scholarly journals The Relation of Violence Exposure and Ethnicity to Intelligence and Verbal-Performance Discrepancies in Incarcerated Male Adolescents

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne C. Perkins ◽  
Joanne P. Smith-Darden ◽  
Sandra A. Graham-Bermann
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
National Norms ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Incarcerated Adolescents

Incarcerated populations have an estimated incidence of intellectual disabilities (IDs) far higher than national norms, ranging as high as 10%. In the present study, the relation between ID and violence exposure in 115 incarcerated adolescents was examined. Interpersonal violence exposure (IPV-E) predicted an average decrease in full scale IQ of 4.5 points, explaining approximately 5% of the difference in IQ. Child maltreatment increased the odds of having a verbal disability by three folds and explained 17% of the variance in verbal disability. Hierarchical regression was used to examine the relative contribution of ethnicity, poverty, and violence exposure to intellectual functioning. The literature on racial bias in incarceration and the implications for the present study are discussed.

Beyond Fundamental Dimensions of Mood in Predicting Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in Victims of Interpersonal Violence: Examining the Role of Dispositional Optimism in Chinese Females With and Without Experience of Victimization

2021 ◽  
pp. 107780122110309
Author(s):  
Yifeng Du ◽  
Olivia D. Chang ◽  
Mingqi Li ◽  
Misu Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
Dispositional Optimism ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Regression Analyses

The present study tested a prediction model involving affectivity and dispositional optimism as predictors of suicide risk (i.e., depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation) in young adult Chinese females with and without prior interpersonal violence (IPV) victimization (294 nonvictimized and 94 victimized females). Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that negative affectivity was a significant predictor of both depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation for Chinese females, regardless of IPV victimization. Beyond affectivity, dispositional optimism was found to further add to the prediction model of depressive symptoms in both groups, but only for suicidal ideation in the IPV victimized group.

scholarly journals Two Rapid Screens for Detecting Probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Interpersonal Violence Exposure: Predictive Utility in a Juvenile Justice Sample

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damion J. Grasso ◽  
Christine Doyle ◽  
Ron Koon
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Predictive Utility ◽  
Risk Characteristics ◽  
Post Traumatic

The Trauma-Related Symptoms and Impairment Rapid Screen (TSIRS) and the Dimensions of Violence Exposure Rapid Screen (DVERS) are two new tools designed to detect traumatic stress symptoms and high-risk characteristics of trauma exposure. Each screen contains 10 yes-or-no questions and is estimated to take approximately 2 min to complete. The rapid screens were developed to address the demand for efficient, effective, and user-friendly tools for use in settings where universal screening of trauma and related symptoms is recommended, but training and expertise in clinical assessment are generally lacking or absent. The purpose of the current study was to examine the predictive utility of the TSIRS and DVERS in detecting probable post-traumatic stress disorder and poly-victimization assessed via a validated self-report instrument. Data were collected on a sample of 218 detained adolescents. Results provide initial support for the predictive utility of the TSIRS and DVERS in a justice-involved sample.

scholarly journals Experimental Study of Vibrational Acceleration Spread and Comparison Using Three Citrus Canopy Shaker Shaking Tines

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Hu Liu ◽  
Reza Ehsani ◽  
Arash Toudeshki ◽  
Xiang-Jun Zou ◽  
Hong-Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Vibrational Acceleration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Canopy Shaker

The goal of this article is to experimentally study how the vibrational acceleration spreads along the branch shaken by PVC tine, steel tine, and nylon tine for citrus canopy shaking harvesting and to compare the difference. PVC tine and steel tine have potential to be used as shaking rod for citrus canopy shaking harvesting. Nylon tine is a commonly used shaking rod. A tractor-mounted canopy shaker was developed to do the trial. The shaking frequency was set at 2.5 and 5 Hz. Experimental results showed that the vibrational acceleration at the shaking spot is not the highest. Spreading from shaking spot to the stem, it increases evidently. When spreading from stems of the outside subbranch to stems of the nearest inside subbranch, its average decrease percentage is 42%. The overall vibrational acceleration of shaking at 5 Hz is 1.85 times as high as shaking at 2.5 Hz. The overall vibrational acceleration exerted by straight PVC tine and steel tine is 1.77 and 1.97 times as high as that exerted by straight nylon tine, respectively. It is indicated that replacing nylon tine with steel tine or PVC tine helps remove the fruits inside the canopy. Replacing with steel tine is more effective than with PVC tine.

