Determination of Positional Skin-Surface Pressures in Premature Infants

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenora Marcellus
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Postconceptional Age ◽  
Maximal Pressure ◽  
The Mean

Purpose: To describe the skin-surface pressure distributions and points of maximal pressure that are generated by healthy premature infants in the supine, prone, and right side–lying positions.Design: A descriptive, repeated-measures design.Sample: Four medically stable premature infants of 34 weeks postconceptional age. The mean weight was 2,180 gm, and the mean age was 24.5 days.Results: Similar regions of increased skin-surface pressures were identified for the four infants. Within areas of peak pressure, some sensor cells reached 28–32 millimeters of mercury, which is considered to be the critical compressive pressure for obstruction of nutritive flow to the underlying body tissues. These descriptive results may be a starting point for development of research studies to determine positioning strategies to optimize the skin integrity of premature infants while minimizing unnecessary handling.

scholarly journals Effects of the Carrier Phrase on Word Recognition Performances by Younger and Older Listeners Using Two Stimulus Paradigms

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (06) ◽  
pp. 412-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Wilson ◽  
Victoria A. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Speaker Recognition ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Test Word ◽  
Root Mean Square Amplitude ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background In the 1950s, with monitored live voice testing, the vu meter time constant and the short durations and amplitude modulation characteristics of monosyllabic words necessitated the use of the carrier phrase amplitude to monitor (indirectly) the presentation level of the words. This practice continues with recorded materials. To relieve the carrier phrase of this function, first the influence that the carrier phrase has on word recognition performance needs clarification, which is the topic of this study. Purpose Recordings of Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 by two female speakers were used to compare word recognition performances with and without the carrier phrases when the carrier phrase and test word were (1) in the same utterance stream with the words excised digitally from the carrier (VA-1 speaker) and (2) independent of one another (VA-2 speaker). The 50-msec segment of the vowel in the target word with the largest root mean square amplitude was used to equate the target word amplitudes. Research Design A quasi-experimental, repeated measures design was used. Study Sample Twenty-four young normal-hearing adults (YNH; M = 23.5 years; pure-tone average [PTA] = 1.3-dB HL) and 48 older hearing loss listeners (OHL; M = 71.4 years; PTA = 21.8-dB HL) participated in two, one-hour sessions. Data Collection and Analyses Each listener had 16 listening conditions (2 speakers × 2 carrier phrase conditions × 4 presentation levels) with 100 randomized words, 50 different words by each speaker. Each word was presented 8 times (2 carrier phrase conditions × 4 presentation levels [YNH, 0- to 24-dB SL; OHL, 6- to 30-dB SL]). The 200 recorded words for each condition were randomized as 8, 25-word tracks. In both test sessions, one practice track was followed by 16 tracks alternated between speakers and randomized by blocks of the four conditions. Central tendency and repeated measures analyses of variance statistics were used. Results With the VA-1 speaker, the overall mean recognition performances were 6.0% (YNH) and 8.3% (OHL) significantly better with the carrier phrase than without the carrier phrase. These differences were in part attributed to the distortion of some words caused by the excision of the words from the carrier phrases. With the VA-2 speaker, recognition performances on the with and without carrier phrase conditions by both listener groups were not significantly different, except for one condition (YNH listeners at 8-dB SL). The slopes of the mean functions were steeper for the YNH listeners (3.9%/dB to 4.8%/dB) than for the OHL listeners (2.4%/dB to 3.4%/dB) and were <1%/dB steeper for the VA-1 speaker than for the VA-2 speaker. Although the mean results were clear, the variability in performance differences between the two carrier phrase conditions for the individual participants and for the individual words was striking and was considered in detail. Conclusion The current data indicate that word recognition performances with and without the carrier phrase (1) were different when the carrier phrase and target word were produced in the same utterance with poorer performances when the target words were excised from their respective carrier phrases (VA-1 speaker), and (2) were the same when the carrier phrase and target word were produced as independent utterances (VA-2 speaker).

scholarly journals Serum Folate Forms Are Stable during Repeated Analysis in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid and during Frozen Sample Storage

