeds the established limits required for achieving the right balance between salt consumption and health benefits and leads to undesirable health effects. In Colombia, the recommendations and standards for the production and commercialization of iodized salt are fully complied with. Nevertheless, there is a remarkable rate of iodine excess among the country’s population, which, at least hypothetically, represents a higher risk for developing functional and structural disorders of the thyroid gland. This review analyzes universal salt iodization programs worldwide, particularly their impact on the thyroid gland and the results of the studies conducted in Colombia following the implementation of such strategy.

Download Full-text