Effect of Mother’s Employment on Aggression of Board Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Prachi Bhatt Deolal ◽  
Madhu Lata Nayal
Keyword(s):  
Personal Data ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Employed Mothers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Aggression Level

The present study aimed to find out the difference in the aggression level of Board Students of employed and non-employed mothers. Total sample of 200 students was taken from five CBSE affiliated schools of Pithoragarh district (Uttarakhand). Personal data schedule along with the Aggression Scale was used to calculate the result. Aggression Scale used in the study was developed by Pal and Naqvi (2000) which comprised of 60 questions. Stratified Random Sampling was used to select the data and t-test was applied to calculate the level of significance. While compiling the results, significant difference was found between the male and female adolescents of 10th standard of employed mothers and even between the male and female adolescents of 12th standard of employed mothers. Male and female adolescents of 12th standard of non-employed mother have also shown significant difference on the level of aggression. In all the three cases Male adolescents have shown greater aggression than female adolescents.

scholarly journals Turnover of *I-protein C inhibitor and *I-alpha 1-antitrypsin and their complexes with activated protein C

Blood ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2290-2295 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Laurell ◽  
J Stenflo ◽  
TH Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Complex Formation ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Activated Protein C ◽  
Human Protein ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Protein C Inhibitor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Alpha 1 Antitrypsin

Abstract The rates of clearance and catabolism of human protein C inhibitor (PCI) and human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and their complexes with human activated protein C (APC) were studied in the rabbit. The radioiodinated-free inhibitors had biologic half-lives of 23.4 and 62.1 hours, respectively, while the corresponding *I-labeled activated- protein C complexes were cleared with half-lives of 19.6 +/- 3.1 and 72.2 +/- 6.1 minutes. Complex clearances were linked to their catabolism as shown by a correlation between clearance and the appearance of free radioiodine in the plasma. Thus, the difference in the rates of catabolism would result in a fivefold greater amount of alpha 1-AT-APC complex than PCI-APC complex 1 hour after the formation of equal amounts of these in vivo. These results lead to the conclusion that the relative contribution of PCI and alpha 1-AT to the physiologic inhibition of APC cannot be determined only from the rates of the formation of these complexes in vitro, or from measurement of their levels in plasma. The APC-PCI complex is unstable as compared with the APC-alpha 1-AT complex, compounding the problem of estimating rates of complex formation from their levels in plasma.

scholarly journals Racial Identity, Masculinities, and Violence Exposure: Perspectives From Male Adolescents in Marginalized Neighborhoods

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 638-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Quam ◽  
Cortney VanHook ◽  
Nicholas Szoko ◽  
Andrew Passarello ◽  
Elizabeth Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Male Adolescents

scholarly journals Variation in Drosophila sensory bristle number at ‘Evolution Canyon’

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD F. LYMAN ◽  
EVIATAR NEVO ◽  
TRUDY F. C. MACKAY
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
The North ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Bristle Number ◽  
Evolution Canyon ◽  
The Difference ◽  
North And South

‘Evolution Canyon’ on Mount Carmel, Israel, displays highly contrasting physical and biotic environments on a micro-geographic scale, and is a natural laboratory for investigating genetic responses to variable and extreme environments across species. Samples of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans were collected from three sites each on the north- and south-facing slopes of the canyon along altitudinal transects, and one site on the valley floor. Numbers of abdominal and sternopleural sensory bristles were recorded for each of these subpopulations in three thermal environments. In D. simulans, sternopleural bristle number exhibited micro-geographic differentiation between the north- and south-facing slopes, while abdominal bristle number was stable across subpopulations. In D. melanogaster, the magnitudes of the difference in mean sternopleural bristle number between the north- and south-facing slopes and of mean abdominal bristle number along the altitudinal gradients were both conditional on rearing temperature. Thus, the pattern of genetic variation between sites was consistent with underlying heterogeneity of genetic mechanisms for response to the same environmental gradients between traits and sibling species. In contrast, the genetic architecture of bristle number at the level of variation within populations was very similar between species for the same bristle trait, although the two traits differed in the relative contribution of genotype by temperature and genotype by sex interaction.