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 993-1002
Author(s):  
Neelima Paladugula ◽  
Zia Fazili ◽  
Maya R Sternberg ◽  
Gwendolyn Gabey ◽  
Christine M Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Storage Stability ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Repeat Analysis ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Serum folate forms, and particularly tetrahydrofolate, are sensitive to oxidation. Methods Using a repeated measures design, we investigated the stability of folate forms in convenience samples with added ascorbic acid (AA; 5 g/L) analyzed initially and after variable (approximately 1–33 weeks) storage time at −70 °C. We examined the recovery of tetrahydrofolate added at different spiking levels to serum with and without AA (5 g/L). We also assessed the long-term frozen storage stability of folate forms. Results Repeat analysis produced consistent results with the initial analysis; the mean relative change (95% CI; Lin's concordance correlation between initial and repeat result; sample size) was 0.08% (−0.24% to 0.39%; rc = 0.999; n = 301) for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 4.23% (2.44%–6.05%; rc = 0.984; n = 211) for pyrazino-s-triazine derivative of 4α-hydroxy-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (MeFox), −0.22% (−1.90% to 1.49%; rc = 0.986; n = 214) for folic acid, and 1.49% (−2.71% to 5.88%; rc = 0.889; n = 81) for tetrahydrofolate. Linear regression testing for a time trend indicated an estimated average percent change of less than ±5% for samples retested after 4 months: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate Ptrend = 0.0007, folic acid Ptrend &lt; 0.0001, MeFox Ptrend = 0.38, and tetrahydrofolate Ptrend = 0.0256. The mean ± SD tetrahydrofolate spiking recovery was 96.7% ± 9.4% for serum with added AA, but &lt;50% for serum without added AA. We observed ≤10% loss for most serum folate forms during 4 years of storage at −70 °C. Conclusions Serum containing added AA showed acceptable stability of folate forms during repeat analysis from the same vial within 4 months, complete spiking recovery of tetrahydrofolate during sample processing, and long-term frozen storage stability of folate forms.

Effect of exercise intensity and duration on postexercise metabolism

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 2362-2368 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Gore ◽  
R. T. Withers
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Male Subjects

Data are reported on the net recovery O2 consumption (VO2) for nine male subjects (mean age 21.9 yr, VO2max 63.0 ml.kg-1.min-1, body fat 10.6%) used in a 3 (independent variables: intensities of 30, 50, and 70% VO2max) x 3 (independent variables: durations of 20, 50, and 80 min) repeated measures design (P less than or equal to 0.05). The 8-h mean excess postexercise O2 consumptions (EPOCs) for the 20-, 50-, and 80-min bouts, respectively, were 1.01, 1.43, and 1.04 liters at 30% VO2max (6.8 km/h); 3.14, 5.19, and 6.10 liters at 50% VO2max (9.5 km/h); and 5.68, 10.04, and 14.59 liters at 70% VO2max (13.4 km/h). The mean net total O2 costs (NTOC = net exercise VO2 + EPOC) for the 20-, 50-, and 80-min bouts, respectively, were 20.48, 53.20, and 84.23 liters at 30% VO2max; 38.95, 100.46, and 160.59 liters at 50% VO2max; and 58.30, 147.48, and 237.17 liters at 70% VO2max. The nine EPOCs ranged only from 1.0 to 8.9% of the NTOC (mean 4.8%) of the exercise. These data, therefore, indicate that in well-trained subjects the 8-h EPOC per se comprises a very small percentage of the NTOC of exercise.

scholarly journals Effects of the Nursing Therapeutics Program for Facilitating Patient Transition (NTPFPT) on Subjective Well-Being, Role Mastery, and Relationships’ Well-Being among Adult Stroke Patients in Bandung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-475
Author(s):  
Cecep Eli KOSASIH ◽  
Busakorn PUNTHMATHARITH ◽  
Umaporn BOONYASOPUN
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Role Mastery ◽  
Experimental Group

This quasi-experimental, repeated measures design was used to examine the effects of the nursing therapeutics program for facilitating patient transition (NTPFPT) on subjective well-being, role mastery, and relationships’ well-being among adult patients who suffered from stroke in Indonesia. Purposive sampling was used to recruit the sample. The control group (n = 42) received the routine care, while the experimental group (n = 42) received the NTPFPT and routine care. The data were collected using 1) the subjective well-being inventory, 2) the role function mode, and 3) the brief family relationship scale. The Chronbach’s alpha coefficients of questionnaires 1 - 3 were .89, .77 and .89, respectively. Descriptive statistics, repeated measures ANOVA, one-way ANOWA, and t-test were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that significant differences of the mean scores of subjective well-being, role mastery and relationships’ well-being were found between the control and experimental groups (p < .000) and between three times (e.g., Day 3 of hospitalization, T1; one day before discharge, T2; and one month after discharge, T3) within group (p < .000). Significant differences between all three pair wise comparisons of these three variables were found in the experimental group (p < .000) while, two pair wise comparisons showed significant differences in the control group. The mean scores of the three variables in the experimental group measured at T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < .000) whereas those of measured at T1 showed no significant differences between two groups (p > .05). Thus, it is appropriate for nurses to provide the NTPFPT to stroke patients and families. The results revealed that significant differences of the mean scores of subjective well-being, role mastery and well-being of relationships were found between the control and experimental groups (p < .000) and between three times (e.g., Day 3 of hospitalization, T1; one day before discharge, T2; and one month after discharge, T3)within group (p < .000).Significant differences between all three pair wise comparisons of these three variables were found in the experimental group (p < .000) whereas in the control group, only two pair wise comparisons were significant differences. The mean scores of the three variables in the experimental group measured at T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < .000) whereas those of measured at T1 were non significant differences between two groups (p > .05). Thus, it is appropriate for nurses to provide the NTPFPT to stroke patients and families.

A Pilot Home Study of Temporal Variations of Symptoms in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia McCarley ◽  
Sandra K. Hanneman ◽  
Nikhil Padhye ◽  
Michael H. Smolensky
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Home Study ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Design Protocol

The purposes of this pilot study are to describe the 24-hr patterns of dyspnea, fatigue, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and examine their interrelationships. The repeated-measures design protocol involved 10 patients with moderate to severe COPD who self-assessed dyspnea, fatigue, and PEFR five times a day for 8 days. Circadian rhythms were documented by single cosinor analysis in 40% of the participants for dyspnea, 60% for fatigue, and 60% for PEFR. The 8-day, 24-hr means of dyspnea and fatigue were moderately correlated; 70% of the sample displayed significant correlations. The means of PEFR and both dyspnea and fatigue were weakly negatively correlated. The findings suggest that circadian rhythm in lung function may not be temporally coupled with the circadian rhythm in dyspnea and fatigue in all patients and that the mean self-perceived levels of dyspnea and fatigue are moderately related.

Skin Oxygen Permeability in Premature Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-491
Author(s):  
Hans T. Versmold ◽  
Mathäus Holzmann ◽  
Otwin Linderkamp ◽  
Klaus P. Riegel
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Oxygen Diffusion ◽  
Oxygen Permeability ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Arterial Po2 ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Transcutaneous Po2

While 24 newborn infants (ages, 2 to 48 hours; gestational ages, 24 to 42 weeks) breathed various concentrations of oxygen, the PO2 values on their unheated skin surface were measured by an unheated microcathode electrode for transcutaneous PO2 monitoring. In infants with arterial PO2 values in the range of 50 to 100 torr and with similar skin temperatures, the mean surface PO2 of unheated skin was inversely related to birth weight: 27.2 torr in infants weighing less than 1,500 gm, 14.3 torr in infants weighing 1,500 to 2,500 gm, and 2.9 torr in infants weighing more than 2,500 gm. In the smallest infants, the skin surface PO2 was significantly related to arterial P02: it was about one third of arterial PO2 as estimated by a second electrode for transcutaneous PO2 monitoring heated to 44°C. Phototherapy, crying, or blood transfusion increased the surface P02 of unheated skin, but not the tcPO2 measured at 44°C. These findings suggest that blood flow to the skin in excess of its metabolic needs due to immature control of cutaneous circulation, along with low resistance to oxygen diffusion, determines the high oxygen permeability of skin in premature infants.