Bradykinin metabolism in rat hearts with left-ventricular hypertrophy following myocardial infarction

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 740-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Josée Dumoulin ◽  
Albert Adam ◽  
Jean-Lucien Rouleau ◽  
Hugues Gosselin ◽  
Daniel Lamontagne
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Neutral Endopeptidase ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Coronary Artery Ligation ◽  
Artery Ligation ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Level Of Significance

The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) in the coronary degradation of bradykinin (BK) after left-ventricular hypertrophy following myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Myocardial infarction was induced by left descendant coronary artery ligation, and the contribution of ACE and NEP in the degradation of exogenous BK after a single passage through the coronary bed was assessed at 2, 5, and 36 days post-MI. BK degradation rate (Vmax/Km) was found to be significantly lower in hearts at 36 days (3.30 ± 0.28 min–1) compared with 2 days (4.39 ± 0.32 min–1) for noninfarcted hearts, but this reduction was just above the statistical level of significance for post-MI hearts. In infarcted hearts, Vmax/Km was increased significantly 5 days post-MI (4.91 ± 0.28 min–1) compared with the 2 and 36 day-groups (3.43 ± 0.20 and 2.78 ± 0.16 min–1, respectively). The difference between noninfarcted and MI was significant only 2 days post-MI. Treatment with the vasopeptidase inhibitor, omapatrilat, showed that the relative contribution of ACE and NEP combined increased over time in infarcted hearts and became significantly higher 36 versus 2 days post-MI. Finally, the treatment with an ACE inhibitor (enalaprilat) and a NEP inhibitor (retrothiorphan) in the 36-day infarcted and noninfarcted hearts showed that the relative contribution of ACE in infarcted hearts was comparable with that of noninfarcted hearts, whereas the relative contribution of NEP was increased significantly in infarcted hearts. In conclusion, experimental MI in rats induces complex changes in the metabolism of exogenous BK. The changes resulted in an increased relative contribution of NEP 36 days after infarction.Key words: bradykinin, ACE, NEP, myocardial infarction.

scholarly journals Violence exposure and neural systems underlying working memory for emotional stimuli in youth

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1517-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Jenness ◽  
Maya L. Rosen ◽  
Kelly A. Sambrook ◽  
Meg J. Dennison ◽  
Hilary K. Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Middle Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Left Middle

AbstractViolence exposure during childhood is common and associated with poor cognitive and academic functioning. However, little is known about how violence exposure influences cognitive processes that might contribute to these disparities, such as working memory, or their neural underpinnings, particularly for cognitive processes that occur in emotionally salient contexts. We address this gap in a sample of 54 participants aged 8 to 19 years (50% female), half with exposure to interpersonal violence. Participants completed a delayed match to sample task for emotional faces while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Violence-exposed youth performed worse than controls on happy and neutral, but not angry, trials. In whole-brain analysis, violence-exposed youth had reduced activation in the left middle frontal gyrus and right intraparietal sulcus during encoding and the left superior temporal sulcus and temporal–parietal junction during retrieval compared to control youth. Reduced activation in the left middle frontal gyrus during encoding and the left superior temporal sulcus during retrieval mediated the association between violence exposure and task performance. Violence exposure influences the frontoparietal network that supports working memory as well as regions involved in facial processing during working memory for emotional stimuli. Reduced neural recruitment in these regions may explain atypical patterns of cognitive processing seen among violence-exposed youth, particularly within emotional contexts.

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