The influence of selected factors and sport results of endurance horses on their saliva cortisol concentration

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Janczarek ◽  
A. Bereznowski ◽  
K. Strzelec
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cortisol Level ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Hormone Level ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The aim of the study was to define the influence of the selected factors (gender, age, transportation time, riding distance and air temperature during the ride) on the cortisol secretion and finding a correlation between the hormone level and the horses’ sport results (veterinary parameters and the ride route parameters). The research was performed on 38 Arabian pure breed horses taking part in the endurance rides. The cortisol level was measured with enzyme-immunological method in saliva samples, taken four times from each horse. In order to verify the differences between the mean results the repeated measures design was applied. The significance of the differences between the mean values was determined by the Tukey test. To evaluate the interrelations between the analysed attributes Pearson’s correlation analysis was applied. The cortisol level at rest was not affected by any of the analysed factors. In case of other results, the most significant influence (P ≤ 0.05) was related to the gender, as well as the ride distance and air temperature during the ride. Higher cortisol level was noted in mares, horses running the longest distances and at the highest temperatures. A significant increase in the cortisol level was noted when the ride distance was longer. There were no clear correlation between the adrenal cortex activity and the veterinary parameters at different riding speed. High cortisol concentration can negatively affect the heart rate (HR) by increasing it, but it can simultaneously stimulate the body to fight dehydration.

The cognitive and behavioral impact of a culinary education program on schoolchildren

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Al Ali ◽  
Andres Arriaga ◽  
Margarita Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Education Program ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Culinary Education

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design a culinary education program and ascertain its impact on knowledge, phobias, culinary skills and diet quality in schoolchildren. Design/methodology/approach Repeated measures design to determine changes after the implementation of the culinary education program in a pre-school and primary school located in a Madrid (Spain) neighborhood with a low socioeconomic level. A total of 58 children agreed to participate in the program and 40 parents authorized the evaluation of the effect of the program. Variables were measured with Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon-signed range test for quantitative variables. Effect size was calculated by Cohen’s d. Findings The mean scores in knowledge and beliefs improved from 5.0 to 7.8 (P < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 1), the mean value obtained in the food phobias test decreased from 24.6 to 20.7 (P = 0.01; Cohen’s d = 0.53), diet quality on Kid Med Test score increased from 7.4 to 8.2 (P = 0.06; Cohen’s d = 0.38), and the children improved their culinary skills from 21.2 to 27.9 (P < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.66). Research limitations/implications Self-declared data could lead to information biases. Other limitations were the lack of control group and a scarce statistical power that could explain the absence of statistical significance in the results on diet quality. To observe the effects of this change on eating habits, long-term evaluations would have to be carried out. Originality/value The brand-new culinary education program had a positive effect on children’s knowledge of nutrition and culinary skills as well as reducing food phobias. This proposal is beyond the state-of-the-art and could be implemented elsewhere with a robust effect on children, parents and educators.

List Equivalency of the AzBio Sentence Test in Noise for Listeners with Normal-Hearing Sensitivity or Cochlear Implants

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (07) ◽  
pp. 501-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Schafer ◽  
Jody Pogue ◽  
Tyler Milrany
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Speech Recognition In Noise

Background: Speech recognition abilities of adults and children using cochlear implants (CIs) are significantly degraded in the presence of background noise, making this an important area of study and assessment by CI manufacturers, researchers, and audiologists. However, at this time there are a limited number of fixed-intensity sentence recognition tests available that also have multiple, equally intelligible lists in noise. One measure of speech recognition, the AzBio Sentence Test, provides 10-talker babble on the commercially available compact disc; however, there is no published evidence to support equivalency of the 15-sentence lists in noise for listeners with normal hearing (NH) or CIs. Furthermore, there is limited or no published data on the reliability, validity, and normative data for this test in noise for listeners with CIs or NH. Purpose: The primary goals of this study were to examine the equivalency of the AzBio Sentence Test lists at two signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in participants with NH and at one SNR for participants with CIs. Analyses were also conducted to establish the reliability, validity, and preliminary normative data for the AzBio Sentence Test for listeners with NH and CIs. Research Design: A cross-sectional, repeated measures design was used to assess speech recognition in noise for participants with NH or CIs. Study Sample: The sample included 14 adults with NH and 12 adults or adolescents with Cochlear Freedom CI sound processors. Participants were recruited from the University of North Texas clinic population or from local CI centers. Data Collection and Analysis: Speech recognition was assessed using the 15 lists of the AzBio Sentence Test and the 10-talker babble. With the intensity of the sentences fixed at 73 dB SPL, listeners with NH were tested at 0 and −3 dB SNRs, and participants with CIs were tested at a +10 dB SNR. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. Results: The primary analyses revealed significant differences in performance across the 15 lists on the AzBio Sentence Test for listeners with NH and CIs. However, a follow-up analysis revealed no significant differences in performance across 10 of the 15 lists. Using the 10, equally-intelligible lists, a comparison of speech recognition performance across the two groups suggested similar performance between NH participants at a −3 dB SNR and the CI users at a +10 SNR. Several additional analyses were conducted to support the reliability and validity of the 10 equally intelligible AzBio sentence lists in noise, and preliminary normative data were provided. Conclusions: Ten lists of the commercial version of the AzBio Sentence Test may be used as a reliable and valid measure of speech recognition in noise in listeners with NH or CIs. The equivalent lists may be used for a variety of purposes including audiological evaluations, determination of CI candidacy, hearing aid and CI programming considerations, research, and recommendations for hearing assistive technology. In addition, the preliminary normative data provided in this study establishes a starting point for the creation of comprehensive normative data for the AzBio Sentence Test.

Longitudinal assessment of intraocular pressure in premature infants

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Ozlem Balci ◽  
Cafer Tanriverdi ◽  
Gokhan Gulkilik ◽  
Cengiz Aras ◽  
Ayhan Tastekin
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Longitudinal Change ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Postconceptional Age ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Purpose: To investigate the longitudinal change in intraocular pressure (IOP) in premature infants and to establish a normative IOP value. Methods: Forty premature infants with a gestational age (GA) of 26 weeks were enrolled in this longitudinal study. Measurements were taken initially at 28 weeks postconceptional age (PCA) and at 2-week intervals up to 40 weeks PCA. Intraocular pressure was measured with a hand-held tonometer (Tono-Pen XL; Reichert Inc.). Results: From 40 (22 male, 18 female) premature Caucasian infants, seven (for each eye) IOP measurements were obtained. Mean GA was 26 weeks and mean birthweight was 820 ± 112 grams. The mean IOP was 15.1 ± 1.2 mm Hg and 14.9 ± 1.1 mm Hg for the right and left eyes, respectively. The mean IOP in both eyes for all measurements was 15.0 ± 1.1 mm Hg. At 28 weeks PCA, 9 (22.5%) preterm infants had IOP values greater than 20 mm Hg. The mean IOPs at 28 weeks, 30 weeks, 32 weeks, 34 weeks, 36 weeks, 38 weeks, and 40 weeks PCA were 18.7 ± 1.1 mm Hg, 16.9 ± 0.9 mm Hg, 15.3 ± 0.9 mm Hg, 14.1 ± 1.3 mm Hg, 13.7 ± 1.3 mm Hg, 13.4 ± 1.4 mm Hg, and 13.1 ± 1.3 mm Hg, respectively. A significant decrease in IOP measurements was found up to 34 weeks PCA, with no significant decline in IOP measurements after that point (F = 109.7, p<0.01). There was a negative correlation between IOP and PCA (r = −0.712, p<0.01). Conclusions: The mean IOP of premature infants was 15.0 ± 1.1 mm Hg and IOP values decreased significantly up to 34 weeks PCA, indicating a decline trend approaching the term period.

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